The Factorial Validity of the Adult Selfexpression Scale with American Indians

Abstract

A commonly used self-report assertion measure, the Adult Self-Expression Scale (ASES) was factor analyzed to shed light on the structure of the instrument and dimension of assertion with an American Indian population. Data were analyzed using a principal factors solution. The occurrence of considerable unique factor variance differed from the findings of earlier factor analytic studies with non-Indian populations. The situation-specific theory of assertive behavior of previous validation studies was supported. Items comprising the factors of this analysis provide the clinician and social skills trainer with precise information of the salience of situationally-specific issues of American Indian assertion. The results not only support the use of the ASES as a screening and outcome instrument for assertion training with American Indian clients, but also point to the need for greater specificity concerning the ethnicity of the personal component of the scale.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Cattell, R. B. The scree test for the number of factors . Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1966, 1, 245-275.

Cheek, D. K. Assertive black... puzzled white. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact Press, 1976.

Eisler, R. M. , Hersen, M. , Miller, P. M. , and Blanchard, E. B. Situational determinants of assertive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 330-340.

Galassi, J. P. , Delo, J. S. , Galassi, M. D. , and Bastien, S. The College Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 1974, 5, 165-171.

Galassi, J. P. and Galassi, M. D. A comparison of the factor structure of an assertion scale across sex and population. Behavior Therapy, 1979, 10, 117-118.

Galassi, J. P. , Galassi, M. D. , and Vedder, M. J. Perspectives on assertion as a social skills model. In J. Wine and M. Smye (Eds.), Social competence. New York: Guilford Press, 1981.

Galassi, M. D. and Galassi, J. P. Assertion: A critical review. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1978, 1, 16-29.

Gay, M. L. , Hollandsworth, J. G. , and Galassi, J. P. An assertiveness inventory for adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1975, 22, 340-344.

Goodtracks, J. C. Native American non-interference . Social Work, 1973, 18. 30-34.

10.

Grodner, B. S. Assertiveness and anxiety: A cross-cultural and socioeconomic perspective. In R. Alberti (Ed.), Assertiveness. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact Press, 1977.

11.

Hall, J. R. Assessment of assertiveness. In P. McReynolds (Ed.), Advances in psychological assessment. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1978.

12.

Hall, J. R. and Beil-Warner, D. Assertiveness of male Anglo and Mexican-American college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 1978, 105, 175-178.

13.

Hollandsworth, J. G. , Galassi, J. P. , and Gay, M. L. The Adult Self-Expression Scale: Validation using the multitrait-multimethod procedure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1977, 33, 407-415.

14.

Hwang, P. O. Assertion training for Asian Americans. In R. Alberti (Ed.), Assertiveness. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact Press, 1977.

15.

Ingram, J. The measurement of Black assertiveness . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, St. Louis, March, 1981.

16.

Kaiser, H. F. The varimax criterion for analytic rotations in factor analysis . Psychometrika, 1958, 23, 187-200.

17.

LaFromboise, T. D. Assertion training with American Indians. Las Cruces, New Mexico: Educational Resource Information Center Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, 1983.

18.

LaFromboise, T. D. and LaFromboise, R. J. In L. French (Ed.), American Indians and criminal justice. Totowa, New Jersey: Allenheld, Osmun, 1982.

19.

Landau, P. and Paulson, T. Group assertion training for Spanish speaking Mexican-American mothers. In R. Alberti (Ed.), Assertiveness. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact Press, 1977.

20.

Olmedo, E. L. Testing linguistic minorities . American Psychologist, 1981, 36, 1078-1085.