More On the Reactive Effects of Pretesting in Attitude Research: Demand Characteristics or Subject Commitment?

Gitter, A.G. Factor analytic approach to indexing multivariate data Boston University Communication Research Center Report, No. 43, August, 1970.

Goldstein, J.H. , Rosnow, R.L. , Goodstadt, B.E. , and Suls, J.M. The "good subject" in verbal operant conditioning research Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1972, 6, 29-33.

Himelstein, P. Taylor scale characteristics of volunteers and nonvolunteers for psychological experiments Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1956, 52, 138-139.

Jung, J. Current practices and problems in the use of college students for psychological research Canadian Psychologist, 1969, 10, 280-290.

Lana, R.E. Pretest sensitization In R. Rosenthal and R. L. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in Behavioral Research New York: Academic Press, 1969.

Lana, R.E. and Menapace, R.H. Subject commitment and demand characteristics in attitude change Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971 , 20, 136-140.

Newman, M. Personality differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers for psychological investigations. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University School of Education Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1956, No. 19-999.

Ora, J.P., Jr. Personality characteristics of college freshman volunteers for psychological experiments Unpublished master's thesis, Vanderbilt University , 1966.

Orne, M.T. On the social psychology of the psychological experiment : With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications American Psychologist, 1962, 17, 776-783.

Page, M.M. Role of demand awareness in the communicator credibility effect Journal of Social Psychology, 1970, 82, 57-66.

Pauling, F.J. and Lana, R.E. The effects of pretest commitment and information upon opinion change EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 1969, 29, 653-663.

Rosnow, R.L. One-sided versus two-sided communication under indirect awareness of persuasive intent Public Opinion Quarterly , 1908 , 32, 95-101.

Rosnow, R.L. When he lends a helping hand, bite it Psychology Today , 1970, 4(1), 26-30.

Rosnow, R.L. and Rosenthal, R. Volunteer effects in behavioral research In K. Craik, B. Kleinmuntz, R. L. Rosnow, R. Rosenthal, J. A. Cheyne, and R. H. Walters, New Directions in Psychology 4. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970 .

Rosnow, R. , Rosenthal, R. , McConochie, R.M. and Arms, R.L. Volunteer effects on experimental outcomes EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 1969, 29, 825-846.

Rosnow, R.L. and Suls, J.M. Reactive effects of pretesting in attitude research Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970 , 15, 338 343.

Schubert, D.S.P. Arousal seeking as a motivation for volunteering : MMPI scores and central-nervous-system-stimulant use as suggestive of a trait Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1964,28,337-340.

Schultz, D.P. The human subject in psychological research Psychological Bulletin, 1969, 72, 214-228.

Sigall, H. , Aronson, E. , and Van Hoose, T. The cooperative subject : Myth or reality? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1970, 6, 1-10.

Silverman, I. Role-related behavior of subjects in laboratory studies of attitude change Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1968, 8, 343-348.

Silverman, I. and Shulman, A.D. A conceptual model of artifact in attitude change studies Sociometry, 1970, 33, 97-107.

Smart, R.G. Subject selection bias in psychological research Canadian Psychologist, 1966, 7, 115-121.

Solomon, R.L. An extension of control group design Psychological Bulletin , 1949, 46, 137-150.

Wicker, A.W. Requirements for protecting privacy of human subjects : Some implications for generalization of research findings American Psychologist , 1968, 23, 70-72.