Normative Standard Scores

Flanagan John C. Scaled Scores. The Cooperative Test Service of the American Council on Education, 1939.

Flanagan John C. Units, Scores and Norms. In Educational Measurement ( Lindquist E. F. , editor). Washington, D. C.: American Council on Education, 1950.

Gardner Eric F. “Comments on Selected Scaling Techniques with a Description of a New Type of Scale.” Journal of Clinical Psychology, VI (1950), 38–42.

Gardner Eric F. The Importance of Reference Groups in Scaling Procedure. Proceedings of the 1952 Invitational Conference on Testing Problems. Princeton, N. J.: Educational Testing Service, 1953.