The current study gathered internal structural validity and external criterion validity evidence for the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (ECR-R) scores. Specifically, confirmatory factor analysis of the data provided general support for the hypothesized two-factor model, and hypothesized relationships with external criteria were substantiated. However, minor model misfit and low communalities (R2) suggested that some items may represent extraneous constructs. Further avenues of study regarding the functioning of the instrument are provided.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
2.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
3.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
5.
Becker, T. E., Billings, R. S., Eveleth, D. M., & Gilbert, N. W. (1997). Validity of scores on three attachment style scales: Exploratory and confirmatory evidence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 477-493.
6.
Benson, J. (1998). Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 17, 10-17.
7.
Berube, M. S., et al. (Eds.). (1982). The American heritage dictionary (2nd College ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
8.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
9.
Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201-210.
10.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
11.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
12.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
13.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 434-465). New York: Guilford.
14.
Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267-283.
15.
Brennan, K. A., Wu, S., & Loev, J. (1998). Adult romantic attachment and individual differences in attitudes towards physical contact in the context of adult romantic relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 394-428). New York: Guilford.
16.
Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832.
17.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
18.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37-67.
19.
Davis, M. H., Morris, M. M., & Kraus, L. A. (1998). Relationship-specific and global perceptions of social support: Associations with well-being and attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 468-481.
20.
Fairchild, A. J., Pastor, D. A., & Brennan, K. A. (2003, April). Exploratory factor analysis of an adult attachment measure. Poster presented at the Virginia Psychological Association Spring Convention, Tysons Corner, VA.
21.
Fan, X., & Thompson, B. (2001). Confidence intervals around score reliability coefficients, please: An EPM guidelines editorial. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 517-531.
22.
Feeney, J., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128-152). New York: Guilford.
23.
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Bucholtz, L. (1995). Effects of adult attachment style on the perception and search for social support. Journal of Psychology, 129, 665-676.
24.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. Simpson & W. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77-114). New York: Guilford.
25.
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-reports measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350-365.
26.
Gana, K., Bettina, M., & Canouet, M. (2001). Worry and anxiety: Is there a causal relationship?Psychopathology, 34, 221-229.
27.
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. Advances in Personal Relationships, 5, 17-52.
28.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
29.
Hawkins, M. J. (1995). Anxiety in relation to social support in a college population. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 9, 79-88.
30.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
31.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22.
32.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
34.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
35.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Users’ reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
36.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
37.
MacCallum, R., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490-504.
38.
Man, K., & Hamid, P. N. (1998). The relationship between attachment prototypes, self-esteem, loneliness and causal attributions in Chinese trainee teachers. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 357-371.
39.
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.
40.
Morrison, T. L., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Urquiza, A. J. (1997). Attachment and the representation of intimate relationships in adulthood. Journal of Psychology, 131, 57-71.
41.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40.
42.
Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980.
43.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
