This article explores two underlying dimensions of school effectiveness: instrumental functions and expressive functions. The study explores Mott's index of perceived organizational effectiveness as a concise measure that captures both of these underlying dimensions. Attention to these underlying dimensions helps to make manageable this multifaceted and complex construct. A model of school effectiveness that accounts for both is presented and tested.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aitkin, M. , & Longford, N. (1986). Statistical modeling issues in school effectiveness studies, The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Study, 149, 1-43
2.
Austin, G. (1989). School effectiveness and improvement in the United States. In D. Reynolds, B. Greemers, & T. Peters (Eds.), School effectiveness and improvement. Proceedings of the First International Congress. Cardiff: University of Wales College of Cardiff.
3.
Averch, H. A. , Carroll, S. J., Donaldson, T. S., Kiesling, H. J., & Puckus, J. (1972). How effective is schooling? A critical review and synthesis of research findings. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
4.
Baier, A. (1986). Trust and antitrust.Ethics, 96, 231-260.
5.
Blau, P. M. , & Scott, W. R. (1962). Formal organizations: A comparative approach. Scranton, PA: Chandler.
6.
Bolman, L. G. , & Deal, T. E. (1991). Reframing organization: Artistry, choice and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7.
Brookover, W. , Beady, C., Flood, P., Schweitzer, J., & Wisenbaker, J. (1979). Schools social systems and student achievement: Schools can make a difference. New York: Praeger.
8.
Cameron, K. S. , & Whetten, D. A. (1983). Organizational effectiveness: A comparison of multiple models. New York: Academic Press.
9.
Cameron, K. S. , & Whetten, D. A. (1995). Organizational effectiveness and quality: The second generation.Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, 11, 265-306.
10.
Campbell, J. P. (1977). On the nature of organizational effectiveness. In P. S. Goodman & J. M. Pennings (Eds.), New perspectives on organizational effectiveness (pp. 13-55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11.
Cohen, M. (1986). Designing state education assessment systems.Paper prepared for the Study Group on National Assessment of Student Achievement.
12.
Coleman, J. S. , Campbell, E., Hobson, C., McPartland, J., Mood, A., Weinfield, F., & York, R. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity report. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
13.
Corwin, R. G. , & Borman, K. M. (1988). School as a workplace: Structural constraints on administration. In N. J. Boyan (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational administration (pp. 209-237). New York: Longman.
14.
Cunningham, W. G. , & Gresso, D. W. (1993). Cultural leadership: The culture of excellence in education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
15.
David, J. (1987). Improving education with locally developed indicators. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Policy Research in Education, Eagle Institute of Politics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
16.
Etzioni, A. (1975). A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York: Free Press.
17.
Etzioni, A. (1993). Normative-affective choices.Human Relations, 46, 1053-1069.
18.
Gambetta, D. (1988). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
19.
Georgopoulos, B. S. (1972). Organization research in health institutions. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
20.
Good, T. , & Brophy, J. (1986). School effects. In M. C. Wittrock (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 570-602). New York: MacMillan.
21.
Goodman, P. S. , & Pennings, J. M. (1977). Toward a workable framework. In P. S. Goodman & J. M. Pennings (Eds.), New perspectives on organizational effectiveness (pp. 147-184). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
22.
Halpin, A. W. (1959). The leader behavior of school superintendents. Chicago: Midwest Administrative Center.
23.
Halpin, A. W. (1966). Theory and research in administration. New York: Macmillan.
24.
Hill, P. W. , & Rowe, K. J. (1996). Multilevel modelling in the school effectiveness research.School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 7 (1), 1-34.
25.
Hoffman, J. , Sabo, D., Bliss, J., & Hoy, W. K. (1994). Building a culture of trust.Journal of School Leadership, 4, 484-501.
26.
Hoy, W. K. , & Ferguson, J. (1985). A theoretical framework and exploration of organizational effectiveness in schools.Educational Administration Quarterly, 21, 117-134.
27.
Hoy, W. K. , & Henderson, J. E. (1983). Principal authenticity, school climate, and pupil control orientation.Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 2, 123-130.
28.
Hoy, W. K. , Hoffman, J., Sabo, D., & Bliss, J. (1996). The organizational climate of middle schools.Journal of Educational Administration, 34, 41-59.
29.
Hoy, W. K. , & Kupersmith, W. J. (1985). The meaning and measure of faulty trust.Educational and Psychological Research, 5, 1-10.
30.
Hoy, W. K. , & Miskel, C. G. (1982). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.
31.
Hoy, W. K. , & Miskel, C. G. (1991). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.). New York: Random House.
32.
Hoy, W. K. , & Miskel, C. G. (1996). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (5th ed.). New York: Random House.
33.
Hoy, W. K. , Sabo, D., & Barnes, K. (1996, Spring). Organizational health and faculty trust: A view from the middle level. Research in Middle Level Education Quarterly, pp. 21-39.
34.
Hoy, W. K. , & Tarter, C. J. (1997). The road to open and healthy schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
35.
Hoy, W. K. , Tarter, C. J., & Bliss, J. (1990). Organizational climate, school health, and effective-ness: A comparative analysis.Educational Administration Quarterly, 26, 260-279.
36.
Hoy, W. K. , Tarter, C. J., & Kottkamp, R. (1991). Open schools/Healthy schools: Measuring organizational climates. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
37.
Hoy, W. K. , Tarter, C. J., & Witkoskie, L. (1992). Faculty trust in colleagues: Linking the principal with school effectiveness.Journal of Research and Development in Education, 26(1), 38-45.
38.
Jencks, C. , Smith, M., Bane, M. J., Cohen, D., Gintis, H., Heyns, B., & Michelson, S. (1972). Inequality: A reassessment of the effects offamily and schooling in America. New York: Basic Books.
39.
Lee, V. E. , Bryk, A. S., & Smith, J. B. (1993). The organization of effectiveness secondary schools.Review of Research in Education, 19, 171-267.
40.
Levine, D. U. , & Lezotte, L. W. (1990). Unusually effective schools. Madison, WI: The National Center for Effective Schools Research and Development.
41.
Linn, R. L. , & Baker, E. L. (1995). What do international assessments imply for world class standards?Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 17, 405-418.
42.
Miskel, C. , Fevurly, R., & Stewart, J. (1979). Organizational structures and processes, perceived school effectiveness, loyalty, and job satisfaction.Educational Administration Quarterly, 5, 97-118.
43.
Miskel, C. , McDonald, D., & Bloom, S. (1983). Structural and expectancy linkages within schools and organizational effectiveness.Educational Administration Quarterly, 19, 49-82.
44.
Mott, P. E. (1972). The characteristics of effective organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
45.
Oakes, J. (1989). What educational indicators? The case for assessing the school context.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 181-199.
46.
Ostroff, C. , & Schmitt, N. (1993). Configurations of organizational effectiveness and efficiency.Academy of Management Journal, 36, 345-362.
47.
Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and process in modern societies. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
48.
Purkey, S. C. , & Smith, M. S. (1983). Effective schools—A review.Elementary School Journal, 83, 426-452.
49.
Raudenbush, S. W. , & Bryk, A. S. (1989). Methodological advances and analyzing the effects of schools and classrooms on student learning.Review of Research in Education, 15, 423-477.
50.
Resnick, L. B. , & Nolan, K. J. (1995). Benchmarking education standards.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 17, 438-461.
51.
Rosenholtz, S. J. (1989). Teachers' workplace: The social organization of school. White Plains, NY: Longman.
52.
Rutter, M. , Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., Ouston, J., & Smith, A. (1979). Fifteen thousand hours and secondary schools and their effects on children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53.
Stedman, L. C. (1987). It's time we changed the effective schools formula.Phi Delta Kappan, 69(3), 215-224.
54.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Organizational effectiveness: A behavioral view. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.
55.
Stringfield, S. , & Herman, R. (1996). Assessment of the state of school effectiveness research in the United States of America.School Effectiveness & School Improvement, 7, 159-180.
56.
Tarter, C. J. , Bliss, J., & Hoy, W. K. (1989). School characteristics and faculty trust in secondary schools.Educational Administration Quarterly, 25, 294-308.
57.
Teddlie, C. , Falkowski, C., Stringfield, S., Desselle, S., & Garvue, R. (1984). The Louisiana school effectiveness study: Phase two, 1982-84. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Education.
58.
Tschannen-Moran, M. , & Hoy, W. K. (1997, April). Trust in and around schools.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
59.
Willett, J. (1989). Questions and answers in the measurement of change.Review of Research in Education, 15, 345-422.
60.
Yuk, G. A. (1989). Leadership in organizations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.