The study examines the experiences of 2 female high school principals to explore the ways female administrators "think and speak about their worlds. " The principals were interviewed and followed as they went about their work, and descriptions and themes were derived from their words and actions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aburdene, P. , & Naisbitt, J. (1992). Megatrends for women. New York: Villard.
2.
Astin, H. S. , & Leland, C. (1991). Women of influence. Women of vision. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3.
Bartol, K. , & Wortman, M. (1974). Sex effects in leader behavior, self-descriptions and job satisfaction.Journal of Psychology, 94, 177-183.
4.
Beall, A. E. , & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (1993). The psychology of gender. New York: Guilford.
5.
Becker, H. S. (1970). Sociological work: Method and substance. Chicago: Aldine.
6.
Belenky, M. F. , Linchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: The development of self voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books.
7.
Bell, C. S. , & Chase, S. E. (1989, April). Women as educational leaders: Resistance and conformity.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
8.
Bernis, W , & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper& Row.
9.
Berman, J. S. (1982). The managerial behavior of female high school principals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, Teachers College.
10.
Bolman, L. G. , & Deal, T. E. (1992, August). Leading and managing: Effects of context, culture, and gender.Educational Administration Quarterly, 28, 314-329.
11.
Charters, W. W. Jr. , & Jovick, T. D. (1981). The gender of principals and principal-teacher relations in elementary schools. In P. A. Schmuck, W. W. Charters Jr., & R. O. Carlson. (Eds.), Educational policy and management: Sex differentials (pp. 307-331). New York: Academic Press.
12.
Chase, S. E. (1995). Ambiguous empowerment: 7he work narratives of women school superintendents. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
13.
Cohen, S. S. (1989). Tender power. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
14.
Collins, P. (1990). Black feminist thought. Volume 2. New York: Routledge.
15.
Cunningham, L. , & Hentges, J. T. (1984). The American superintendence 1982. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.
16.
Day, D. R. , & Stogdill, R. M. (1972). Leader behavior of male and female supervisors: A comparative study.Personnel Psychology, 25, 353-360.
17.
Deal, T. E. , & Peterson, K. D. (1990). The principal's role in shaping school culture. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
18.
Deal, T. E. , & Peterson, K. D. (1994). The leadership paradox. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
19.
Delpit, L. (1995). Other people s children. New York: New Press.
20.
Dobbins, G. H. , & Platz, S. J. (1986). Sex differences in leadership: How real are they? Academy of Management Review, 11, 118-127.
21.
Donnell, S. M. , & Hall, J. (1980). Men and women as managers: A significant case of no significant difference.Organizational Dynamics, 8, 60-77.
22.
DuBois, B. (1979). Passionate scholarship: Notes on values, knowing and method in feminist social science. In G. Bowles & R. Duelli-Klein (Eds.), Theories of women's studies (pp. 105-116). London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
23.
Eagly, A. H. , & Johnson, B. T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 108, 233-256.
24.
Eagly, A. H. , Karau, S. J., & Johnson, B. T. (1992). Gender and leadership style among school principals: A meta-analysis.Educational Administration Quarterly, 28, 76-102.
25.
Eagly, A. H. , & Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.Psychological Bulletin, 100, 309-330.
26.
Fauth, G. C. (1984). Women in educational administration.Educational Forum, 49(1), 65-79.
27.
Forisha, B. L. , & Goldman, B. H. (1981). Outsiders on the inside. Women and organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
28.
Gates, H. L. Jr. , & West, C. (1996). The future of the race. New York: Knopf.
29.
Gilbertson, M. (1981). The influence of gender on the verbal interactions among principals and staff members. An exploratory study. In P. A. Schmuck, W. W. Charters Jr., & R. 0. Carlson (Eds.), Educational policy and management differentials (pp. 297-306). New York: Academic Press.
30.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31.
Greenfield, W. D. (1985). The moral socialization of school administrators: Informal learning outcomes.Educational Administration Quarterly, 21, 99-119.
32.
Greenfield, W. D. (1995). Towards theory of school administration: The centrality of leadership.Educational Administration Quarterly, 31, 61-85.
33.
Gross, N. , & Trask, A. (1976). The sex factor and the management of schools. New York: John Wiley.
34.
Harlan, A. , & Weiss, C. (1982). Sex differences in factors affecting managerial career advancement (Working Paper No. 56). Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, Wellesley, MA.
35.
Harre, R. , & Secord, P. F. (1972). The explanation of social behavior. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
36.
Helgeson, S. (1991). The female advantage: Women's ways of leadership. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
37.
hooks, b. (1990). Feminism: A transformational politic. In D. L. Rhode (Ed.), Theoretical perspectives on sexual differences. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
38.
Hoy, W. K. , & Miskel, C. G. (1996). Educational Administration. New York: McGraw-Hill.
39.
Iannaccone, L. , & Lutz, F. L. (1970). Politics, power and policy: The governing of local districts. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
40.
Johnson, C. (1993). Gender and formal authority.Social Psychology Quarterly, 56(3), 193-210.
41.
Jones, E. H. , & Montenegro, X. P. (1985). Women and minorities in school administration. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.
42.
Josefowitz, N. (1980). Management men and women: Closed versus open doors.Harvard Business Review, 56, 56.
43.
Klenke, K. (1996). Women and leadership: A contextual perspective. New York: Springer.
44.
Kmetz, J. T. , & Willower, J. (1982). Elementary school principals work behavior.Educational Administration Quarterly, 18, 62-78.
45.
Kouzes, J. M. , & Posner, B. Z. (1988). The leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46.
Leithwood, K. S. , & Stager, M. (1986, April). Differences in problem-solving processes used by moderately and highly effective principals.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
47.
Levinson, R. M. (1982). Administrative task orientation of school principals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
48.
Lightfoot, S. L. (1983). The good high school: Portraits of character and culture. New York: Basic Books.
49.
Loden, M. (1985). Female leadership or how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. New York: Time Books.
50.
Lomotey, K. (1989). African-American principals. New York: Greenwood.
51.
Lord, A. (1984). Sister outsider. New York: Crossing.
52.
Marshall, C. , & Mitchell, B. A. (1989, March). Women's careers as a critique of the administrative culture.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
53.
Martin, W. J. , & Willower, D. J. (1981). The managerial behavior of high school principals.Educational Administration Quarterly, 17, 69-90.
54.
McCarthy, M. , & Zent, A. (1981, Fall). School administrators: 1980 profile.Planning and Changing, 12(3), 145-161.
55.
McCleary, L. E. , & Thompson, S. D. (1979). The senior high school principal. Volume III. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
56.
Mertz, N. T. , & McNeely, S. R. (1988a, November). Career path of school superintendents.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Louisville, KY
57.
Mertz, N. T. , & McNeely, S. R. (1988b). What's happening to school administration: Gender in line administration.Planning and Changing, 19(3), 166-177.
58.
Mertz, N. T. , & McNeely, S. R. (1989, November). Principal selection in a time of change.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Little Rock, AR.
59.
Mertz, N. T. , & McNeely, S. R. (1993, November). Gender and administrative decision-making.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
60.
Mertz, N. T. , & McNeely, S. R. (1994). How are we doing? Women in urban school administration.Urban Education, 28, 361-372.
61.
and International Journal of Mentoring, 2(1), 34-39.
62.
Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper & Row.
63.
Morris, V. C. , Crowson, R. L., Porter-Gehrie, C., & Hurwitz, E. Jr. (1984). Principals in action. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
64.
Murphy, J. (1992). The landscape of leadership preparation. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin.
65.
Pelto, P. (1970). Anthropological research: The structure of inquiry. New York: Harper & Row.
66.
Pitner, N. J. (1981). Hormones and harems: Are the activities of superintending different for a woman? In P. A. Schmuck, W. W. Charters Jr., & R. 0. Carlson (Eds.), Educational policy and management differentials (pp. 273-295). New York: Academic Press.
67.
Pollio, H. (1991, Fall). Hermes in the classroom: Interpreting what expert teachers say about teaching (Teaching-Learning Issues, No. 69). Learning Research Center, University of Tennessee.
68.
Pounder, D. G. (1990, October). Educational megatrends and increased leadership in schools.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Pittsburgh, PA.
69.
Radtke, H. L. , & Stam, H. J. (Eds.). (1994). Power/gender: Social relations in theory and practice. London: Sage
70.
Rosenblum, S. , Louis, K. S., & Rossmiller, R. A. (1994). School leadership and teacher quality of work life in restructuring schools. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Reshaping the principalship (pp. 99-122). Newbury Park, CA: Corwin.
71.
Rozgony, R. J. (1983). Time allocation for instructional and managerial dimensions of leadership as related to the sex of selected school administrators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University.
72.
Shakeshaft, C. (1987). Women in educational administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
73.
Shakeshaft, C. (1989). The gender gap in research in educational administration.Educational Administration Quarterly, 25(4), 324-337.
74.
Sherif, C. W. (1979). Bias in psychology. In J. A. Sherman & E. T. Beck (Eds.), The prism of sex: Essays in the sociology of knowing (pp. 93-133). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
75.
Short, P. M. , & Greer, J. T. (1997). Leadership in empowered schools. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
76.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow.
77.
Trout, K. L. (1985). The relationship between gender and selected characteristics associated with instructional leadership for senior high school principals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
78.
Weldy, G. R. (1979). Principals: What they do and who they are. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
79.
Whyte, W. F. (1955). Street comer society (Rev. ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
80.
Wolcott, H. (1973). The man in the principal 's office. An ethnography. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wiston.
