The Overrepresentation of African American Children in Special Education

American Association of State Colleges and Universities . (1991). Short takes. AASCUMemo to the president, 32(22), 1.

American Association of University Women . (1992). How schools shortchange girls. New York: Marlowe.

Ancarrow, J. S. (1991). Characteristics of regular and special education teachers in public schools, 1987-88: E.D. tabs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, OSERS, Office of Special Education Programs.

Artiles, A. J. , & Trent, S. C. (1994). Overrepresentation of minority students in special education: A continuing debate. Journal of Special Education, 27, 410-437.

Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Campbell, D. E. (1996). Choosing democracy: A practical guide to multicultural education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cartledge, G. , Gardner, R. , & Tillman, L. (1995). African Americans in higher education special education: Issues in recruitment and retention. Teacher Education and Special Education, 18(3), 166-178.

Chinn, P. C. , & Hughes, S. (1987). Representation of minority students in special education classes. Remedial and Special Education, 8(4), 41-46.

Choy, S. P. , Henke, R. R. , Alt, M. N. , Medrich, E. A. , & Bobbitt, S. A. (1993). Schools and staffing in the United States: A statistical profile. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.

Coates, J. F. , & Jarratt, J. (1987). Future search: Forces and factors shaping education. Washington, DC: National Education Association.

Council for Exceptional Children . (1994). Statistical profile of special education in the United States, 1994. Supplement to Teaching Exceptional Children, 26(3), 1-4.

Dunn, L. (1968). Special education for the mildly retarded: Is much of it justifiable? Exceptional Children, 7, 5-24.

Executive Committee of the Council for Children with Behavior Disorders . (1989). Best assessment practices for students with behavioral disorders: Accommodation to cultural diversity and individual differences. Behavioral Disorders, 14(4), 263-278.

Forness, S. R. (1988). Planning for the needs of children with serious emotional disturbance. The national special education and mental coalition. Behavioral Disorders, 13(2), 127-139.

Frierson, H. T. (1990). The situation of Black educational researchers: Continuation of a crisis. Educational Researcher, 19(2), 12-17.

Gollnick, D. M. , & Chinn, P. C. (1994). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society (4th ed). New York: Merrill.

Harry, B. , & Anderson, M. G. (1994). The disproportionate placement of African-American males in special education programs: A critique of the process. Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 602-619.

Heller, K. A. , Holtzman, W. H. , & Messick, S. (Eds.). (1982). Placing children in special education: A strategy for equity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Hodgkinson, H. (1988). The right schools for the right kids. Educational Leadership, 45, 10-14.

Individuals with Disabilities Educ. Act, 20 U.S.C. 1401 et seq. (1996).

Irvine, J. J. (1992). Making teacher education culturally responsive. In M. Dilworth (Ed.), Diversity in teacher education: New expectations (pp.79-92). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Jennings, J. (1994). Understanding the nature of poverty in urban America. Westport, CT: Praeger.

King, S. H. (1993). The limited presence of African American teachers. Review of Educational Research, 63(2), 115-149.

Lara, J. (1994). State data collection and monitoring procedures regarding overrepresentation of minority students in special education. Washington, DC: Special Education Program (ED/OSERS). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 369 247)

Larry P. v. Riles, 343 F. Supp. 1306 (N.D. Cal. 1972), aff'd 502 F.2d 963 (9th Cir. 1974); 495 F. Supp. 926 (N.D. Cal. 1979), aff 'd 793 F.2d 969 (9th Cir. 1984).

Maheady, L , Towne, R. , & Algozzine, B. (1983). Minority overrepresentation: A case for alternative practices prior to referral. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6(4), 448-456.

Mills v. Board of Educ., 348 F. Supp. 866 (D.D.C. 1972).

National Clearinghouse for Professions in Special Education . (1991). The severe shortage of minority personnel. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.

Nettles, S. M. (1991). Community involvement and disadvantaged students: A review. Review of Educational Research, 61(3), 379-406.

Parents in Action on Special Educ. v. Hannon, 506 F. Supp. 831 (N.D. Ill. 1980).

Prasse, D. P. , & Reschly, D. J. (1986). Larry P: A case of segregation, testing, or program efficiency? Exceptional Children, 52(4), 333-346.

Procedural safeguards: Definitions of "consent, "evaluation," and "personally identifiable." 34 C.F.R. § 300.500(b) (1996).

Russo, C. J. , Harris III, J. J. , & Sandidge, R. F (1994). Brown v. Board of Education at 40: A legal history of equal educational opportunity in American public education. Journal of Negro Education, 63(3), 297-309.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 20 U.S.C. 794(a) (1996).

Smith, G. R. (1983). Desegregation and assignment of children to classes for the mildly retarded and learning disabled. Integrated Education, 21, 208-211.

Smith-Davis, J. , & Billingsley, B. S. (1993). The supply/demand puzzle. Teacher Education and Special Education, 16(3), 205-220.

Stainback, S. , & Stainback, W. (1992). Curriculum considerations in inclusive classrooms: Facilitating learning for all students. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks.

Thomas, S. B. , & Russo, C. J. (1995). Special education law: Issues and implications for the '90s. Topeka, KS: National Organization on Legal Problems of Education.

Thousand, J. , & Villa, R. (1990). Strategies for educating learners with severe disabilities within their local schools and communities. Focus on Exceptional Children, 23(3), 5.

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq. (1996).

Tumbull, A. P. , Turnbull, H. R. , Shank, M. , & Leal, D. (1995). Exceptional lives: Special education in today's schools. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights (OCR) . (1994). 1992 elementary and secondary school civil rights survey: National summaries. Washington, DC: DBS Corporation.

Winfield, L. F. , & Manning, J. B. (1992). Changing school culture to accommodate student diversity. In M. Dilworth (Ed.), Diversity in teacher education: New expectations (pp. 181-213). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.