Improving the Problem-Solving Expertise of School Administrators

Alexander, P. A. , & Judy, J. E. (1988). The interaction of domain-specific and strategic knowledge in academic performance. Review of Educational Research, 58(4), 375-404.

Argyris, C. (1982). Reasoning, learning and action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Argyris, C. , Putnam, R. , & Smith, D. (1985). Action science. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Begley, P. T. (1990, October). How administrators' values influence their decisions. Canadian School Executive, pp. 3-8.

Begley, P. T. , & Leithwood, K. A. (1989). The influence of values on the practices of school administrators. Journal of Educational Administration and Foundations, 4(2), 26-39.

Berger, P. L. , & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.

Blum, R. E. , & Butler, J. A. (1989). School leader development for school improvement. Leuven, Belgium: ACCO.

Boud, D. (Ed.). (1985). Problem-based learning in education for the professions. Sydney: Herdsa.

Bransford, J. D. , Franks, J. J. , Vye, N. J. , & Sherwood, R. D. (1989). New approaches to instruction: Because wisdom can't be told. In S. Vosniadom & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarities and analogical reasoning (pp. 470-497). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, A. L , & DeLoache, J. S. (1978). Skills, plans and self-regulation. In R. Siegler (Ed.), Children's thinking: What develops? (pp. 3-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Brown, J. S. , Collins, A. , & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.

Burton, R. R. , Brown, J. S. , & Fischer, G. (1984). Skiing as a model of instruction. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 139-150). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Campbell-Evans, G. (1988). The relationship between principals' values and their decision-making processes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto.

Chi, M. , Glaser, R. , & Fafr, M. (1985). The nature of expertise. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Chi, M.T.H. , Glaser, R. , & Rees, E. (1982). Expertise in problem solving. In R. A. Stemnberg (Ed.),Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (pp. 7-75). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Duckett, W. R. , Park, D. L. , Clark, D. L. , McCarthy, M. M. , Lotto, L. S. , Gregory, L. L. , Herlihy, J. , & Burleson, D. L. (1980). Why do some urban schools succeed. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.

Dwyer, D. C. , Lee, G. V. , Bamett, B. G. , Filby, N. N. , & Rowan, B. (1984). Grace Lancaster and Emerson Junior High School: Instructional leadership in an urban setting. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development.

Glaser, R. , & Chi, M.T.H. (1988). Overview. In M.T.H. Chi , R. Glaser , & M. J. Faff (Eds.), The nature of expertise (pp. xv-xxviii). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Grimmett, P. (1989). A commentary on Schon's view of reflection. Journal of Curriculum & Supervision, 5(1), 19-28.

Hallinger, P. , & McCary, C. E. (1990). Developing the strategic thinking of instructional leaders. Elementary School Journal, 91(2), 89-108.

Leithwood, K. A. (1987). Using the principal profile to assess performance. Educational Leadership, 45(1), 63-68.

Leithwood, K. A. (1988). How chief school officers classify and manage their problems. Unpublished manuscript, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto.

Leithwood, K. A. , Cousins, B. , & Smith, M. (1990, January/February/March). The principals' world from a problem solving perspective. Canadian School Executive (3 installments).

Leithwood, K. A. , Rutherford, W. , & Van der Vegt, R. (1987). Preparing school leaders for educational improvement. London: Croom-Helm.

Leithwood, K. A. , & Stager, M. (1986, April). Differences in problem-solving processes used by moderately and highly effective principals. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.

Leithwood, K A. , & Stager, M. (1989). Expertise in principals' problem solving. Educational Administration Quarterly, 25(2), 126-161.

Leithwood, K. A. , & Steinbach, R. (1989, April). Components of chief education officers' problem solving. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.

Leithwood, K. A. , & Steinbach, R. (1991). Indicators of transformational leadership in the everyday problem solving of school principals. Journal of Personnel Evaluation In Education, 4, 221-244.

Leithwood, K. A. , Steinbach, R. , & Begley, P. (1992). Socialization experiences: Becoming a principal in Canada. In G. Hall & F. Parkay (Eds.), Becoming a principal (pp. 284-307). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Lesgold, A. (1984). Acquiring expertise. In J. R. Anderson & S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Tutorials in learning and memory (pp. 31-60). New York: Freeman.

Lindblom, C. E. , & Cohen, D. K. (1979). Usable knowledge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Little, J. (1982). Norms of collegiality and experimentation: Workplace conditions of school success. American Educational Research Journal, 19(3), 325-340.

Mehan, H. (1984). Institutional decision making. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 41-66). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum.

Nickerson, R. S. (1988-1989). On improving thinking. In E. Z. Rotherkopf (Ed.), Review of research in education, Vol. 15 (pp. 3-57). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

Nisbett, R. , & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Ogilvie, M. , & Steinbach, R. (1988, April). Learning across domains: The role of generalized strategies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Perkins, D. N. , & Salomon, G. (1988). Teaching for transfer. Educational Leadership, 46(1), 22-32.

Perkins, D. N. , & Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context-bound? Educational Researcher, 18(1), 16-25.

Rogoff, B. (1984). Introduction: Thinking and learning in social context. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 1-8). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rosenholtz, S. (1989). Teachers' workplace. New York: Longmans.

Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. London: Hutchinson.

Salomon, G. , & Perkins, D. N. (n.d.). Rocky roads to transfer: Rethinking mechanisms of a neglected phenomenon [Mimeo]. Tel Aviv: University of Tel Aviv.

Schön, D. (1984). The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books.

Shank, R. , & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Shuell, T. J. (1986). Cognitive conceptions of learning. Review of Educational Research, 56, 411-436.

Stager, M. , & Leithwood, K. A. (1989). Cognitive flexibility and inflexibility in principals' problem solving. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 35(3), 217-236.

Stemnberg, R. J. , & Caruso, 0. R. (1985). Practical modes of knowing. In E. Eisner (Ed.), Learning and teaching the ways of knowing (pp. 133-158). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Strike, K. A. , Haller, E. J. , & Soltis, J. F. (1988). The ethics of school administration. New York: Teachers College Press.

Voss, J. F. , & Post, T. A. (1988). On the solving of ill-structured problems. In M.T.H. Chi , R. Glaser , & M. J. Farr (Eds.), The nature of expertise (pp. 261-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Vygotsky, L S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wine, J. (1971). Test anxiety and the direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104.