Modern society is structured as a social hierarchy, with individuals of higher status enjoying various privileges. Many theorists have attempted to quantify this hierarchy, and one contemporary theorist, Pierre Bourdieu, proposed viewing hierarchy through an individual’s possession of three intertwined forms of capital: economic capital (material resources), cultural capital (educational level), and social capital (social networks). Research has also shown that different social classes vary in their parenting views. This study examined whether differences exist between two population groups in Israel—kibbutz residents and urban dwellers—in their parenting approaches, as viewed through the lens of Bourdieu’s three forms of capital. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 30 participants: 15 individuals residing on kibbutzim and 15 living in urban areas. The findings reveal significant differences in the parenting approaches of each group, which may contribute to widening social inequalities and reinforcing existing gaps within Israeli society, particularly between these two community types.
BarkinD.BennetJ. W. (1972). Kibbutz and colony: Collective economies and the outside world. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14(4), 456–483.
2.
BeckerG. S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Harvard University Press.
3.
BenhabibJ.BisinA.LuoM. (2017). Earnings inequality and other determinants of wealth inequality. American Economic Review, 107(5), 593–597.
4.
Ben-RafaelE. (2020). Introduction: The metamorphosis of a Utopia–What next? In The metamorphosis of the kibbutz (pp. 1–17). Brill Academic Publishers.
5.
Ben-RafaelE.TopelM. (2017). Redefining the kibbutz. In PalgiM.ReinharzS. (Eds.), One hundred years of kibbutz life (pp. 249–258). Transaction Publishers.
6.
BlasiJ. (2017). The communal experience of the kibbutz. Routledge.
7.
BourdieuP. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Harvard University Press.
8.
BourdieuP. (1986). The forms of capital. In RichardsonJ. G. (Ed.), Cultural theory: An anthology (Vol. 1, pp. 81–93). Greenwood Press.
9.
BourdieuP. (1999). Site effects. In BourdieuP. (Ed.), The weight of the world: Social suffering in contemporary society (pp. 123–129). Polity.
10.
BourdieuP. (2005). The social structures of the economy. Polity.
11.
BourdieuP. (2010). The forms of capital. In SzemanI.KaposyT. (Eds.), Cultural theory: An anthology (pp. 81–93). Wiley. (Original work published 1986)
12.
ColemanJ. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
13.
ĐurišićM.BunijevacM. (2017). Parental involvement as a important factor for successful education. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 7(3), 137–153.
14.
DurkheimE. (2014). The division of labor in society. Simon & Schuster.
15.
GoldthorpeJ. H. (2010). Analysing social inequality: A critique of two recent contributions from economics and epidemiology. European Sociological Review, 26(6), 731–744.
16.
GoldthorpeJ. H.HalseyA. H.HeathA. F.RidgeJ. M.BloomL.JonesF. L. (1982). Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain. Clarendon Press.
17.
GonzálezM. G.SwansonD. P.LynchM.WilliamsG. C. (2016). Testing satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and physical and mental health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 972–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314543962
18.
HanushekE. A.PetersonP. E.TalpeyL. M.WoessmannL. (2019). The achievement gap fails to close: Half century of testing shows persistent divide between haves and have-nots. Education Next, 19(3), 8–17.
19.
HoffE.LaursenB. (2019). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In BornsteinM. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 421–447). Routledge.
20.
JeynesW. H. (2011). Parental involvement and academic success. Routledge.
21.
KahanaF.KaminerT. (2020). Privatizing collectivity: The transformation of the social and spatial forms of the kibbutz. International Journal of Design in Society, 14(2), 39–54.
22.
LenskiG. E. (1954). Status crystallization: A non-vertical dimension of social status. American Sociological Review, 19(4), 405–413.
23.
LenskiG. E. (1956). Social participation and status crystallization. American Sociological Review, 21(4), 458–464.
24.
ManosR.GidronB. (2021). The new social economy in Israel: From the kibbutz ideal to social-tech entrepreneurship. In DomaradzkaA.GidronB. (Eds.), The new social and impact economy: An international perspective (pp. 95–118). Springer International Publishing.
25.
MarginsonS. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 287–301.
26.
MarxK. (1972). The marx-Engels reader (Vol. 4). New York: W.W Norton & Company.
27.
MarxK.EngelsF. (1967). The communist manifesto (MooreS., Trans.). Penguin. (Original work published 1848)
28.
McMaughanD. J.OloruntobaO.SmithM. L. (2020). Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare: Interrelated drivers for healthy aging. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 231.
29.
MelberB. D.LeviatanU.OliverH.QuarterJ. (1999). Crisis in the Israeli kibbutz: Meeting the challenge of changing times. Contemporary Sociology, 28(2), 206.
30.
MirowskyJ. (2017). Education, social status, and health. Routledge.
31.
MoskovichY. (2023). The kibbutz industry: Cultural, structural and business strategy design. Taylor & Francis.
32.
PalgiM.ReinharzS. (2014). One hundred years of kibbutz life: A century of crises and reinvention. Transaction Publishers.
33.
ShakediA. (2003). Words that try to touch: Qualitative research—Theory and application [Hebrew]. Ramot—Tel Aviv University.
34.
ShaversV. L. (2007). Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(9), 1013–1023.
35.
SidiR.Aisenberg ShafranD. (2020). Effects of kibbutz communal upbringing in adulthood: Trait emotional intelligence and attachment patterns. Heliyon, 6(12), e05775.
36.
TanC. Y.LyuM.PengB. (2020). Academic benefits from parental involvement are stratified by parental socioeconomic status: A meta-analysis. Parenting, 20(4), 241–287.
37.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics. (1998). Factors associated with father’s and mother’s involvement in their children’s schools. Author.
38.
WeberM. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
39.
WrightE. O. (1979). Class structure and income determination. Academic Press.
