Bibliographies

ARENSBERG, Conrad M. “The Community Study Method” , American Journal of Sociology, 60, 2, 1954: 109-124.

BECKER, Howard S. “Culture Case Study and Ideal-Typical Method” , Social Forces, 12, 3, 1934: 399-405.

“Social Observation and Social Case Studies”, in David L. Sills , International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, London, Collier-Macmillan, 11, 1968: 232-238.

Sociological Work, Chicago, Aldine, 1970; London, Allen Lane, 1971.

BELL, Colin and Howard NEWBY Community Studies, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1972.

BENNETT, J. Oral History and Delinquency, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981.

BOLGAR, Hedda “The Case Study Method”, in Benjamin B. Wolman (ed.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965: 28-39.

BROMLEY, D.B. The Case-Study Method in Psychology and Related Disciplines, New York, Wiley, 1986. This book is of indubitable value for both the student and the teacher-researcher in psychiatry, social work, education, sociology and psychology. It deals particularly with certain methodological aspects that were neglected in the past: organizing data, procedures, inevitable decisions, generalization and social knowledge. According to the author, case study is the methodological basis of scientific social investigation.

BURGESS, Ernest W. “Statistics and Case Studies as Methods of Social Research” , Sociology and Social Research, 12, Nov-Dec 1927: 103-120.

“An Experiment in the Standardization of the Case Study Method” , Sociometry, IV, 4, Nov. 1941: 329-348.

BURGESS, Robert G. “Styles of Data Analysis: Approaches and Implications”, in Field Research: A Source Book and Field Manuel, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1982: 235-238.

CAMPBELL, Donald T. “Degrees of Freedom and Case Study” , Comparative Political Studies, 8, 2, 1975: 178-193. Campbell's discussion is part of a number of contributions dealing with comparative research problems. Topics are presented in terms of objectives, advantages, sampling procedures and contextual analysis which clearly illustrate the place of case study in comparative research.

CAMPBELL, Donald T. and Julian C. STANLEY Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Research, Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966.

COLSON, Elizabeth “The Intensive Study of Small Sample Communities”, in A.L. Epstein (ed.), The Craft of Social Anthropology, London, Tavistock, 1967: 3-16.

COOLEY, C.H. “Case Study of Small Institutions as a Method of Research” , Publications of the American Sociological Society, 22, 1927: 123-132.

DAVIDSON, P.O. and G.G. COSTELLO N=1: Experimental Studies of Single Cases, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969.

DE BRUYNE, Paul , et al. “Les études de cas”, in Dynamique de la recherche en sciences sociales, Paris, PUF, 1974: 211-214.

DIESING, Paul Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.

DUKES, William F. “N=1” , Psychological Bulletin, 64, 1, 1965: 74-79.

ECKSTEIN, Harry “Case Study and Theory in Political Science”, in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (eds), Handbook of Political Science. Strategies of Inquiry. Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1975: 79-137 (Volume 7). Important paper for understanding problems in case study method.

After reviewing various definitions, the author discusses the merits of such an approach (description, hypothesis forming and verifying, etc.) and concludes with the main criticisms of case study.

FEAGIN, J.R. , ORUM, A. and G. SJOBERG A Case for the Case Study, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

FOREMAN, Paul B. “The Theory of Case Studies” , Social Forces, 26, 4, 1948: 408-419.

GOODE, William J. and Paul K. HATT “The Case Study”, in Methods in Social Research, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952: 330-340.

HAKIM, Catherine “Case Studies”, in Research Design. Strategies and Choices in the Design of Social Research, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1987: 61-75. Case study, in terms of social research, is the equivalent of the microscope in the natural sciences, and its value depends on the focus of the study. In this perspective, the author defines the various uses of case study, stressing their value and interest.

HAMEL, Jacques “Pour la méthode de cas: considérations méthodologiques et perspectives générales” , Anthropologie et Sociétés, 13, 2, 1989: 59-72. This article aims to present new and fruitful aspects of the monograph and case study approach, currently undergoing a revival of interest in the social sciences, and shows that the monograph cannot be reduced to the micro approach, but that it attains generality as well.

HOLT, Robert R. “Individuality and Generalization in the Psychology of Personality” , Journal of Personality, 30, 1962: 377-404.

HUGHES, Everett C. , et al. “Cases in Field Work” in Junker Buford (ed.), Fieldwork, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1960.

KENNEDY, Mary M. “Generalizing from Single Case Studies” , Evaluation Quarterly, 3, 4, 1979: 661-678. Faced with two situations, the single and the general case, we have methods for each of them. But their relationship is still disturbing to the social science community. There are times when general knowledge is used to explain or predict the specific, and times when knowledge of the single case can be generalized to larger portions of the population. But this extension is never easy. With this background, the author discusses the problem of generalizing in the social sciences.

LIJPHART, Arend “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method” , The American Political Science Review, 65, 3, 1971: 682-693.

LUNDBERG, George A. “Case Studies vs. Statistical Methods: an Issue Based on Misunderstanding” , Sociometry, 4, 1941: 379-383.

McCLINTOCK, Charles C. , BRANNON, Dianne and Steven M. MOODY “Applying the Logic of Sample Surveys to Qualitative Case Studies: The Case Cluster Method”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 4, 1979: 612-629.

MERRIAM, Sharan B. Case Study Research in Education. A Qualitative Approach, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1988. The author introduces case study by comparing it with other types of approach, whether qualitative or quantitative. She lays out the philosophical foundations of case study research in a clear, simple and concise manner. Case study is defined from two angles: in holistic description-intensive terms and in terms of a single definite phenomenon or social unit.

MILES, Matthew B. “Qualitative Data as an Attractive Nuisance: The Problem of Analysis” , Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 4, 1979: 590-601.

MITCHELL, J.-Clyde “Case and Situation Analysis” , Sociological Review, 51, 2, 1983: 187-211. The author argues that case study can have a representative value for sociological explanation. He proposes a classification for using case study: to illustrate a proposal, to describe a situation, or to study a situation or phenomenon in depth.

PAGES, Robert “Cas (méthode des)”, in Encyclopaedia Universalis, Paris, Encyclopaedia Universalis France, 1984: 320-323 (Volume 4).

PARK, Robert Ezra “Murder and the Case Study Method” , American Journal of Sociology, 36, 3, 1930: 447-454.

PLATT, Jennifer “What Can Case Studies Do?”, in R. Burgess (ed.), Studies in Qualitative Methodology, 1, 1988: 1-23. The renewal of interest in qualitative methods and attempts to systematize them has again brought case study methods under scrutiny. Here the author is more concerned with design problems than with research procedures. Case study is also considered as involving more than one case, but each is still dealt with individually, without taking into account the number of cases.

QUEEN, Stuart A. “Round Table on the Case-Study Method of Sociological Research” , Publications of the American Sociological Society, 22, 1927: 225-227.

RAGIN, Charles C. The Comparative Method, California, University of California Press, 1987.

ROSENBLATT, Paul C. “Ethnographic Case Studies”, in Marilyn B. Brewer and Barry E. Collins (eds), Scientific Inquiry and the Social Sciences, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1981: 194-225.

SHAW, Clifford A “Case Study Method” , Publications of the American Sociological Society, 21, 1926: 149-157.

STAKE, Robert E. “The Case Study Method in Social Inquiry” , Educational Researcher, 7, 2, 1978: 5-8.

STOECKER, Randy “Evaluating and Rethinking the Case Study” , The Sociological Review, 39, 1, February 1991: 88-112. The author attempts to clarify the debate on the case study method and show its theoretical, historical and practical interest. He also tries to put together a comprehensive methodology, independent of past criticism and shows how crucial a place the case study method can have in the social sciences.

STOUFFER, Samuel A. “Notes on the Case-Study and the Unique Case” , Sociometry, 4, 1941: 349-357. In examining the concept of single case, the author tackles most difficulties raised by the case study method. His claim is that it is possible to establish predictions in analysing the transformations affecting the features defining a particular object.

TIÉVANT, Sophie “Les études de `communauté' et la ville: héritage et problèmes” , Sociologie du travail, 25, 2, 1983: 243-257. Community studies represent an important trend in sociological research and gave birth to considerable production from 1950 to 1965. There appears to be a renewal of interest in this type of study. Here, the author addresses the theoretical issues raised by such studies through a bibliographical analysis.

VAN VELSEN, J. “The Extended-Case Method and Situational Analysis”, in A.L. Epstein (ed.), The Craft of Social Anthropology, London, Tavistock, 1967: 129-152.

WILSON, Steve “Explorations of the Usefulness of Case Study Evaluations” , Evaluation Quarterly, 3, 3, 1979: 446-459.

YIN, Robert K. “The Case Study Crisis: Some Answers” , Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1, 1981: 58-65.

YIN, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Method, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1989 (1984, first edition). This book is an outstanding introduction to the case study method and of great pedagogical value. The various types of case study methods are distinguished, then their aims are defined (mainly, hypothesis forming or verification), as well as their criteria, data collection and analytical methods used to determine the empirical configuration of a given object. The book contains recapitulative tables and helpful exercises enabling students to master the method.

ZNANIECKI, Florian The Method of Sociology, New York, Farrar & Rinehart, 1934.

ADLER, Patricia A. et al. The Politics of Participation in Field Research, Urban Life, 14, 4, 1986: 363-478 (special issue).

BAILEY, Kenneth D. “Observation”, in Methods of Social Research, London, Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1987: 239-271 (third edition).

BECKER, Howard S. “Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation” , American Sociological Review, 23, 6, 1958: 652-660 (traduction française de Marcel Drulhe, Cahiers du Centre de recherches sociologiques, 5, février 1987: 57-82). The author attempts to describe the analytical work involved in field inquiry, as typical of participant observation, in order to emphasize the fact that this technique is more than simply immersing oneself in data and acquiring insights. This examination can stimulate those who use these techniques or other similar ones to a greater systematizing and formalizing effort on the various operations, making qualitative research more scientific and less essayistic.

BECKER, Howard S. and Blanche GEER “Participant Observation and Interviewing: A Comparison”, Human Organization, 16, 3, 1957:28-32.

BOGDAN, Robert C. Observing in Institutions, Syracuse, Human Policy Press, 1972.

BOGDAN, Robert C. Participant Observation in Organizational Settings, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1972.

BRUYN, Severyn T. The Human Perspective in Sociology. The Methodology of Participant Observation, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1966. The participant observation method or technique is far from being clearly defined. The author attempts to describe it in a more detailed and more subtle manner, reviewing its past definitions and uses, and discussing the various implications for the theory and practice of social science research.

CHAPOULIE, Jean-Michel “Everett C. Hughes et le développement du travail de terrain en sociologie” , Revue française de sociologie, XXV, 1984: 582-608 (English translation, “Everett C. Hughes and the development of field work in sociology”, Urban Life, 15, 3-4, 1987: 259-298). This outstanding paper analyses an essential moment in sociology in its social, institutional and intellectual contexts, with the introduction of the direct observation method, and particularly with field work. Using various testimonies and E.C. Hughes' method papers, the author emphasizes the characteristics of the formula Hughes proposed and illustrated at the University of Chicago. Hughes' research in the sociology of work is a good example of how analyses can involve field investigation.

CHOMBART DE LAUWE, Paul “Le rôle de l'observation en sociologie” , Revue de l'Institut de sociologie, 33, 1, 1960: 27-43. The author discusses in board terms the place of observation in the social sciences in connection with its various methodological aspects and stresses the need to relate observation to other facets of research.

GLASER, Edward M. and T.E. BACKER “A Look at Participant Observation”, Evaluation, 1, 3, 1973: 46-49.

GOLD, Raymond L. “Roles in Sociological Field Observation” , Social Forces, 36, 3, 1958: 217-233.

JACOBS, Glenn (ed.) The Participant Observer, New York, G. Braziller, 1970.

JORGENSEN, Danny L. Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1989.

KOHN, Ruth Canter Les enjeux de l'observation, Paris, PUF, 1982. In a multidimensional, dynamic approach, the author stresses the political aspects of observation, the distribution of decision-making power, and the epistemological issues at stake in knowledge constructing processes. The method becomes a means of disrupting established ways of perceiving and thinking, of questioning existing power and knowledge relationships, of considering other possible relations.

LOUBET DEL BAYLE , Jean-Louis “Les problèmes de l'observation”, in Introduction aux méthodes des sciences sociales, Toulouse, Privat, 1986: 27-35 (second edition).

McCALL, George J. “Systematic Field Observation” , Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 1984: 263-282.

MICHAELS, James W. “Systematic Observation as a Measurement Strategy” , Sociological Focus, 16, 3, 1983: 217-226.

MICHIELS-PHILIPPE , Marie-Paule (ed.) L'observation, Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1984 (second edition).

PLATT, Jennifer “The Development of the “Participant Observation” Method in Sociology: Origin Myth and History” , Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 19, 4, 1983: 379-393. Examines the history of the idea of “participant observation”, and shows that it emerged in the late 1930s but was only really developed after World War II. The practices of participation employed by the inter-war Chicago School were not associated by them with the connotations of special access to meanings now given to “participant observation”, which at that period were associated with the idea of the case study, whose data could be collected by any method. Thus the claim that modern practice descends directly from the Chicago School is an origin myth.

RILEY, Matilda and Edward E. NELSON (eds) Sociological Observation: A Strategy for New Social Knowledge, New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1974.

SCHWARTZ, Morris S. and Charlotte G. SCHWARTZ “Problems in Participant Observation”, American Journal of Sociology, 60, 4, 1955: 343-354.

SPRADLEY, James P. Participant Observation, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. This book deals exclusively with participant observation. It presents, in terms of specific objectives to be fulfilled, the various steps of this method aimed at grasping reality, and illustrates them with abundant excerpts from empirical studies.

VIDICH, Arthur J. “Participant Observation and the Collection and Interpretation of Data” , American Journal of Sociology, 60, 4, 1955: 354-360.

WHYTE, William Foote “Observation Field Methods”, in M. Jahoda , M. Deutsch et S. W. Cook (eds), Research Methods in Social Relations, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1951: 493-513 (volume II). Observation is the basic method for collecting data in social relation studies. The author details the principles underlying the use of participant observation. He used this method in his fieldwork experience to study social relations within various environments, such as the plant and the street gang.

YOUNG, Pauline V. “Field Observation in Social Research”, in Scientific Social Surveys and Research, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1966 (fourth edition).

DENZIN, Norman K. “Thick Description”, in Interpretative Interactionism, London, Sage Publications, 1989: 83-103.

GIROD, Roger “Le passage de la description à l'explication dans le cadre de la sociologie concrète” , Cahiers internationaux de sociologie, 21, 1956: 100-113.

GRANGER, Gilles-Gaston “Théorie et expérience”, in Jean de la Campagne (ed.), Philosopher, Paris, Seuil, 1979: 341-351.

HOLLANDER, A.N.J. Dan “Social Description: The Problem of Reliability and Validity”, in D.G. Longmans and P.C.W. Gutkind (eds), Anthropologist in the Field, Assen, Netherlands, Van Gorcum, 1967: 1-34.

HOULE, Gilles “Histoires et récits de vie: la redécouverte obligée du sens commun”, in Danielle Desmarais et Paul Grell (eds), Les récits de vie, Montréal, Editions Saint-Martin, 1986: 35-51. This article raises various issues from the point of view of what could be a general methodology for social sciences. Here, life stories are considered as material for analysis, as well as a research technique and method and a theoretical problem. The core idea of this paper is the need for sociologists to rediscover common sense in order to be able to empirically describe all phenomena within the scope of sociology.

KRISHNARAO, B. “The Descriptive Method in Social Research” , Sociologia Bulletin, 10, 2, September 1961: 46-52.

LOUBET DEL BAYLE , Jean-Louis “La description”, in Introduction aux méthodes des sciences sociales, Toulouse, Privat, 1986: 124-146.

MATALON, Benjamin “Les descriptions”, in Décrire, expliquer, prévoir, Paris, Armand Colin, 1988: 105-120.

QUÉRÉ, Louis (ed.) La description, un impératif?, Paris, Centre d'étude des mouvements sociaux, EHESS, 1985, 2 volumes. In this collection of papers, authors first discuss description as a specific problem for the social sciences, due to the self-descriptive and self-interpretative nature of the topic; in the second volume, they address more specifically sociological and linguistic description from the point of view of categorization.

SACKS, J. “Sociological Description” , Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 8, 13, 1963: 1-17.

SMITH, Dorothy E. “On Sociological Description: A Method from Marx” , Human Studies, 4, 4, 1981: 313-337.

ALEXANDER, Jeffrey C. , GIESEN, Bernhard et al. (eds) The micro-macro link, California, University of California Press, 1987. This volume describes new trends in sociological thought. Each paper proposes to establish a link between two distinct traditions in sociological theory: the microscopic, based on the individual and personal interactions, and the macroscopic, which deals with institutions, culture and social values.

BARBICHON, Guy “Culture et universalité du particulier”, in Martine Segalen (ed.), L'autre et le semblable, Paris, Presses du CNRS, 1989: 159-182.

CASTEL, Robert L. “Institutions totales et configurations ponctuelles”, in Le parler frais d'Erving Goffman, Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1989: 31-44.

COLLINS, Randall “Micromethods as a Basis for Macrosociology” , Urban Life, 12, 2, 1983: 184-202.

“The Micro Contribution to Macro Sociology” , Sociological Theory, 6, 2, 1988: 242-253.

CORNAERT, Monique and Chantal SAINT-BLANCAT “Le local et la contemporanéité: interférences micro et macrosociologiques”, Espaces et Sociétés, 4-5, 1988: 277-291 The authors tackle society from the point of view of local phenomena. But taking the local as a starting point raises a concern: how can the transition be made between the local and associated entities and developments (the fate of a city, family or company conflicts) and the global (understanding social movements, macro-actors' behaviour, State and multinationals)?

EISENSTADT, Shmuel Noah and Horst Jurgen HELLE (eds) Perspectives on Sociological Theory. Vol. 1, Macro-Sociological Theory. Vol. 2, Micro-Sociological Theory, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1985.

FERRAROTTI, Franco “La biographie comme interaction” et “La socialité de l'individu”, in Histoire et histoires de vie, Paris, Librairie des Méridiens, 1983: 47-58 and 59-65.

FINE, Gary Alan On the Macrofoundations of Microsociology: Meaning, Order and Comparative Context, Minneapolis, Dept. Sociology, University of Minnesota, 1988.

GIDDENS, Anthony “Against `Micro' and `Macro': Social and System Integration” in The Constitution of Society, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984: 139-145. (Traduction française de Michel Audet, La constitution de la société, Paris, PUF, 1987: 194-200.)

GINZBURG, Carlo Il formaggio e i vermi: Il cosmo di un mugnaio del `500, Italy, Giulio Einaudi editore, 1976. (Traduction française de Monique Aymard, Le fromage et les vers: l'univers d'un meunier du XVI siècle, Paris, Flammarion, 1980. English translation by John and Anne Tedeschi, The Cheese and the Worms, London, Routledge, 1982.

HARGREAVES, A. “The Micro-Macro Problem in the Sociology of Education”, in R.G. Burgess (ed.), Issues in Educational Research: Qualitative Methods, London, Falmer Press, 1985: 21-47.

JAVEAU, Claude “La richesse du singulier” , Société, 6, Autumn 1989: 229-241. Here the author argues against the representative sampling quantitativist obsession, in favour of an interpretative approach that would recognize the cognitive interest of the single entity, especially in reference to the biographical method used in sociology.

KEMENY, Jim “Perspectives on the Micro-Macro Distinction” , The Sociological Review, 24, 4, November 1976: 731-752.

KNORR-CETINA, Karin and Aaron C. CICOUREL (eds) Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, Boston, MA, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Following a period where sociology was divided between micro- and macrosociology, there is now a trend towards merging the two approaches. In this collective volume, several sociologists made this integration, each in his or her own field.

LAWLER, Edward J. , RIDGEWAY, Cecilia and Barry MARKOVSKY Structural Social Psychology and Micro-Macro Linkages, Iowa, Dept. Sociology, University of Iowa, 1989.

MILLER, Diane L. “Ritual in the Work of Durkheim and Goffman: The Link Between the Macro and the Micro” , Humanity and Society, 6, 2, May 1982: 122-134.

MO, Linn “Is Field Work Scientific?” , Munich Social Science Review, 1, 1979: 5-17. This article questions the use of inductive reasoning as applied in most field investigations and then discusses the rigour required in the collection and analysis of data.

WILEY, Norbert “The Micro-Macro Problem in Social Theory” , Sociological Theory, 6, 2, 1988: 254-261.

YOGEV, A. et al. Linking Micro and Macro Perspectives in the Sociology of Education, Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 23, 1, 1987 (special issue). The four articles gathered here have as a common concern the links connecting the micro and macro levels. The first two address theoretical problems and the second pair deals with methodology. The first of each pair is a critique of previous attempts in this direction; the second is a case study giving clear examples of related subjects.

ABEL, T. Why Hitler Came Into Power, New York, Atherton Press, 1938 (reprinted 1965).

ADORNO, T. et al. The Authoritarian Personality, New York, Harper & Row, 1950.

AKPARIAN-LACOUT, A. “Les figures de l'autre: les sorciers et le savant. A propos de Jeanne Favret-Saada” , Sociologie du Sud-Est, 59-62, 1989: 27-46.

ALKIN, Marvin et al. Using Evaluations: Does Evaluation Make a Difference?, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1979.

ALLEN, Woody Opus 1 et 2, Paris, Solar, 1980.

ANGELL, R. C. “Memorandum Concerning a Proposed Research Technique” , Social Forces, 10, 1931: 204-208.

ANGELL, R. C. The Family Encounters the Depression, Massachusetts, Peter Smith, 1936 (reprinted 1965).

ARENDT, Hannah La vie de l' esprit, Paris, PUF, 2 vol., 1978. (Thinking and Willing).

ATKINSON, J. Maxwell and John HERITAGE Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1984.

BABBIE, E. The Practice of Social Research, CA, Wadsworth, 1989.

BAER, Walter S. , JOHNSON, Leland S. and Edward W. MERROW Analysis of Federally Funded Demonstration Projects, Santa Monica, CA, The Rand Corporation, April 1976.

BARTHES, Roland Le degré zéro de l' écriture, Paris, Seuil, 1953 (Coll. Points). (Writing Degree Zero, London, Cape, 1967.)

BECKER, Howard S. Outsiders, Glencoe, Free Press, 1963.

BECKER, Howard S. et al. Boys in White, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961.

BERGER, Peter and Thomas LUCKMANN La construction sociale de la réalité, Paris, Méridiens Klincksieck, 1986. (The Social Construction of Reality, New York, Doubleday, 1968.)

BERK, Richard A. and Peter H. ROSSI Thinking about Program Evaluation, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1990.

BERTAUX, Daniel “L'approche biographique. Sa validité méthodologique, ses potentialités”, Cahiers internationaux de sociologie, LXIX, 1980: 197-225.

BERTAUX, Daniel (ed.) Biography and Society, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage, 1981.

BICKMAN, Leonard “The Functions of Program Theory”, in L. Bickman (ed), Using Program Theory in Evaluation, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass, 1987: 5-18.

BODEN, Deirdre “The World as it Happens: Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis”, in Georges Ritzer (ed.), Frontiers of Social Theory, New York, Columbia University Press, 1990.

BOGARDUS, E. S. Making Social Science Studies, Los Angeles, CA, Jesse Ray Miller, 1925 (2nd edition).

BOGARDUS, E. S. The New Social Research, Los Angeles, CA, Jesse Ray Miller, 1926.

BOUDON, Raymond Education, Opportunity and Social Inequalty, New York, Wiley, 1973.

BOUDON, Raymond L'idéologie. L'origine des idées reçues, Paris, Fayard, 1986. (The Analysis of Ideology, Cambridge, Polity, 1989.)

BOURDIEU, Pierre Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1984. (La Distinction, Paris, Editions de Minuit, 1979).

BOURDIEU, Pierre “L'illusion biographique” , Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, no 62/63, 1986: 69-72.

BOURDIEU, Pierre and Jean-Claude PASSERON Reproduction: in Education, Society and Culture, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1977. (La Reproduction, Paris, Editions de Minuit, 1970).

BOY, D. and Guy MICHELAT “Croyances aux parasciences: dimensions sociales et culturelles”, Revue Française de Sociologie, 27, 2, 1986: 175-204.

BROMBERGER, Christian “Du grand au petit. Variations des échelles et des objets d'analyse in l'histoire récente de l'ethnologie de la France”, in I. Chiva and U. Jeggle (eds), L'ethnologie en miroirs, Paris, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1987: 67-94.

BROWN, J. S. and B. G. GILMARTIN “Sociology Today: Lacunae, Emphases and Surfeits”, American Sociologist, 4, 1969: 283-289.

BRYANT, Christopher “Le positivisme instrumental dans la sociologie américaine” , Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 78, 1989: 64-74.

BURGESS, Ernest W. “What Social Case Studies Records Should Contain to Be Useful for Sociological Interpretation” , Social Forces, 6, 1928: 524-532.

BURGESS, Ernest W. “Is Prediction Feasible in Social Work?” , Social Forces, 7, 1929: 533-545.

CAMPBELL, A. A. “Attitude Surveying in the Department of Agriculture”, in A. B. Blankenship (ed.), How to Conduct Consumer and Opinion Research, New York, Harper, 1946.

CAMPBELL, Donald T. “Reforms as Experiments” , The American Psychologist, 24, 1969: 409-429.

CANGUILHEM, Georges “Du singulier à la singularité en épistémologie biologique”, dans Etudes d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences, Paris, Vrin, 1968: 211-225.

CAREY, J. T. Sociology and Public Affairs, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage, 1975.

CARTWRIGHT, D. “Social Psychology in the U.S. During the Second World War” , Human Relations, 1, 1947: 333-352.

CAVAN, R. S. Suicide, New York, Russell and Russell, 1928 (reprinted 1965).

CHAPIN, F. S. Field Work and Social Research, New York, Century, 1920.

CHEN, Huey-Tsyh Theory-Driven Evaluations, Newbury-Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1990.

CLAUSEN, J. A. “Research on the American Soldier as a Career Contingency” , Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 1984: 207-213.

COLLINS, Randall Conflict Sociology: Toward an Explanatory Science, New York, Academic Press, 1975.

COLLINS, Randall “Long-term Social Change and the Territorial Power of States”, in Louis Kriesberg (ed.), Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 1, Greenwich, CT, JAI Press, 1978: 1-34.

COLLINS, Randall The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification, New York, Academic Press, 1979.

COLLINS, Randall “On the Micro-foundations of Macro-sociology” , American Journal of Sociology, 1986a: 984-1014.

COLLINS, Randall “The Future Decline of the Russian Empire”, in Weberian Sociological Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986b: 186-209.

COLLINS, Randall Theoretical Sociology, San Diego, CA, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1988.

COLLINS, Randall “Toward a Neo-Meadian Sociology of Mind” , Symbolic Interaction, 12, 1989: 1-31.

COLLINS, Randall “Stratification, Emotional Energy and the Transient Emotions”, in Theodore D. Kemper (ed.), Research Agendas in the Sociology of Emotions, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1990.

CONVERSE, J. M. Survey Research in the U.S.: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1987.

COOK, T. D. and D. T. CAMPBELL Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings, Chicago, IL, Rand McNally, 1979.

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