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BAY, Edna (ed.) (1982), Women and Work in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview. An excellent collection of studies documenting the decline in female productivity as a result of policies initiated under colonialism and continued today.

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BENERIA, Lourdes (ed.) (1982), Women and Development: The Sexual Division of Labor in Rural Societies, New York: Praeger, for ILO World Employment Programme. Valuable volume which presents case studies on women working in a variety of occupations, plus essays interpreting the trends. Her own chapter, `Accounting for women's work', argues for counting both the use value and the exchange value of work.

BENERIA, Lourdes and Martha ROLDAN (1987), The Crossroads of Class and Gender: Industrial Homework, Subcontracting, and Household Dynamics in Mexico City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

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BHATT, Ela (1987), `The invisibility of home-based work: the case of piece rate workers in India', in Singh and Kelles-Viitanen (1987). Author is charismatic founder of the SEWA, the Self-Employed Women of Ahmendabad. In this article she outlines the need for a National Commission of Self-Employed Women, which was subsequently set up by the Indian Government.

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BINSWANGER, Hans P. , Robert E. EVENSON , Cecilia A. FLORENCIO and Benjamin N.F. WHITE (eds) (1980), Rural Household Studies in Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Important collection of empirical studies and discussions of methodological problems.

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BIRKBECK, Chris (1978), `Self-employed proletarians in an informal factory: the case of Cali's garbage dump', World Development, 6 (9-10).

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BLUMBERG, Rae Lesser (1981), `Females, farming and food: rural development and women's participation in agricultural production systems', in Barbara Lewis, 1981. Shows that work alone does not enhance women's status. Excellent bibliography.

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to appear in M.W. Riley , B. Hess and B. Huber (eds), Social Structure and Human Lives, 1988: Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

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BOULDING, Elise (1976), The Underside of History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. A tour de force review of history from a woman's perspective.

BOURQUE, Susan C. and Kay Barbara WARREN (1981), Women of the Andes: Patriarchy and Social Change in Two Peruvian Towns. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

BROMLEY, Ray (1978), `Introduction — the urban informal sector: why is it worth discussing?' and `Organization, regulation and exploitation in the so-called “urban informal sector”: the street traders of Cali, Colombia', in Ray Bromley , (ed.), The Urban Informal Sector: Critical Perspectives, World Development 6 (9-10) and republished separately by Pergamon. Basic primer for the informal sector debates.

BROMLEY, Ray (1982), `From Calvary to white elephant: case of urban renewal and marketing reform in Cali, Colombia'. Centre for Development Studies, University College of Swansea.

BROMLEY, R. and C. GERRY (eds) (1979), Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities. New York: Wiley.

BROWN, Jason (1981), `Case studies: Philippines and India', in Farbman, 1981.

BRUCE, Judith (ed.) (1987), A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. An important series of studies which begin to penetrate the fog surrounding the income acquisition and control within the household.

BUNSTER, B. Ximena (1983), `Market sellers in Lima, Peru: talking about work', in Buvinic et al., 1983.

BUNSTER, B. Ximena and Elsa CHANEY (photographs by Ellan Young) (1985), Sellers and Servants: Working Women in Lima, Peru. New York: Praeger. Portraits in words and pictures of domestic servants and street vendors set into the context of poverty and opportunity in Lima.

BURFISHER, Mary E. and Nadine R. HORENSTEIN (1985), Sex Roles in the Nigerian Tiv Farm Household. W. Hartford, CN: Kumarian Press.

BURNE, Simon (1985), `Charcoal stove developments in Kenya: the present and the future'. London: Intermediate Technology Group working paper.

BUVINIC, Mayra , Margaret A. LYCETTE and William P. McGREEVEY (eds) (1983), Woman and Poverty in the Third World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Interdisciplinary collections of essays documenting women's poverty and women's economic contributions to poor households.

CARTER, Jean and J. MENDS-COLE (1982), Liberian Women and their Role in Food Production and their Educational and Legal Status. Liberia: USAID with the Government of Liberia.

CECELSKI, Elizabeth (1984), The Rural Energy Crisis, Women's Work and Family Welfare: Perspectives and Approaches to Action. Geneva: ILO Working Paper, World Employment Programme. Important discussion of the interrelationships between women's time and household fuel procurement and use.

CHAPMAN, Barbara (1984), Streetfoods in Indonesia: Vendors in the Urban Food Supply. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center.

CHARLTON, Sue Ellen M. (1984), Women in Third World Development. Boulder, CO: Westview. Concise textbook which presents the issue thoroughly.

COHEN, Monique (1984a), The Urban Street Food Trade: Implications for Policy. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center.

COHEN, Monique (1984b), `The urban street food trade'. Draft Report submitted to USAID. Chevy Chase, MD: EPOC.

COHEN, Monique , H.C. BORRKFIELD and J.C. ENGLISH (1977), `Functional diversity at the base of the urban system', Journal of Tropical Geography, 45: 12-25.

CROLL, Elizabeth (1982), `The sexual division of labor in rural China', in Beneria, 1982.

DASGUPTA, Subhachari and Asok MAITI (1986), The Rural Energy Crisis, Poverty and Women's Roles in Five Indian Villages. Geneva, ILO. Based on people's participation in research.

DAUBER, Roslyn and Melinda L. CAIN (eds) (1979), Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Important collection of commentary and case studies by major women in development scholars.

DA VANZO, Julie and Donald Lye Poh LEE (1983), `The compatibility of child care with market and nonmarket activities: preliminary evidence from Malaysia', in M. Buvinic et al., 1983.

DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era) (1985), Development, Crises, and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives. DAWN, c/o Institute of Social Studies Trust, SMM Theatre Crafts Building, 5 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Marg, New Delhi 110 002.

DEERE, Carmen Diana and Magdalena LEON de LEAL , (1980), Women in Agriculture: Peasant Production and Proletarianization in Three Andean Regions. Geneva: ILO World Employment Programme Working Paper 10/13. These data are summarized in `Peasant production, proletarianization, and the sexual division of labor in the Andes', in Beneria, 1982. Documents women's farm and household work.

de SOTO, Hernando (1985), `Legacy of mercantilism stymies market creativity in Peru', Wall Street Journal, 4 January 1985.

de TREVILLE, Diana (1982), Food Production and Distribution: Rural Marketing Systems in Egypt. Cairo: The Ford Foundation. Provides data on women's work in the dairy industry.

DEWEY, Alice (1962), Peasant Marketing in Java. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

DEY, Jennie (1984), Women in Food Production and Food Security in Africa. Rome: FAO.

DIXON, Ruth (1982), `Women in agriculture: counting the labor force in developing countries', Population and Development Review, 8 (3): 539-566.

DIXON-MUELLER, Ruth (1985), Women's Work in Third World Agriculture. Geneva, ILO. Definitive study explaining undercounting of women farmers.

DJAMIJA, Jasleen (1984), `Income-generating activities for rural women in Africa: some successes and failures'. In Rural Development and Women in Africa. ILO: Geneva.

EARTHSCAN (1981), `Press Briefing Document No. 35' London: International Institute for Environment and Development. A primer on urban problems, readable, with tables but no bibliography.

EDWARDS, Melvin R. (1980), Jamaican Higglers: their Significance and Potential. Centre for Development Studies Monograph 7. Swansea, UK: University College of Swansea. A thorough investigation of higglers which traces their historical roots, discusses the differences between country higglers, stallholders and itinerants, and places his observations into existing literature.

EL-SANABARY, Nagat M. (ed.) (1983), Women and Work in the Third World: The Impact of Industrialization and Global Economic Interdependence. Berkeley, CA: Center for the Study and Advancement of Women.

ENGELLAU, Patrik and Claes SJOBERG (1984), The Informal Sector and the Memo Movement: Ideology Hand in Hand with Necessity. Stockholm: Aspen Institute Nordic Countries Office. Summarizes reasons for the growing informal sector in Europe.

EPSTEIN, T.S. and R.A. WATTS , (eds) (1981), The Endless Day. New York: Pergamon. Details on the lives of Asian rural women, written by young Asian women scholars who lived for extended periods of time in villages and acted as liaison with local extension workers in order to involve rural women in development programmes.

ETIENNE, Mona and Eleanor LEACOCK (eds) (1980), Women and Colonialization: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Praeger. A compelling set of papers concerning the effects of colonial intrusion on women's roles among Indians in North and South America, Africans of Kenya and Ivory Coast, and indigenous groups in Australia and on two Pacific islands.

EVANS, Margaret I. (1984), Firewood versus Alternatives: Domestic Fuel in Mexico. Oxford: Commonwealth Forestry Institute Occasional Paper 23.

EVENSON, Robert E. (1983), `The allocation of women's time: an international comparison', Behavior Science Research, 17 (3/4): 196-215.

FARBMAN, Michael (ed.) (1981) The PISCES Studies: Assisting the Smallest Economic Activities of the Urban Poor. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development. A superb report and assessment of projects designed to assist microentrepreneurs in the urban slums of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

FAROUK, A. (1980), Time Use of Rural Women: A Six-Village Survey in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bureau of Economic Research, Dhaka University.

FISSEHA, Yacob and Omar DAVIES (1981), The Small-Scale Manufacturing Enterprises in Jamaica: Socioeconomic Characteristics and Constraints. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Working Paper 16.

FLORA, Cornelia B. (1985), `Women and Agriculture', Agriculture and Human Values, special issue on women and agriculture, 2 (1) (Winter): 5-12. Excellent introduction to the issue that any women's work in agriculture is undervalued or ignored.

FOLBRE, Nancy (1984), `Household production in the Philippines: a non-neoclassical approach', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32 (2): 303-330. Shows the relevance of the bargaining power approach in understanding household production and household decisions in the Philippines.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) (1979), Women in Food Production, Food Handling and Nutrition. Rome: FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 8.

FAO (1983), Time Allocation Survey: A Tool for Anthropologists, Economists and Nutritionists, Rome: Food Policy and Nutrition Division, November.

FAO (1984), Women in Food Production, a report of an experts' consultation held in Rome in December 1983. Rome: FAO.

FAO (1986), Population and the Labour Force in Rural Economies. Rome: Economic and Social Development Paper 59.

FORTMANN, Louise (1985), `Seasonal dimensions of rural social organization', Journal of Development Studies, 21 (3): 377-389.

FRASER, Peter H. and William R. TUCKER (1981), `Case studies: Latin America', in Farbman, 1981.

FURNIVALL, J.S. (1939), Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GEERTZ, Clifford (1963), Peddlers and Princes: Social Development and Economic Change in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

GEERTZ, Hildred (1961), The Javanese Family. New York: Free Press.

GERMAIN, Adrienne (1976/77), `Poor rural women; a policy perspective', Journal of International Affairs, 30 (2): 161-172. Important analysis of the deteriorating position of rural women in developing countries, with suggestions for programmatic change. Author was able to put her ideas into practice as officer of the Ford Foundation.

GERRY, Chris (1978), `Petty production and capitalist production in Dakar: the crisis of the self-employed', World Development, 6 (9-10).

GIBB, Arthur Jr (1982), Employment Generation and the Small Business Sector in the Regions of the Philippines: A Survey Report. Philippines: USAID.

GLAVANIS, Kathy R.G. and Pandeli M. GLAVANIS (1983), The Sociology of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East: The Persistence of Household Production, Trend Report of Current Sociology, 31 (2).

GODDARD, Victoria (1981), `The leather trade in the bassi of Naples', IDS Bulletin, 12 (3).

GOLDSCHMIDT-CLERMONT, Luisella (1982), Unpaid Work in the Household, Geneva: ILO.

GREENSTREET, Miranda (1981), `When education is unequal', IDS Bulletin, 12 (3).

GUGLER, Josef and William G. FLANAGAN (1978), Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GUYER, Jane (1978) Women's Work in the Food Economy of the Cocoa Belt: A Comparison. Brookline, MA: Boston University African Studies Center, working paper 7. Insightful research in Cameroon and Ghana.

GUYER, Jane (1980), Household Budgets and Women's Income. Brookline, MA: Boston University African Studies Center, working paper 28.

GUYER, Jane I. and Pauline E. PETERS (1984), Conceptualizing the Household: Issues of Theory, Method and Application, report of a workshop held at Harvard University, November 1984. Charlottesville, VA: Teleprint Publishing. Efforts to push economists to abandon their tendencies to treat the household as a unit.

HACKENBERG, Beverly and Gerald BARTH (1984), `Growth of the bazaar economy and its significance for women's employment: trends of the 1970s in Davao City, Philippines', in Gavin Jones (ed.), Women in the Urban and Industrial Workforce: South and Southeast Asia. Canberra: The Australian National University. Distributed by the University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Both the article and the volume exemplify the growing interest in considering women's problems separately from men's.

HAGEN, Margaret (1974), Notes on the Public Markets and Marketing System of Managua, Nicaragua. Managua: Instituto Centroamericano de Administracion de Empreses.

HANSEN, Karen Tranberg (1987), `Urban women and work in Africa: a Zambian case', Transafrica Forum, 4 (3).

HART, Gillian (1980), `Patterns of household labour allocation in a Javanese village', in Binswanger et al., 1980.

HARTMANN, Heidi , Robert KRAUT and Louise TILLY (1986), Computer Chips and Paper Clips. Washington, DC: National Academic Press. Report by the Panel on Technology and Women's Employment of the National Research Council. A definitive study of the impact of technological change on women's employment in the USA.

HAZELL, Peter B.R. and Ailsa ROELL (1983), `Rural growth linkages: household expenditure patterns in Malaysia and Nigeria'. Research Report No. 41. Washington, DC: IFPRI.

HELLINGER, Douglas and Fred O'REGAN (1985), `Introduction to Africa case studies', in Ashe, 1985a, Vol. II.

HELLINGER, Douglas , Fred O'REGAN , Stephen HELLINGER and Blane LEWIS , (1985), `The small business scheme of the National Council of Churches of Kenya', in Ashe, 1985b, Vol. II.

HENN, Jeanne Koopman (1986), `Intra-household dynamics and state policies as constraints on food production: results of a 1985 agroeconomic survey in Cameroon'. Gainsville, FL: Conference on Gender Issues in Farming Systems Research and Extension, University of Florida.

HERSCHOVITZ, Linda (1985), `The fruits of ambivalence: China's urban individual economy', Pacific Affairs, 58 (3), 23 pp. The individual economy is not growing quickly (from 150,000 to 3 million in the past 6 years) because of social prejudice against the self-employed. The problem which the government now faces is how to encourage entrepreneurs and simultaneously control their activities without scaring them off.

HEYZER, Noeleen (1984), `Towards a framework of analysis', IDS Bulletin, 12 (3).

HOFMANN, Michael (1986), `The informal sector in an intermediate city: a case in Egypt', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34 (2). Notes difference in size and type of enterprise in a city and the surrounding rural areas; sees limited absorption for future unemployed.

HOLTON, Gerald (1973), Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

HORN, Nancy E. (1987), `Urban food provisioning and the role of market women in Harare, Zimbabwe'. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Women in Development, 15 April, Washington, DC.

HOSKINS, Marilyn (1975), `Vietnamese women: their roles and their options', in Dana Rapheal (ed), Being Female: Reproduction, Power, and Change, World Anthropology Series. The Hague: Mouton.

HOUSE, William J. (1984), `Nairobi's informal sector: dynamic entrepreneurs or surplus labor?' Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32 (2): 277-302. House examines the results of a 1977 survey of Nairobi's informal sector, and concludes that it is not as exploitative as some scholars say. He paints an optimistic picture of this informal sector, since the rural income forgone would not have been as much as its urban alternative.

HUNT, Robert W. (1983), `The evaluation of small-scale enterprise programs and projects: issues in business and community development', AID Evaluation Special Study No. 13. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 52 pp.

HUNT, Robert W. (1985a), `Searching for benefits'. AID Evaluation Special Study No. 28. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development.

HUNT, Robert W. (1985b), `Private voluntary organizations and the promotion of small-scale enterprise'. AID Evaluation Special Study No. 27. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 47 pp. An examination of the role of international PVOs in small enterprise development which concludes that PVOs are helpful for the type of entrepreneurial activity required in the majority of development settings, mainly because of their `staying power' and motivated staff willing to work with the poor and to accept small salaries.

HUSTON, Perdita (1978), Message for the Village. New York: The Epoch B Foundation. Interviews with village women about their problems and their view of change.

HYDEN, Goran (1980), Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania, Los Angeles: University of California Press. A longtime observer produces a flawed report by utilizing only a male perspective.

ILLICH, Ivan (1982), Gender. New York: Pantheon. In a long, provocative essay, Illich argues that economic contraction is a prerequisite for peace between the sexes. Interpreted as a justification of returning to the sexual division of labour; most women disparage the book.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE (ILO) (1972), Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO. The baseline descriptors for assessing informal sector.

ILO (1984a), Urbanisation, Informal Sector and Employment: A Progress Report on Research, Advisory Services and Technical Cooperation. Geneva: ILO.

ILO (1984b), Group-Based Savings and Credit for the Rural Poor. Geneva: ILO. Papers presented at a seminar in Bangladesh by individuals involved in group-based savings in South and Southeast Asian countries.

ILO (1985a), Women at Work, 1 (85) entitled `Women in a changing world: a decade of action', a special issue summarizing world trends of employment opportunity. Geneva: ILO.

ILO (1985b), Resources, Power, and Women. Proceedings of workshops in Asia and Africa which assess income-earning activities for rural women. Case studies for these meetings were edited by S. Muntemba , 1985. Geneva: ILO.

ILO (1985c), The Challenge of Rural Poverty. Geneva: ILO. A review of research and technical co-operation carried out by the Rural Employment Policies Branch concerning agrarian institutions and rural employment.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (INSTRAW) (1986), Expert Group Meeting on Measurement of Women's Income and Their Participation in the Informal Sector.

INSTRAW and United Nations Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (1985), Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey (1950-2000). Bibliography; appendices on unemployment, male-female wages. Useful collection of data.

ISLAM, M. Nural , Richard MORSE and M. Hadi SOESASTRO (1984), Rural Energy to Meet Development Needs: Asian Village Approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Pathbreaking book which combines results of studies with discussion on various methodologies used to gather data on the lives of rural women and men, particularly participatory and action research. While the focus of this collection is on rural fuelwood use in Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and India, information collected includes time-use as well as an analysis of why many new household energy technologies failed.

ISLAM, Shamina (1982), Exploring the Other Half: Field Research with Rural Women in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Women for Women: House 67, Road 4, Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka 5.

JAHAN, Rounaq and Hanna PAPANEK (eds) (1979), Women and Development: Perspectives from South and Southeast Asia. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs.

Papers presented at a seminar in Dhaka, March 1977, delineating the issues of policy, programming, research and methodology as they relate to women in Asia.

JAIN, Devaki , with Nalini SINGH and Malini CHAND (1979a), Women's Quest for Power. Bombay: Vikas Publishing House. An assessment of women's activities designed to provide income or preserve security, from a Gandhian viewpoint.

JAIN, Devaki , N. SINGH and M. CHAND (1979b), `Women's work: methodological issues', in Jahan and Papanek, 1979.

JAQUETTE, Jane (1982), `Women and modernization theory: a decade of feminist criticism', World Politics, 34 (2). Excellent summary of various approaches by women scholars to development theory.

JACQUETTE, Jane (1983), `The impact of modernization on women in Latin American agriculture', in Spindel et al., 1984.

JELLINEK, Lea (1977), `The life of a Jakarta street trader', in J. Abu-Lughod and R. Rays (eds), Third World Urbanization. New York: Methuen. Anthropological study of a female street foods vendor, her relations with husbands and police and her struggle to survive.

JONES, Gavin (ed.) (1984), Women in the Urban and Industrial Workforce: Southeast and East Asia. Canberra: Australian National University. An important collection of studies on urban working women, their lives and their families, which deserves wider readership. Distributed by the University of Hawaii Press.

JULES-ROSETTE, Bennetta (1982), `Women's work in the informal sector: a Zambian case study', Working Paper 3, East Lansing, Michigan State University.

JUMARI, Usha (1987), `The future of home-based production', in Singh and Kelles-Viitanen, 1987.

KANDIYOTI, Deniz (1985), Women in Rural Production Systems: Problems and Policies. Paris: UNESCO.

KILBY, Peter and David D'ZMURA (1984), Searching for Benefits. Washington DC: Office of Private and Voluntary Co-operation.

KIRLOSKAR CONSULTANTS (1985), `Technology adaptation in plastic processing industry in the informal sector: a case study of India'. Urbanization, informal sector and employment working paper, World Employment Program, ILO, Geneva.

KUJORE, Olufemi O. (1985), `Street foods and street food vendors in Ile-Ife, Nigeria'. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Department of Nursing, University of Ife, and Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. Summary of findings of a study undertaken by university faculty with EPOC consultation.

KUJORE, Olufemi O. , Tola O. PEARCE and V. AINA AGBOH (1986), `Effects of road clearance on the street foods enterprise in Ile-Ife'. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife. Continuation of the street foods project begun in consultation with the Equity Policy Center.

KUMAR, T.M. Vinod (1984), `Integrated rural development planning and energy priorities: participatory surveys in India micro regions', in Islam et al., 1984.

KUSTERER, Ken (1985), `Her work, his leisure: the exploitation of surplus value on the domestic mode of production'. Paper read at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Washington, DC, in August. Discusses problems of evaluating household work and setting them within a Marxist analysis.

LASSEN, Cheryl A. (1984). `A systems approach for the design and evaluation of PVO small enterprise development projects'. Report of a working group of PVO and donor representatives. Washington, DC: Partners for Productivity.

LE COUR GRANDMAISON, Colette (1969), `Activités économiques des femmes Dakaroises', Africa, 39. An exemplary study in an area neglected by French scholars.

LEIDHOLM, Carl (1973), Research on Employment in the Rural Nonfarm Sector in Africa. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. Outline of objectives and problems to be addressed in long-term study.

LEIDHOLM, Carl and Enyinna CHUTA (1976), The Economics of Rural and Urban Small-Scale Industries in Sierra Leone. African Rural Economy Paper 14. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. An early study in the series; one that establishes the importance of small-scale industries outside major urban areas.

LEWIS, Barbara (1976), `The limitations of group action among entrepreneurs: the market women of Abidjan, Ivory Coast', in N. Hafkin and E. Bay (eds), Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. A careful observer of contemporary market women.

LEWIS, Barbara , (ed.) (1981), Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, Washington, DC: Office of Women in Development, Agency for International Development.

An important collection prepared for the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, Rome, 1979. Papers address issues of agricultural work in developing countries and the United States; also included are chapters on extension, land rights, social forestry, off-farm jobs, education and women's organizations.

LEWIS, John P. and Valeriana KALLAB (eds) (1986), Development Strategies Reconsidered. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Books for the Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC. Useful and concise update and analysis of mainstream development theory and practice.

LILLY, Marjorie (1984), `Assisting the smallest economic activities of the urban poor'. A Report on the third in a series of PISCES Workshops, Washington, DC. Cambridge, MA: ACCION International/AITEC.

LITTLE, Kenneth , (1973), African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa's Social Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An early book presenting data on women in urban areas which goes far beyond the stereotype of market traders to look at many aspects of life in towns.

LOMNITZ, Larissa (1977), Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown. New York: Academic Press. An exposition of a multitude of networks which help the poor to survive.

LONG, Norman (ed.) (1984), Family and Work in Rural Societies: Perspectives on non-wage labour, London: Tavistock. Focus is on persistence of traditional patterns of household production in capitalist economies.

LOZA, Sarah (1985), Street Foods and Beverages in Minia City. Final report of the SPAAC/EPOC study of street foods in Egypt.

MARUM, Elizabeth (1981), Evaluation of CARE's Women's Development Program. Dhaka: CARE, Women's Development Program.

MATHUR, Om Prakash and Caroline O.N. MOSER (1984), `The urban informal sector: an agenda for research', Regional Development Dialogue, 5 (3): ix-xxi. More research is called for on the relationships of city size to the informal sector, and on the informal sector in centrally planned economies.

MAZUMDAR, D. (1975), The Urban Informal Sector. Washington, DC: World Bank Staff Paper 211.

McCORMACK, Jeanne , Martin WALSH and Candance NELSON (1986), Women's Group Enterprises: A Study of the Structure of Opportunity on the Kenya Coast. Boston, MA: World Education, Inc. A report of Tototo Home Industries and its work with 45 village groups. Focus is on group enterprises to which women contribute for presumed long-term return. Based on group activity for community betterment, there seems some problem with distribution of profits. Having income does not seem to affect women's status in Kenya.

McCORMICK, Dorothy (1986), `Small manufacturing enterprise in Nairobi'. Department of Economics working paper. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

McGEE, T.G. and Y.M. YEUNG (1977), Hawkers in Southeast Asian Cities: Planning for the Bazaar Economy. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Early classic which encouraged IDRC to work in urban areas.

McGREEVEY, Paul W. (ed.) (1980), Third World Poverty. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co., Lexington Books.

McSWEENEY, Brenda (1979), `Collection and analysis of data on rural women's time use', in Zeidenstein, 1979.

MEAD, Margaret , (ed.) (1955), Cultural Patterns and Technical Change. New York: Mentor, The New American Library.

MELLOR, John (1986), `Agriculture on the road to industrialization', in Lewis and Kallab, 1986.

MENCHER, Joan P. (1987), `Women's work and poverty: women's contribution to household maintenance in two regions of South India', in Bruce, 1987.

MERRICK, Thomas and Marianne SCHMINCK (1983), `Households headed by women and urban poverty in Brazil', in Buvinic et al., 1983.

MIES, Maria (1982), `The dynamics of the sexual division of labor and integration of rural women into the world market', in BENERIA (ed.), 1982.

MINTZ, Sidney (1971), `Men, women, and trade', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13 (3): 247-269. Useful assessment of market traders.

MIRALAO, Virginia A. (1982), `Methodological issues in the collection and analysis of women's time-use data'. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Integration of Women in Development Programme, Occasional paper 3.

MOHAN, Rakesh (1984), An Anatomy of the Distribution of Urban Income: Two Cities in Colombia. Washington, DC: World Bank Working Paper 650. Part of a major World Bank study of Colombia's urban problems.

MOLNAR, Augusta (1982), `Women and politics: the case of the Kham Magar of Western Nepal', American Ethnologist, 9 (3).

MONSON, Jamie and Marion KALB (eds) (1985), Women as Food Producers in Developing Countries. Los Angeles, CA: co-published by University of California Los Angeles African Studies Center, African Studies Association, and UEF International.

MOSER, Caroline (1980), `Why the poor remain poor: the experience of Bogota market traders in the 1970s', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 22(3): 365-387. An anthropologist's view of economic power and differentiation within the informal sector in Bogota slums. Large-scale sellers maximize profits; small-scale sellers operate at such a low level that expansion is impossible.

MOSER, Caroline (1981), `Surviving in the suburbios', IDS Bulletin, 12(3): 19-29. Analysis of the function and importance of women's work in the survival strategies among low-income households in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

MOSER, Caroline (1984), `The informal sector reworked: viability and vulnerability in urban development', Regional Development Dialogue, 5 (3): 135-178. Insisting on the interrelationships between concepts, methodologies and policy recommendations, Moser weaves a discussion of these topics into a review of selected informal sector studies. While clearly preferring the petty commodity production to the dualist approach, and anthropological methods to broad surveys, she contrasts and analyses the differing results obtained by various approaches and methodologies.

MOSER, Caroline and J. MARSIE-HAZEN (1984), A Survey of Empirical Studies in Industrial and Manufacturing Activities in the Informal Sector in the Developing Countries. London: Development Planning Unit.

MUNTEMBA, Shimwaayi (ed.) (1985), Rural Development and Women: Lessons from the Field, 2 Vols. Geneva: ILO. Studies of specific projects designed to improve rural women's income in Asia and Africa, written by women from those areas.

MUZAALE, Patrick J. and David K. LEONARD (1985), `Kenya's experience with women's groups in agricultural extension: strategies for accelerating improvements in food production and nutritional awareness in Africa', Agricultural Administration, 19: 13-28. Finds that the poorest women cannot afford to contribute labour to workgroups.

NELSON, Joan M. (1979), Access to Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

NELSON, Nici (1979), `How women and men get by: the sexual division of labour in the informal sector of a Nairobi squatter settlement', in R. Bromley and C. Gerry (eds), Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

NELSON, Nici (ed.) (1981), African Women in the Development Process. London: Frank Cass.

NOPONEN, Helzi (1987), `Organizing women petty traders and home-based producers: a case study of Working Women's Forum, India', in Singh and Kelles-Viitanen, 1987.

NWAPA, Flora (1981), One is Enough. Enugu, Nigeria: Tana Press. A charming and insightful tale by Nigeria's first female novelist.

O'BARR, Jean (ed.) (1982), Perspectives on Power: Women in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

O'BARR, Jean et al. (1986), `Reflections on Forum '85 in Nairobi, Kenya: voices from the International Women's Studies Community', SIGNS, Spring 11 (3). A collection of commentaries from around the world.

OKONJO, Kamene (1983), `Sex roles in Nigerian politics', in Oppong, 1983.

OPPONG, Christine (ed.) (1983), Female and Male in West Africa. London: Allen and Unwin. Chapters by women and men from North and South dealing with changes in the informal relationships between women and men as a result of modernization.

O'REGAN, Fred M. and Douglas A. HELLINGER (1981), `Case studies: Africa', in Farbman, 1981.

OWENS, Naomi and Naseem HUSSAIN (1984), Street Foods in Bangladesh. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. Part of EPOC's series of studies; this was done in the small administrative centre of Manikganj.

PALA-OKEYO, Achola (1980), `Daughters of the lakes and rivers: colonialization and land rights of Luo women', in M. Etienne and Eleanor Leacock (eds), Women and Colonization. New York: Praeger.

PALMER, Ingrid (1985), The Nemow Case, W. Hartford, CN, Kumarian Press. A classic study of the negative impacts of largescale development projects on women, in this case a resettlement scheme in Kenya.

PAPANEK, Hanna (1976), `Women in cities: problems and perspectives', in Tinker and Bo Bramson 1976.

PAPANEK, Hanna (1982), `Men can't handle money but women can be trusted: earning and spending in an Indonesian city'. Paper for conference, Colombia University, on Women and Income. Findings from survey of middle-class women in Jakarta in 1973-4 shows that 43.3 percent of the women who earned money are self-employed/housewives commercializing domestic skills. Women holding jobs outside the homes differ from these self-employed. Ethnicity/culture shows some variance in employment patterns. Husbands gave conditional approval of job-holding: if it did not interfere with family responsibilities.

PEARCE, Tola Olu (1984), `The place of street foods in the urban diet: a survey of Ile-Ife, Nigeria'. Paper at Africa Studies Association meetings, Los Angeles, October. Available from Department of Sociology/Anthropology, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center.

PELLOW, Deborah (1978), `Work and autonomy: women in Accra', American Ethnologist, 5 (4): 770-785.

PELUSO, Nancy (1984), `Occupational mobility and the economic role of rural women'. Population Studies Report Series 39. Jogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadja Mada University.

PETRITSCH, Machtild (1981), `Women and development in Ghana'. Paper prepared for an Expert Group Meeting on Women and the International Development Strategy. Vienna: UN Social and Humanitarian Affairs Division.

PHONGPAICHIT, Pasuk (1982), From Peasant Girls to Bangkok Masseuses. Geneva, ILO: Women, Work and Development, 2. Disturbing study of prostitution and how the wages of these women support their families in northeast Thailand. Based on interviews of the girls and of their families in the rural areas. Author suggests low agricultural prices and sex tours exacerbate the trade.

PICASSO, Estrella (1986), `Las Alimentadoras de Pueblo: vendedoras ambulantes de alimentos preparados'. Grupo de Trabajo: Servicios Urbanos y Mujeres de Bajos Ingresos — SUMBI. Lima, Peru: SUMBI.

PORTES, A. , S. BLITZER and J. CURTIS (1986), `The urban informal sector in Uruguay: its internal structure, characteristics, and effects', World Development, 14 (6).

POSNER, Jill (1983), `The development of numerical cognition: cross-cultural perspectives', in H. Ginsburg (ed.), The Development of Mathematical Thinking. New York: Academic Press.

POSNER, Jill (1984), Street Foods in Senegal. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. One of EPOC's series of studies, this one done in the provincial town of Ziguinchor.

PRAKASH, Aditya (1972), `Rehri — the mobile shop of India', Ekistics, 34: 204.

PRATES, Suzana (1986), `Reproduction, production and women's labour activities in the home', in Women in Development: Perspectives from the Nairobi Conference. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Manuscript Report.

REDDY, Amulya K.N. (1980), Rural Energy Consumption Patterns: A Field Study. Bangalore, India: Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), Indian Institute of Science.

REINING, Priscilla et al. (1977), Village Women: Their Changing Lives and Fertility. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. An attempt to link status with fertility in Kenya, Mexico, and the Philippines.

RICHARDSON, Harry W. (1984), `The role of the urban informal sector: an overview'. Regional Development Dialogue, 5 (3): 3-40. A superb review of recent literature organized as authors relate to the continuing debates about the informal sector: definition; size; links with the formal sector; income; skills and training; longevity; and the importance of the sector in cities of varying sizes. After underscoring the importance of the informal sector, he concludes with a series of policy recommendations.

ROBERTSON, Claire (1987), `Food distribution and gender in Africa', Transafrica Forum, 4 (3).

ROGERS, Susan G. (1983), `Efforts toward women's development in Tanzania: gender rhetoric vs. gender realties', Women and Politics, 2 (4).

ROMATET, Emmanuel (1983), `Calcutta's informal sector: theory and reality', Economic and Political Weekly, 18 (50). Reviews theory and then tests it against studies of various small enterprises: tailoring, tanneries, plastics, and slim industries in a basti of Howrah. Argues for more associations to exert pressure on the formal sector.

RONDINELLI, Dennis (1986), `The urban transition and agricultural development: implications for international assistance policy', Development and Change, 17: 231-263.

RONDINELLI, Dennis and K. RUDDLE (1978), Urbanization and Rural Development. New York: Praeger.

ROSALDO, Michelle Zimbalist and Louise LAMPHERE (eds) (1974), Women, Culture, and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Significant collection of essays, especially those exploring the dual private/public nature of women's lives.

ROSTOW, W.W. (1960), The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ROTBLAT, Howard (1974), `Social organization and development in an Iranian provincial bazaar', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 23: 292-305.

SAVARA, Mira (1981), `Organizing the Annapurna', IDS Bulletin, 12 (3).

SCHILDKROUT, Enid (1983), `Dependence and autonomy: the economic activities of secluded Hausa women in Kano', in Oppong (ed.), 1983.

SCHMINK, Marianne (1986), `Women in the urban economy of Latin America', in M. Schmink et al. , (eds), Learning About Women and Urban Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: The Population Council.

SCHMINK, Marianne , Judith BRUCE and Marilyn KOHN (eds) (1986), Learning about Women and Urban Services in Latin America and the Caribbean, New York: The Population Council. Pathbreaking collection reviewing urban women's special concerns about housing, food and services.

SCHULER, Margaret (1986), Empowerment and the Law: Strategies of Third World Women. Washington, DC: OEF International, 1815 H St. NW, 20005. Short essays by women around the world clearly show the relationship between law and development.

SCHUSTER, Ilsa (1972), `Marginal lives: conflict and contradiction in the politicisation of female traders in Lusaka, Zambia', in Bay, 1972.

SCIENCE POLICY RESEARCH UNIT (SPRU) (1982), Microelectronics and Women's Employment in Britain. Brighton: University of Sussex.

SCOTT, Gloria L. and Marilyn CARR (1985), The Impact of Technology Choice on Rural Women in Bangladesh: Problems and Opportunities, World Bank Staff Working Paper 731. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

SCOTT, James C. (1976), The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.

SEAGAR, Joni and Ann OLSON (1986), Women in the World: an International Atlas. New York: Simon & Schuster. Covers basic data, then adds feminist issues including sex for sale, patriarchy and abortion. Excellent graphics.

SEBSTAD, Jennifer (1982), Struggle and Development Among Self-employed Women: A Report on the Self-employed Women's Association, Ahmedabad, India. Washington, DC: US Agency for Development.

SEN, Amartya (1983), `Economics and the family', Asian Development Review, 1 (2): 14-26. A leading economist looks at differential treatment of women in the family.

SETHURAMAN, S.V. (ed.) (1981), The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Employment, Poverty and Environment. Geneva: ILO. A significant volume in which the editor summarizes the findings of a series of ILO-funded studies assessing the links between employment promotion in the urban informal sector and improvement of the urban physical environment. Nine case studies are included from Africa, Asia and Latin America.

SETHURAMAN, S.V. (1985), `Informal sector in Indonesia: an assessment of policies', Technical Report 2. Geneva: ILO.

SHIELDS, Nwanganaga (1980), Women in the Urban Labor Markets of Africa: The Case of Tanzania. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 380, 131 pp. A review of recent shifts in the pattern of female migration and of the jobs they find in the cities. It explores reasons why there are very few women in the formal sector of the urban economy even though they make up 50 percent of the urban work age population.

SIMMONS, Emmy B. (1975), `The small-scale rural food-processing industry in Northern Nigeria', Food Research Institute Studies, 14 (2): 147-161. Early study documenting that women in seclusion engage in economic activities.

SIMON, Lawrence H. and David F. RUCCIO (1986), `Methodological aspects of Marxian approach to development: an analysis of the modes of production school', in Wilber, 1986.

SINGH, Andrea Menefee (1980), `Women in the marketplace: hawkers and street peddlers'. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Indian Sociological Society, Meerut, UP, 1-3 November.

SINGH, Andrea Menefee and Alfred de SOUZA (1980), The Urban Poor: Slum and Pavement Dwellers in Major Cities of India. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.

SINGH, Andrea Menefee and Anita KELLES-VIITANEN (1987), Invisible Hands: Women in Home-Based Production. New Delhi: Sage. An important collection of a dozen studies on a long-neglected topic. This volume reports on studies, primarily by Asian scholars, of both traditional and modern home production in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

SIVARD, Ruth Leger (1985), Women... a World Survey. World Priorities, Box 25140, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Prepared for the UN Women's Conference, Nairobi, 1985. Basic information on work, education, health and laws.

SMITH, C. and Bruce TIPPITT (1982). Study of Problems Related to Scaling Up Micro-Enterprise Assistance Programs: Phase I. Boston: Trade and Development International Corporation.

SOW, Fatou (1986), Les femmes et les projets d'énergie au Sénégal: impact sur le travail féminin et le bien-être familial. Geneva, ILO: Programme Mondial de L'Emploi.

SPINDEL, Cheywa , Jane JAQUETTE and Mabel CORDINI (1984), A Mulher Rural e Mudancas no Processo de Producao Agricola. San José: Costa Rica, Instituto Interamerican de Cooperacao para a Agriculture (IICA). Papers in Spanish and Portuguese presented at a seminar on `The Changing Roles of Women and Men in Modernizing Agriculture', Säo Paulo, Brazil, September 1983, organized by the Equity Policy Center with Fundacao Carlos Chagas.

STOLER, Ann (1977), `Class structure and female autonomy in rural Java', in Wellesley Editorial Committee, 1977. Data indicate that the poorer the family the more important is the woman's income to its survival.

SUDARKASA, Niara (aka Gloria MARSHALL) (1973), Where Women Work: A Study of Yoruba Women in the Marketplace and in the Home. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological paper 53.

SULLEROT, Evelyne (1971), Women, Society, and Change. New York: McGraw-Hill, World University Library. Explains her view of the origins of female subordination.

SZANTON, Cristina (1972), A Right to Survive: Subsistence Marketing in a Lowland Philippine Town. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.

SZANTON, Cristina and Napat SIRISAMBHAND (1986), Thailand's Street Vending: The Urban Informal Sector and Traditional Fast Foods. Report on joint CUSRI (Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute) EPOC study project completed in Chonburi. Chevy Chase, MD: EPOC.

TADESSA, Zenebeworke (1982), `The impact of land reform on women: the case of Ethiopia', in Beneria, 1982.

TAYLOR, Alicia , Donna McFARLANE and Elsie LeFRANC (1986), `The higglers of Kingston', in M. Schmink et al., 1986.

TEILHET-WALDORF, S. and W.H. WALDORF (1983), `Earnings of self-employed in an informal sector: a case study of Bangkok'. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 31 (3). Important study which disaggregates data by gender.

TENDLER, Judith (1983), Ventures in the Informal Sector, and How They Worked Out in Brazil. Evaluation Special Study 12. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development.

TIMBERG, Thomas and C.V. AIYAR (1984), `Informal credit markets in India', Economic Development & Cultural Change, 33 (1).

TINKER, Irene (1981a) `A feminist view of Copenhagen', SIGNS, 6 (3). This article sparked a series of letters to the editor, some of which were published in SIGNS 6 (4) and 7 (3), and responded to in 8 (2). At issue was the realistic scope of women's issues.

TINKER, Irene (1981b) `New technologies for food-related activities: an equity strategy', in Dauber and Cain, 1981. A plea to technologies to relieve the long working day of women in near-subsistence societies.

TINKER, Irene (1983), `Women in Development', in I. Tinker (ed.), Women in Washington: Advocates for Public Policy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. History of passing and implementing the Percy amendment.

TINKER, Irene (1984), The Real Rural Energy Crisis. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. Also published in the series Human Energetics, Vol. 11. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern for the Energy Research Group of the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Neither new cookstoves nor the planting of trees have worked as strategies to address the growing desertification in many parts of the world. Argues that the wrong questions were addressed, that the solutions were not set into the context of the time-consuming drudgery which characterizes women's lives in subsistence economies.

TINKER, Irene (1976), `The adverse impact of development on women'. In I. Tinker and M. Bo Bramsen (eds), Women and World Development, New York: Praeger for Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC. Published in Spanish as Las Mujeres en el Mundo de Hoy. Buenos Aires: Editorial Faterna, 1981. Commission papers and workshop reports of an international seminar held prior to the International Women's Year Conference in Mexico, June 1975. Lays the base for the women in development movement.

TINKER, Irene and Hyoung CHO (1981), `Women's participation in community development in Korea', in Man-Gap Lee (ed.), Toward a New Community Life: Reports of International Research Seminar on the Saemaul Movement. Seoul, Seoul National University Institute of Saemaul Undong Studies. How government-sponsored women's clubs allowed women to organize outside the household, and the important consequences.

TINKER, Irene and Monique COHEN (1985), `Street foods as a source of income for women', Ekistics, 310 (Jan./Feb.). Results of the Street Foods project which focus on women; part of a special issue on women in honour of the end of the UN Decade for Women.

TINKER, I. , W. COUSINS , P. REINING and W. SCHWIDLER (1974), Culture and Population Change. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Factors in Population Programs for presentation at the World Conference on Population, Bucharest. State of the art summary.

TINKER, Irene and Jane JAQUETTE (1987), `UN Decade for Women: its impact and legacy', World Development, 15 (3) (March). An analysis of the politics of UN conferences and how women utilized three conferences and a decade to infuse women's concerns in the UN agenda.

TINKER, Irene with Laura T. RAYNOLDS (1982), Integrating Family Planning and Women's Enhancement Activities: Theory and Practice. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. A review of income-generating activities in Egypt and Bangladesh, set in a worldwide review.

TINKER, Irene with Monique COHEN and Coralie TURBITT (1985), Utilizing the Street Food Trade in Development Programming. Chevy Chase, MD: Equity Policy Center. Final report of the first round of country studies which emphasizes how the research findings might be incorporated into programmes from rain-fed agriculture to credit.

TOKMAN, Victor E. (1978), `An exploration into the nature of informal-formal sector relationships', World Development, 6 (9-10).

TRAGER, Lillian (forthcoming), `A re-examination of the urban informal sector in West Africa', Canadian Journal of African Studies. Finds less exploitation of informal sector enterprises in Africa than in Latin America. Emphasizes backward linkages to rural producers.

UCHENDU, Victor (1964), The Iqbo of Southeast Nigeria. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

UNITED NATIONS (UN) (1984a), World Survey on the Role of Women in Development. Report of the Secretary-General to the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace. A/CONF.116/4. Picture of women's status based on reports from all UN member countries.

UN (1984b), Compiling Social Indicators on the Situation of Women. New York: Statistical Office, F.32, DIESA.

UN (1984c), Handbook of Household Surveys. New York: Statistical Office, F.31, DIESA.

UN (1984d), Improving Concepts and Methods for Statistics and Indicators on the Situation of Women. New York: Statistical Office, F.33, DIESA.

UN (1984e), World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Report of the Secretary-General. World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the UN Decade for Women, A/CONF.116/4, December.

UN (1985), Forward Looking Strategies... World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, A/CONF.116/12.Rev.1. Major political document for the conference, July.

UNITED NATIONS BRANCH FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (UN/BAW) (1980), `Review of Recent United Nations System Studies on the Effective Mobilization of Women in Development'. Vienna, IESA/BAW/WP.1, February.

UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (Habitat) (1984), Small-scale Building Materials Production in the Context of the Informal Economy. Nairobi: UNCHS Habitat.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) (1980), Rural Women's Participation in Development. Evaluation Study No. 3. New York. An insightful review of concepts; regional views on major themes of the 1980 Mid-Decade Conference on Women: health, employment, and education; and four country case studies: Rwanda, Syria, Indonesia and Haiti. A staff paper under the direction of Ulla Olin.

UNDP (1985), Women's Participation in Development: an Interorganizational Assessment, Evaluation Study No. 13. New York. Updating of the 1980 Study No. 3, which increased scope to all women and included programmes of other specialized agencies more explicitly. Democratic Yemen is the alternative case study for the West Asia region. Exists in a long and short form (which contains only the findings from the case studies).

US AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (1985), Report on the Workshop on Private Voluntary Organizations and Small-Scale Enterprise Development. AID Program Evaluation Discussion Paper No. 22. 17 pp. Workshop held 31 October to 2 November 1983, in Washington, DC.

US BUREAU OF THE CENSUS (1985), Women of the World, series: four regional areas with interpretation and a summary of data on 120 developing countries. Published for the Office of Women in Development, USAID. Basic data on population, distribution, marital status, fertility, work and education. Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402, USA.

US CONGRESS, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (1986), `Pros and cons of home-based clerical work'. Hearings before the Committee on Government Operations. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA (1983), Sex/Gender Division of Labor: Feminist Perspectives. Selected papers from conference, with implicit comparisons of US historical trends to current changes in developing countries today. Challenges the assumption that women are economically marginal because of their biological roles.

VAN RYZIN-HAVENS, Lani and Ruth KOBIA (1987), The Trickle Up Program in Kenya: An Evaluation Report. Nairobi: the Ford Foundation.

VARGAS LLOSA, Mario (1987), `In defense of the black market', New York Times Magazine Section, 22 February.

VERCRUIJSSE, Emile (1983), `Fishmongers, big dealers and fishermen: cooperation and conflict between the sexes in Ghanaian canoe fishing', in Oppong (ed.), 1983.

VINING, Daniel R. (1985), `The growth of core regions in the third world', Scientific American, 252 (4), April.

WALKER, S. Tjip (1987), Making Agricultural Extension Work with Women: The Efforts of the MIDENO Project in Cameroon. Chevy Chase, MD: EPOC. Analysis and history of an exemplary extension service.

WALSH, A.C. (1982), Street Vending in Port Moresby 1982. A Report to the National Capital District Interim Commission. Dept of Geography, University of Papua, New Guinea.

WEIDEMANN, Wesley, C. , George PULVER , Laurene SEMENZE and Diana de TREVILLE (1987), Small Business Development Project, Phase I, Jordan. Washington, DC: ARIES Project, Robert Nathan Associates.

WELLESLEY EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (1977), Women and National Development: The Complexities of Change. Special issue of SIGNS, 3 (1).

WHITE, Benjamin (1976), `Population, involution and employment in rural Java', Development and Change, 7: 267-290.

WHITE, E. Frances (1982), `Women, work, and ethnicity: the Sierre Leone case', in Bay, 1982.

WHITE, Sylvia (1985), `African women as small-scale entrepreneurs: their impact on employment creation', in Monson and Kalb, 1985.

WILBUR, Charles K. (ed.) (1986), The Methodological Foundations of Development Economics, special issue of World Development, 14 (2). Presents current thinking of liberal, dependency and Marxist schools of thought.

WILSON, Fiona (1985), `Women and agricultural change in Latin America: some concepts guiding research', World Development, 13 (9): 1071-1035.

WILSON, Francille Rusan (1982), `Reinventing the past and circumscribing the future: Authenticité and the negative image of women's work in Zaire', in Bay, 1982.

WIPPER, Audrey (ed.) (1972), The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future, special issue of the Canadian Journal of African Studies, 6 (2). A landmark collection of essays which has provided the base for much of the subsequent research.

WIPPER, Audrey (1982), `Riot and rebellion among African women: three examples of women's political clout', in Jean O'Barr (ed.), Perspectives on Power. Durham: Duke University Press.

WONG, Luke S.K (1971), `The Aplichau squatter area', in Asian Urbanization, Hong Kong: University Press.

YOUNG, Kate and Caroline MOSER (eds) (1981), Women and the Informal Sector. Brighton, England: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex Bulletin, 12 (3). An important collection of case studies and analytical essays which document the critical role women play in a variety of informal-sector activities. The editors' final essay draws a comparison between the informal sector and women's unpaid housework, while being oppressed by society or their husbands, or both.

YOUSEF, Nadia H. and Carol B. HETLER (1984), Rural Households Headed by Women: A Priority Concern for Development. Geneva, ILO World Employment Programme Working Paper 10/31. Summary of current fragmentary knowledge of topic; suggested research agenda.

ZEIDENSTEIN, Sondra (ed.) (1979), Learning About Rural Women, special issue of Studies in Family Planning, 10(11). Series of short articles summarizing state of the art at the time, including time-use budgets.