Annotated Bibliography

1. AYALA, FRANCISCO Tratado De Sociologia Vol. 1, Historia de la Sociologia (Treatise on Sociology Vol. 1, History of Sociology). Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, 1947. A history of sociology which argues that the discipline varies depending on the country or the region. Ayala argued that natural science is the same regardless of country.

2. CRAWFORD, ELISABETH T. , `The Sociology of the Social Sciences', Current Sociology, XIX: 2, 1971, pp. 1-89. A bibliographic essay which includes a comprehensive annotated bibliography. An indispensable source, with emphasis upon First World social science. We regard it as complementing our analysis, which puts more stress upon the Second and Third Worlds.

3. CRAWFORD, ELISABETH T. and ALBERT D. BIDERMAN (eds) Social Scientists and International Affairs: A Case for Sociology of Social Science, New York, John Wiley and Son Inc., 1969. An edited work with an introduction well worth reading. It sets forth the nature of the sociology of the social sciences and deals with such crucial relations as those between government and these disciplines.

4. DUVERGER, MAURICE . An Introduction to the Social Sciences: With Special Reference to Their Methods, New York, Praeger, 1961. A general treatment of the subject, but one we used here primarily for its historical account.

5. FRIEDRICHS, ROBERT W. A Sociology of Sociology, New York, Free Press, 1970. The author applies the sociology of sociology to American sociology and uses this approach to examine functionalism critically. He visualizes a coming together of American sociology and Marxism.

6. GAREAU, FREDERICK H. , `The Discipline International Relations: A Multi-national Perspective', The Journal of Politics, XXXXIII: 3, August, 1981, pp. 780-802. A presentation of the discipline of international relations in several countries, which stresses the differences among the various national versions.

7. GAREAU, FREDERICK H. , `The Increasing Ethnocentrism of American Social Science: An Empirical Study of Social Science Encyclopedias', International Journal of Comparative Sociology, XXIV: 3-4, 1983, pp. 244-258. This study measures ethnocentrism by the nationality of contributors chosen by the American editors of social science encyclopedias. The percentage was significantly greater for the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences than for its predecessor, thus suggesting increasing American ethnocentrism.

8. GAREAU, FREDERICK H. and GAREAU, EDNA CECILIA ALVES ., `Are Social Scientists Biased Nationally? An Analysis of Data from the Falklands/Malvinas Conflict'. An as yet unpublished manuscript, which polled social scientists at two international conferences about the Falklands/Malvinas conflict. The attempt was to discover national bias, and the results indicated its presence.

9. GOULDNER, ALVIN W. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, New York, Basic Books, 1970. An excellent statement of the sociology of sociology — and, therefore, this source is a crucial one to our analysis. Like Friedrichs, Gouldner sees American functionalism and Marxism as coming together in the future.

10. GRAUMANN, CARL F. , `Modification by Migration: Vicissitudes of Cross-National Communication', Social Research, 43, Spring, 1976, pp. 367-385. A study which centres upon the discipline of psychology and upon the United States and Western Europe. It denies that the simple export-import model applies to the transfer of the discipline between these two domains; the discipline in being transported is transformed. Furthermore, US psychology receives few incoming messages from continental Europe.

11. HAJJAR, SAMI G. et al. , `The Literature of Political Science: Professional Journals in Four Nations', International Social Science Journal, XXIX: 2, 1977, pp. 327-331. An analysis which uses the contents of the publications of the official journals of four national political science associations to show the differences in the discipline in these countries.

12. HALL, BUDD , `Participatory Research: Breaking the Academic Monopoly', in John A. Niemi (ed.) Viewpoints on Adult Education, Columbus, Ohio State University, 1979, pp. 43-69. This discussion of participatory research is put in a broader context of the argument that social research, including techniques used, is not free of values.

13. HANEY, LEWIS H. , History of Economic Thought, NY, Macmillan, 1949. A history of the discipline of economics, little represented in our analysis. We used this work to good advantage in our sketch of the social science myth.

14. HELD, DAVID , Introduction to Critical Theory Horkheimer to Habermas, Berkeley, University of California, 1980. A volume which presents a summary of the critical Frankfurt School of Social Science.

15. HERSKOVITS, MELVILLE J. , Man and his Works, The Science of Cultural Anthropology, NY, Alfred Knopf, 1960. A somewhat dated, but still interesting treatment of the subject. Used here to highlight the ethnocentrism of most social science.

16. HILLER, HARRY H. `Universality of Science and the Question of National Sociologies', The American Sociologist, 14: August, 1979, pp. 124-135. The author documents the existence of national sociologies and claims that they exhibit particular traits. But he concludes that this situation `ought' to reduce ethnocentrism, and he upholds the universality of the discipline.

17. JAMES, PRESTON, E. and GEOFFREY J. MARTIN , All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas, New York, John Wiley and Son, 1972. This source on geography is used here to show the spread of social science within the Second World.

18. KLUCKHOHN, RICHARD , Collected Essays of Clyde Kluckhohn: Culture and Behavior, New York, Free Press, 1962. A collection of essays by the editor's father, the famous anthropologist. Quoted here to show the narrow research base of most social science.

19. KNORR, KARIN D. , `The Nature of Scientific Consensus and the Case of Social Sciences', International Journal of Sociology, VIII: 1-2, Spring-Summer, 1978, pp. 113-145. An empirical study of Austrian social science which supports the thesis that there exists little consensus in this enterprise.

20. KOCH, SIGMUND , `Reflections on the State of Psychology', Social Research, 38: 2, Winter, 1971, pp. 695-709. The author argues that the Millian dream that psychology will become a science has been disconfirmed, and that this discipline should be renamed `psychological studies'.

21. LAPONCE, J.A. , `Political Science: An Import-Export Analysis of Journals and Footnotes', Political Studies, XXVIII: September 1980, pp. 401-409. An analysis of the footnotes found in the official journals of the national political science organizations of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and India. The findings suggest the unequal relations found in the multinational version of social science.

22. LINE, MAURICE and STEPHEN ROBERTS , `The Size, Growth, and Composition of Social Science Literature', International Social Science Journal, XXVIII: 1, 1976, pp. 122-159. An empirical study of world social science journals and monographs, one which allows national comparisons.

23. LODAHL, JANICE BEYER and GERALD GORDON , `The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments', American Sociological Review, XXXVII: 1, February, 1972, pp. 57-60. This study exhibits the findings of a survey of graduate departments in the United States. These findings indicate, among other things, more consensus in natural than in social science.

24. MACKENZIE, W.J.M. , Politics and Social Science, Baltimore, Penguin, 1969. This small book focuses upon the academic study of politics. Its range is quite broad, but it emphasizes developments in the 1950s and the early 1960s.

25. MALINOWSKI, BRONISLAW , A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays, New York, Oxford University Press, 1961. A short volume which presents Malinowski's work in which he sets forth a functionalist interpretation of culture.

25a. MANNING, CHARLES A. The University Teaching of Social Sciences: International Relations, Paris, UNESCO, 1954. A somewhat dated, but quite useful, comparative study of international relations in several countries.

26. MELANSON, PHILIP H. , Political Science and Political Knowledge, Public Affairs Press, Washington, DC, 1975. A highly critical analysis of American political science. It argues that this discipline produces professional, not scientific, knowledge and that its actions are to a great extent based on self-interest. It would have the discipline advertise the flawed nature of its outputs.

27. MORGAN, PATRICK M. , Theories and Approaches to International Politics: What are we to Think?, Palo Alto, Page Ficklin, 1975. A standard American textbook which summarizes the ideas on international relations as practised in the United States.

28. MYRDAL, GUNNAR , The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1969. Relevant to our analysis because the Swedish economist in a later preface criticizes his own book by alleging that it contains an assumption which he characterizes as naive empiricism. He argues in the preface that all `science' implies value judgments.

29. NAGEL, ERNEST , `Psychology and the Philosophy of Science', in Benjamin B. Wolman (ed.), Scientific Psychology: Principles and Approaches, New York, Basic Books, 1965. A plea to psychologists to study the philosophy of science. Contains an admission of the present uncertainty which racks the discipline of psychology.

29a. PREZEWORSKI, ADAM and HENRY TEUNE , The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, New York, Wiley, 1970. This work attempts to deal with the problem of applying social science research findings to the whole world, in view of the fact that the prime focus of research has been the First World.

30. REX, JOHN A. `The Spread of the Pathology of Natural Science to the Social Sciences', The Sociological Review, 16, September, 1970, pp. 143-161. A highly critical view of the discipline of sociology, alleging that it is élitist, ritualistic and influenced by government and self-interest.

31. RUSSELL, FRANK, M. , Theories of International Relations, New York, Appleton Century, 1936. A dated American-published summary of international relations theory. It is non-behavioural, and not ethnocentric.

32. SAUVANT, KARL P. , `The Growing Assertiveness of the Third World', Third World Quarterly, III: 1, 1981, pp. 48-61. This article traces the spread of the Third World revolt from its political and economic origins to culture and communications.

33. SCHAFF, ADAM , `Social Science Cooperation in Europe', Inter-Regional Cooperation in the Social Sciences, 36, Paris, UNESCO, 1977, pp. 43-50. An account of the operations of the Vienna Centre which demonstrates the tenuous nature of social science interaction between Eastern and Western Europe. This interaction resembles cold war diplomacy more than the give-and-take of colleagues or comrades.

34. SCHULTZ, DUANE P. , A History of Modern Psychology, New York, Academic Press 1969. A history of psychology since it became `scientific', i.e. experimental. The emphasis is upon the United States and the treatment is Whiggish.

35. SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH , Economic Doctrine and Method: An Historical Sketch, New York, Oxford University Press, 1954. An informative volume which makes a clear distinction between the `pre-scientific' era and the `scientific' one. The break occurs in France with the Physiocrats and continues in the work of Adam Smith.

36. SINGER, MARSHALL R. , `The Foreign Policies of Small Developing States', in James N. Rosenau et al. (eds), World Politics: An Introduction, New York, Free Press, 1976, Chapter 12. A chapter of an edited work which adopts the same general approach of the book (see below) by showing with empirical data the unequal relations between central countries and their peripheries.

37. SINGER, MARSHALL , Weak States in a World of Powers: The Dynamics of International Relations, New York, Free Press, 1972. A book which uses transactional data to show the unequal relations between peripheral contries and their centres. The author argues that such relations hold across category lines.

38. THOMAS, LOUIS-VINCENT , `A Etnologia, Mistificações Desmistificações.' (Ethnology, Mystification, and Demystification), in: A Filosofia das Ciências Sociais, (The Philosophy of the Social Sciences), Rio de Janeiro, Zahar, 1974, Chapter 3, pp. 125-192. A critical presentation of ethnology, tying it with the policies it has served. The discipline has served imperialism, but has more recently become critical.

39. THOMAS, PATRICIA , `Social Sciences and Government Policymaking', Government and Opposition, XVII: 4, Autumn, 1982, pp. 501-504. A report which judged the relevance of the social sciences to the needs of the British government. It found them to be sectarian and biased, but a dispeller of myths.

40. UNESCO , Inter-regional Cooperation in the Social Sciences. Final Report of the Meeting. Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences 36, Paris, UNESCO, 177. pp. 7-11. The general report of a UNESCO-sponsored conference held in Paris in August, 1976. Its general theme is that dependency, not linkage, is the common denominator of global social science interaction.

41. ALLARDT, ERIK , `Scandinavian Sociology', International Journal of Sociology, III: 3-4, Fall-Winter, 1973-4, pp. 9-49. An account of sociology in the Scandinavian countries, giving both their similarities and their differences. Their dependence upon the United States is indicated.

42. ALMOND, GABRIEL A. , `Political Theory and Political Science', The American Political Science Review, LX: 4, December, 1966, pp. 869-879. This is the text of the presidential address of the president of the American Political Science Association. Like his immediate predecessor, he fancied that American behaviouralism represents a Kuhnian-type revolution. He implies that this paradigm is leading the discipline towards the scientific stage.

43. BARENTS, JAN , Political Science in Western Europe: A Trend Report, London, Stevens, 1961. A dated, but still useful analysis, which insists that there is no `European political science', but national versions with little interaction among them.

44. BERELSON, BERNARD and GARY A. STEINER , Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings, New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1964. An attempt to summarize the `scientific' findings of behavioural social science. The study is characterized by an ethnocentric research base and by the fluidity of the standard for scientific validity.

45. BEYME, KLAUS VON , `Modern Schools of Politics: Western Germany', Government and Opposition, XVII: 1, Winter, 1982, pp. 94-107. An analysis of contemporary political science in West Germany. The author notes its characteristics — one being its lack of consensus.

46. BORING, EDWIN G. , A History of Experimental Psychology, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950. A history of American psychology, which puts this version of the discipline in the context of American culture. The discipline was imported from Germany, but indigenized to accord with American culture.

47. BUFFARDI, LOUIS C. and JULIA A. NICHOLS , `Citation Impact, Acceptance Rate, and APA Journals', American Psychologist, November 1981, pp. 1453-1457. A rating of psychological journals by citation counts. The results were used by the multinational version to determine the nationality of the journals most often cited and thus to suggest the nationality of incoming messages to American psychologists.

48. BURGESS, JOHN W. , The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty, New York, Scribner's, 1915. A book by the `father' of American political science, in which liberty in government is associated with certain races and ethnic groups. Groups not so favoured are blacks, Indians, and Italians among others.

49. CARDOSO, FERNANDO HENRIQUE , `The Consumption of Dependency Theory in the United States', Latin American Research Review, XII: 3, 1977, pp. 7-24. An attempt to present the origins and the nature of dependency theory by one of its founders, a Brazilian scholar, Senator, and the President of the International Sociological Association. He opposes the attempt to subject it to the American empiricist standard of proof.

50. CHERTINA, Z.S. , `The Bourgeois Theory of “Modernization” and the Real Development of the Peoples of Soviet Central Asia', Soviet Law and Government, XIX: 3, Winter, 1980-1, pp. 3-20. The author argues that Western modernization theory is an attempt to suggest that capitalist countries are the model for development and that the present is seeing a transition from the traditional to the modern, i.e. to capitalism. Furthermore, Western social scientists denigrate Soviet accomplishments in Soviet Central Asia.

51. CRICK, BERNARD , The American Science of Politics: Its Origins and Conditions, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1959. This book studies American political science critically, from the outside, as a tendency in American political thought and intellectual history.

52. DERIENNIC, JEAN PIERRE and DOMINIQUE MOISI , `France', pp. 37-67 in International Studies in Six European Countries, Ford Foundation, 1976. A comprehensive report on the state of the discipline of international relations in France. Part of a collection sponsored by the Ford Foundation.

53. DREIJMANIS, J. `Political Science in the United States', Government and Opposition, XVIII: 2, 1983, pp. 194-217. An account of the discipline of political science in the United States for the last century. It ends on a sour note, with the discipline divided.

54. EASTON, DAVID , The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, New York, Knopff, 1953. The American political scientist argues here against historicism and for a social science which is not culture bound.

55. EGOROV, S.A. , `Principal Research Directions in US Political Science in the 1970s', Soviet Law and Government, XIX: 1, 1980, pp. 61-77. A typical Soviet analysis of American social science which pictures American political science as a rationalization for American capitalism.

56. FAUL, ERWIN , `Politikwissenschaft in Westlichen Deutschland: Bemerkungen Zu Entwicklungstendenzen und Entwick-lungsanalysen', (Political Science in West Germany: Remarks on the Evolution of Tendencies and Methods), Politische Viertelsjahresschrift, XX: 1, 1979, pp. 71-103. An analysis of the development of political science in West Germany. The tripartite division of the discipline there was of particular interest to our approach.

57. FOURNIER, MARCEL , `De l'Influence de la Sociologie Française au Québec,' Revue Française de Sociologie, XIII: supplement, 1972, pp. 630-665. This is an empirical study whose purpose is to show the dependence of sociology in Francophone Canada on the United States, Europe (mostly France) and Anglophone Canada. Footnotes in journals and the graduate training of professors are the main sources used.

58. GALLINO, LUCIANO and EDDA SACCOMANI , `Two Generations of Sociology in Italy', Social Science Information, X: 3, pp. 133-150. A basic article on Italian sociology which notes its difficult early years, the discipline reaching the take-off stage only in the post-World War II period. Emphasis is put upon the difference between the early generation of sociologists who have had little technical training in the field and a younger generation which has this training, often abroad.

59. GILES, MICHAEL W. and GERALD C. WRIGHT, JR. , `Political Scientists' Evaluation of Sixty-Three Journals', P.S., VIII: 3, Summer, 1975, pp. 255-256. An evaluation of the familiarity and the quality of professional journals by a sample of political scientists affiliated with American doctoral granting institutions. The journals were used to determine the nationality of incoming professional messages and to judge the language skills of American political scientists.

60. GOSLIN, DAVID A. , `Social Science Communications in the United States', International Social Science Journal, XXVI: 3, 1974, pp. 509-516. A brief statement of the communications system of American social scientists. It discusses the contents of this system, audiences targeted, mechanisms used, and sponsorship.

62. GREENSTEIN, FRED I. and NELSON W. POLSBY , Handbook of Political Science, Vol. I: Political Science: Scope and Theory, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1975. Part of an eight-volume work which attempts to give a summary of the different subfields of the discipline.

63. GURNEY, PATRICK J. , `Historical Origins of Ideological Denial: The Case of Marx in American Sociology', The American Sociologist, 16: August, 1981, pp. 196-201. A documented examination of the indifference and the opposition of American sociology to Marxism in the period 1895-1920.

63a. HAAS, ERNST B. , Collective Security and the Future of International System, Vol. 5, Monograph No. 1, 1967-1968. Monograph Series in International Affairs, Denver, 1968. This is an attempt to forecast the shape of the future of international system, more specifically whether its shape will allow collective security by the United Nations. Much empirical data are used in the study.

64. HECHTER, MICHAEL , `Notes on Marxism and Sociology in the USA', Theory and Society, VIII: 3, November, 1979, pp. 378-386. The author notes that Marxism has recently invaded American campuses after having been excluded for almost a century and a half. But even now its adherents suffer professional discrimination.

65. HOLSTI, K.J. , International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1983. A standard behaviouralist textbook on international relations. Used in our analysis for its presentation of ideology.

66. HOROWITZ, IRVING LOUIS , Professing Sociology: Studies in the Life Cycle of Social Science, Chicago, Aldine, 1968. The author concentrates on American sociology, criticizes those who would make the disciplne a value-free one, and uses the sociology of sociology in analysing American sociology.

67. JONES, REGINALD L. (ed.), Black Psychology, New York, Harper and Row, 1980. A collected work which deals with a new paradigm `black psychology'. The latter is admitted here to be as yet an imprecise concept. But it is held to be a necessary one for understanding the behaviour of American blacks.

68. KASSOF, ALLEN , `American Sociology Through Soviet Eyes', American Sociological Review, 30: 1, February, 1965, pp. 114-121. The advantage of this analysis is that it shows the discontinuity between American and Soviet sociology, and it exposes this trait both from the American and the Soviet perspective.

69. KOULACK, DAVID and H.J KESSELMAN , `Ratings of Psychology Journals by Members of the American Psychological Association', American Psychologist, XXX: 10, November, 1975, pp. 1050-1051. Contains the ratings of psychology journals, obtained by a random sample of the members of the American Psychological Association.

70. KOYANO, SHOGO , `Sociological Studies in Japan: Prewar, Postwar, and Contemporary Stages', Current Sociology, 24: 1, 1976, pp. 5-208. A comprehensive survey of sociology in contemporary Japan with an extensive bibliography.

71. LADNER, JOYCE A. (ed.), The Death of White Sociology, New York, Random House, 1973. The purpose of this anthology is to present statements which define what is claimed to be the emerging field of black sociology, its premises, concerns and priorities.

72. LECLERC, MICHEL , La Science Politique au Québec: Essai sur le Développement Institutionnel 1920-1980. Montreal, Hexagone, 1982. This is an analysis of the discipline of political science in Quebec, with emphasis upon its institutional development. The discipline is put in a social and political context, and its dependent relationship is exposed.

73. LEMERT, CHARLES , `Literary Politics and the Champ of French Sociology', Theory and Society, X: 5, September 1981, pp. 645-669. An account of French sociology which depicts it as élitist, Paris-centric and ethnocentric. We are told that a major effort is needed to understand this version of sociology.

74. LE MONDE DE L'EDUCATION, July-August 1981, July-August 1982, July-August 1983. These issues contained polls taken among scholars in France which inquired as to the best universities for several disciplines. The findings indicate an overwhelming preference for French institutions. This ethnocentrism corresponds with that of American social scientists who betray an overwhelming preference for American institutions.

75. LOUBSER, JAN J. , Canadian International Links in the Social Sciences and Humanities, Ottawa, Social Science Research Council of Canada, 1976. An empirical study of academic links of Canadian social science and humanities faculty. The Francophone faculty had the most links with France, the Anglophone group with the United States.

76. LUCE, TERRENCE S. and DALE M. JOHNSON , `Ratings of Educational and Psychological Journals', Educational Researcher, 7, 1978, pp. 8-10. A study designed to assess the reputation of 74 journals in education and psychology. It sampled the members of the American Educational Research Association.

77. MACRIDIS, ROY C. and BERNARD E. BROWN , `The Study of Politics in France Since the Liberation: A Critical Bibliography', The American Political Science Review, 51: 3, September, 1957, pp. 811-826. A critical bibliography of French political science which finds its adherents to be committed to various conflicting ideologies. The discipline is found to lack the objective analysis which the authors insist upon.

78. MIGUEL, JESUS M. DE , and MELISSA G. MOYER , `Sociology in Spain', Current Sociology, XXVII: 1, 1979 pp. 5-157. A study of the discipline of sociology as it has been practised in Spain. It is presented in the context of Spanish society.

79. MIRANDE, ALFREDO , `Chicano sociology', Pacific Sociological Review, XXI: 3, July, 1978, pp. 293-312. The author charges that the use of standard American paradigms on Mexican Americans has produced distorted perceptions. He argues for Chicano paradigms with their own world-view responsive to the nuances of Chicano culture.

80. OECD . Social Science Policy, Japan. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 1977. A general treatment of the social sciences in Japan since the end of World War II. It notes their expansion and the impact of Marxism.

81. OROMANER, MARK , `The Audience as a Determinant of the Most Important Sociologist', The American Sociologist, 4: November, 1969, pp. 332-335. This analysis identifies the most important sociologists by using three means — citings in introductory texts and in the American Sociological Review and rank on graduate reading lists. We further analysed the findings by establishing the nationalities of the sociologists identified and by drawing up nationality summaries.

82. OROMANER, MARK , `Cognitive Consensus in Recent Mainstream American Sociology: An Empirical Analysis', Scientometrics, III: 2, 1981, pp. 73-84. This study examines the contents of two prestigious mainstream American sociology journals in 1955 and 1970 to test developments in this version of the discipline. The conclusions suggest the continuing importance of functionalism and the emergence of a causal theorist school.

83. OROMANER, MARK , `Comparisons of Influentials in Contemporary American and British Sociology: A Study in the Internationalization of Sociology', British Journal of Sociology, 21: September, 1970, pp. 324-332. The article used citations in an American and a British sociological journal to map the interactions between these two seats of the discipline. The interaction is one way, from the United States to Britain, thus suggesting either the internationalization or the Americanization of sociology.

84. OROMANER, MARK , `Influentials in Sociological Textbooks and Journals, 1955 and 1970', The American Sociologist, 15: August, 1980, pp. 169-174. An examination of two prestigious American sociology journals and introductory textbooks demonstrates the continued importance of authors of the structural — functionalist group and the emergence of a new group of causal theorists.

85. OROMANER, MARK , `The Most Cited Sociologists: An Analysis of Introductory Text Citations', The American Sociologist, Vol. 3, 1, 1968, pp. 124-126. This is a citation study of introductory textbooks used in the United States. Our analysis indicates that the most cited modern sociologists were American.

86. OROMANER, MARK , `Professional Standing and the Reception of Contributions to Economics', Research in Higher Education, 19: 3, 1983, pp. 351-362. This is an empirical study of four leading American economics journals which finds that particularist characteristics correlate with those manuscripts which are accepted for publication.

87. OROMANER, MARK , `The Structure of Influence in Contemporary Academic Sociology', The American Sociologist, 7: May, 1972, pp. 11-15. The author uses the citations of two prestigious American sociological journals in an attempt to test the structure of influence of American sociology. Evidence of stratification was found.

89. PETRELLA, R. , `Toward a European Community in the Social Sciences', International Social Science Journal, XXX: 3, 1978, pp. 678-682. The article discusses an ad hoc committee established to promote social science co-operation among Western European countries. Surprisingly, such co-operation is portrayed as being quite difficult.

90. PFOTENHAUER, DAVID , `Conceptions of Political Science in West Germany and the United States, 1960-1969', Journal of Politics, XXXIV: May, 1972, pp. 554-592. This article uses the contents of three American and two West German political science journals to demonstrate the differences which divide the discipline in the two countries. They differ on several dimensions, such as quantification and the use of philosophy.

91. PINTO, DIANA , `Sociology, Politics, and Society in Postwar Italy 1950-1980', Theory and Society, 10:5, September, 1981, pp. 671-705. An account of post-war Italian sociology which puts the discipline in the context of Italian politics.

92. REYNOLDS, PAUL DAVIDSON , A Primer in Theory Construction, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1970. A typical naturalist recipe on how social science can become `scientific' by copying the natural sciences.

93. ROBEY, JOHN S. , `Reputations v. Citations: Who Are the Top Scholars in Political Science?', P.S., XV; 2, Spring, 1982, pp. 199-200. A comparison of the American political scientists of the highest repute with those most often cited in social science journals. The lists diverge from each other.

94. ROCHER, GUY , `L' Avenir de la Sociologie au Canada', in Jan J. Loubser (ed.) The Future of Sociology in Canada, Montreal, Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, 1970, pp. 13-30. A short history of sociology in Quebec together with the complaint that American sociologists do not read French sociologists and that there is not much communication among the main linguistics groups in Canada itself.

95. SCARAMOZZINO, PASQUALE , `Aspetti Quantitative Dello Sviluppo della Facoltà Di Scienze Politiche', (Quantitative Aspects of the Discipline Political Science), Il Politico, 37: 2, 1973. pp. 381ff. A quantitative study of the discipline of political science in Italy after the reforms in the late 1960s. The emphasis is on enrolment, and comparisons are made with jurisprudence and commerce.

96. SCHNEIDER, HERBERT W. `Italy', in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, I. pp. 277-279. An account of social science under Italian fascism. The short account indicates the characteristics of this brand of social science and its considerable development under Fascist sponsorship.

97. SCHWEIGLER, GEBBARD L. , `Federal Republic of Germany', in International Studies in Six European Countries — United Kingdom, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Ford Foundation, 1976, pp. 37-68. A rather detailed study of the contemporary state of the discipline of international relations in West Germany.

98 SILJ, ALLESSANDRO , `Italy', pp. 261-312 in International Studies in Six European Countries — United Kingdom, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Ford Foundation, 1976. A study of the contemporary state of the discipline of international relations in Italy.

99. SOMIT, ALBERT and JOSEPH TANNENHAUS , American Political Science: A profile of a Discipline, New York, Atherton Press, 1964. This is a case study of American political science.

100. SOMIT, ALBERT and JOSEPH TANNENHAUS , The Development of American Political Science: From Burgess to Behavioralism, Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1967. A standard American text used to socialize American graduate students. It betrays a Whig, ethnocentric orientation.

101. SWATOS, WILLIAM H., JR. and PRISCILLA L. SWATOS , `Name Citations in Introductory Sociology Texts: A Note on Further Research', The American Sociologist, 9: November, 1974, pp. 225-228. The authors build on previous research by using the same methodology, citations of introductory sociology textbooks, to indicate the continuing importance of functionalist authors. Our analysis of the findings indicates the importance of American authors.

102. TRUMAN, DAVID B. , `Disillusion and Regeneration: The Quest for a Discipline', The American Political Science Review, XIV: 4, December, 1965, pp. 865-873. This is a text of the presidential address of a president of the American Political Science Association who saw in the emergence of behaviouralism a Kuhnian-type paradigm for the discipline.

103. WALDO, DWIGHT , `Political Science: Tradition, Discipline, Profession, Science, Enterprise', in Fred I. Greenstein , and Nelson W. Polsby (eds), Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 1, Political Science: Scope and Method, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1975, Chapter 1. An admittedly ethnocentric historical account of political science, most of which is devoted to the discipline in the United States.

104. WATANUKI, JOJI , `The Social Sciences in Japan', International Social Science Journal, 27: 1, 1975, pp. 185-189. A brief account of the history and the present status and problems of the social sciences in Japan.

105. YOELS, WILLIAM C. , `Destiny or Dynasty: Doctoral Origins and Appointment Patterns of Editors of the American Sociological Review, 1948 to 1968', The American Sociologist, 6: May, 1971, pp. 134-139. This article finds that 61.2 per cent of the major editorial positions of the American Sociological Review from 1948 to 1968 obtained their doctorates from just three universities. This supports the notion that American sociology is a stratified enterprise.

106. BOCIURKIW, BOHDAN R. , `The Post-Stalin “Thaw” and Soviet Political Science', Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XXX: 1, February, 1964, pp. 22-44. The writer looks into the question of whether political science is emerging in the Soviet Union. He doubts that the discpline has arrived as yet, but he points to some of the Soviet ingredients which might be a part of it if it should emerge.

107. BRUCAN, SILVIU , The Dialectics of World Politics, New York, Free Press, 1978. A textbook on international relations, written from a Marxist perspective by a Rumanian professor and ex-diplomat who is acquainted with Soviet and Eastern European literature, as well as that of the West.

108. GAPOTCHKA, M. and S. SMIRNOV , `Social Sciences in the USSR: Status Policy, Structures and Achievements', International Social Science Journal, XXVIII: 1976, pp. 65-98. An account of social science in the Soviet Union. It contains many statistics on the subject.

109. GOORMAGHTIGH, JOHN , `International Relations as a Field of Study in the Soviet Union', The Year Book of World Affairs, 1974, pp. 250-261. The author sees social science emerging in the Soviet Union, but not international relations. This latter field is held to be too sensitive politically.

110. KULCSAR, KALMAN , `The Past and Present of Hungarian Sociology', The Sociological Review Monograph, 17, February, 1972, pp. 5-37. An account of Hungarian sociology with emphasis upon its historical evolution. It gives insights into Marxist methodology.

111. LA MISSION FRANÇAISE , Revue Française de Sociologie, XIV: 3, 1973, pp. 396-409. This is the report of French sociologists on the condition of that discipline in the Soviet Union. The group visited that country from 16-26 November 1971. It gives some of the salient features of the Soviet discipline and presents a `balanced' view of its future prospects.

112. LIPSET, S.M. , `Commentary: Social Stratification Research and Soviet Scholarship', International Journal of Sociology, 3: Spring-Summer, 1973, pp. 355-401. Soviet scholarship is presented here as one supporting government policies and ideology, contrasted with American sociology which is alleged to be critical and independent. But Soviet sociology is highly critical of Western societies.

113. MANDIC, OLEG , `The Marxist School of Sociology: What is Sociology in a Marxist Sense?', Social Research, XXXIV: 1967, pp. 435-455. This paper contains an explication of Marxism, notably the relationship between dialectic (historical) materialism and given social sciences, notably sociology. The point of view is that of Yugoslav Marxism.

114. OSIPOV, G.Y , and M.N. RUTKEVICH , `Sociology in the USSR, 1965-1975', Current Sociology, XXVI: 2, Summer, 1978. This is a monograph-length presentation of Soviet sociology from a sympathetic point of view. It highlights some of the essential features of this version of the discipline.

115. OSIPOV, G. and M. YOVCHUK , `Some Principles of Theory. Problems and Methods of Research in Sociology in the USSR', American Sociological Review, XXVIII: 1, 4, August, 1963, pp. 620-623. A brief and incisive presentation of some salient features of Soviet sociology. The latter is praised at the expense of bourgeois paradigms.

116. POWELL, DAVID E. and PAUL SHOUP , `The Emergence of Political Science in Communist Countries', The American Political Science Review, LXIV: 2, June 1970, pp. 572-588. An examination of the status of political science in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The discipline has hardly emerged there, except in Poland and Yugoslavia, because the requisite freedom does not exist.

117. RUTKEVICH, M.N. and F.R. FILIPPOV , `Principles of the Marxist Approach to Social Structure and Social Mobility', International Journal of Sociology, 3: Spring-Summer, 1973, pp. 229-240. A statement of the Soviet Marxist view of this subject presented at the expense of the dominant American one.

118. SANAKOYEV, SH. , `A New Yearbook on Soviet Foreign Policy and Diplomacy', International Affairs, X: 1983, pp. 92-95. In this announcement of the publication of a new Soviet yearbook, the author credited Lenin with having founded the Soviet science of international relations, `a special branch of scientific knowledge'.

119. SHALIN, DMITRI N. , `The Development of Soviet Sociology', The Annual Review of Sociology, 4: 1978, pp. 171-191. A critical view of sociology in the Soviet Union, including its institutionalization in the post-Stalin era.

120. SHIPPEE, JOHN S. , `Empirical Sociology in the Eastern European communist Party States', in Jan F. Triska (ed.), Communist Party States, New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1967, Chapter 10, pp. 282-336. A critical assessment of the development of sociology based on using quantitative or observed data in eight communist countries. Much progress was found in Yugoslavia and Poland, the future of the discipline being allegedly more problematical in the other countries.

121. SMIRNOV, V. , `The Soviet Political Science Association', Social Sciences X: 3, 1979, pp. 203-205. A Soviet view of this organization. It is a defence of the organization which several Western political scientists have maligned as a front organization designed to prevent the development of Soviet political science.

122. THEEN, ROLF H.W. , `Political Science in the USSR: “To Be or Not To Be” ', World Politics, XXIII: 4, July 1971, pp. 684-703. This article is an analysis of a Soviet book which reviewed the present state of American political science. The analysis has the advantage of presenting both Soviet and American viewpoints on the discipline.

123. VINOGRADOV, V.A. et al. , `Towards an International Information System', International Social Science Journal, XXXIII: 1, 1981, pp. 10-49. An account of transnational social science interchange in the Soviet bloc, with differences between natural and social science noted.

124. VOLKOV, F.M. , `Higher Social Science Education in the USSR', International Social Science Journal, XXXI: 1, 1979, pp. 130-137. This is an optimistic presentation of the state of social science in the Soviet Union.

125. WILCZINSKI, J. , The Economics of Socialism: Principles Governing the Operation of the Centrally Planned Economies Under the New System, London, Allen and Unwin, 1982. A general text on the principles used in the planning of Second World economies. Used in our essay to demonstrate that such concepts as national income and gross national product, so cherished in First World national accounting, are rejected in the Second World.

126. ZASLAVSKY, V. , `Sociology in the Contemporary Soviet Union', Social Research, 44: 2, Summer, 1977, pp. 330-353. An account of the development of sociology in the Soviet Union since the death of Stalin, including recent restrictions on the practitioners.

127. AKIWOWO, AKINSOLA A. , `Sociology in Africa Today', Current Sociology, XXVIII: 2, Summer, 1980 pp. 1-126. This report uses the answers to a questionnaire to help give the reader an idea of the state of sociology in Africa. The author not only succeeds in this, but gives his own views on indigenization and other salient issues regarding that continent.

128. ALATAS, SYED HUSSEIN , `The Captive Mind and Creative Development', International Social Science Journal, XXVI: 4, 1974, pp. 691-700. An indictment of social scientists in Asia who, it is charged, have adopted First World versions of the disciplines rather than adapted them to local conditions.

129. ATAL, YOGESH , `The Call for Indigenization', International Social Science Journal, XXXII: 1, 1981, pp. 189-197. An article by a UNESCO regional advisor on the social sciences which finds that indigenization of these disciplines is global. It details this process in Asia.

130. BHAMBRI, C.P. , `Political Science', in S.C. Dube (ed.), Social Sciences and Social Realities: Role of Social Sciences in Contemporary India, Simla, Institute of Advanced Study, 1976. An indictment of Indian political science for its copying of Western paradigms, particularly those of the United States. In India this discipline copies from foreign countries, at the expense of developing its own paradigms and often without doing its own research.

131. BONGOY, MPEKESA , `Social Science Cooperation in Africa', Inter-Regional Cooperation in the Social Sciences, Paris, UNESCO, 1977, Chapter 4, pp. 32-37. African social science is pictured as suffering from past and present dependency and from colonialism and neo-colonialism. This makes inter-African social science co-operation difficult, as does the existence of many languages and the lack of general inter-African communications.

132. BORDA, ORLANDO FALS , `The Negation of Sociology and Its Promise: Perspectives of Social Science in Latin America Today', Latin America Research Review, XV: 1, 1980, pp. 161-166. This analysis contains a brief criticism of North American sociology and a prescription for the development of the discipline in Latin America.

133. BRAYBROOKE, G. `Recent Developments in Chinese Social Sciences', China Quarterly, 79, 1979, pp. 593-607. This article deals with the revival of social science in China after the fall of the `Gang of Four' in 1976, with special emphasis on future plans. The first part is an interview with three senior Chinese social scientists, the second part information from the Chinese press.

134. BUSTAMANTE, NORBERTO RODRIQUEZ , `Sociology and Reality in Latin America', International Social Science Journal, 31: 1, 1979, pp. 86-98. The author writes from the standpoint of those Third World social scientists who accept First World social sciences as international reference models. He deplores the politicalization of sociology in Latin America, and details a case at the University of Buenos Aires.

135. CACHAPUZ DE MEDEIROS , ANTÔNIO PAULO , `Relações Internacionais Como Disciplina Acadêmica: Conteúdo, Importância e Atualidade', (International Relations as an Academic Discipline: Content, Importance, and the Current Situation), Direito & Justiça, II: 1, 1979, pp. 44-63. An account of the development of the discipline of international relations in Brazil.

136. CARDOSO, FERNANDO HENRIQUE and ENZO FALETTO , Dependência e Desenvolvimento na America Latina, (Dependency and Development in Latin America), Rio, Zahar, 1979. A classic in dependency theory, and one which acknowledges, for example, that development has occurred in Brazil.

137. CHENG-FANG, YANG , `The Social Sciences in China', International Social Science Journal, XXXII 3, 1980, pp. 567-569. The author is a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He attests to the rehabilitation of the social sciences in China, and points to their characteristics in that country.

138. CLINARD, MARSHALL B. and JOSEPH W. ELDER , `Sociology in India: A Study in the Sociology of Knowledge', American Sociological Review, XXX, 1965, pp. 581-587. An account of the distinctive features of sociology in India. One of these is the rejection of Western empirical sociology as too materialistic.

139. COGAN, JOHN J. `China's Fifth Modernization: Education', Phi Delta Kappa, LXII: 4, 1980, pp. 268-272. A short account of the Chinese educational system which has an enrolment of over 200,000,000! The author argues that this system is crucial in China's scheme to modernize.

140. COOPER, GENE , `An Interview with Chinese Anthropologists', Current Anthropology, XIV: 4, 1973, pp. 480-482. A report from China at a time when the discipline anthropology was forbidden. Some practical research was carried on anyway.

141. DE AZEVEDO, FERNANDO , Princípios de Sociologia: Pequena Introdução ao Estudo De Sociologia Geral, (Principles of Sociology: A Brief Introduction to the Study of General Sociology), Sao Paulo, Livraria Duas Cidades, 1973. This is a general textbook on sociology, but it contains separate sections on the development of the discipline in Latin America, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and a somewhat longer one on Brazil.

142. DOSSANTOS, THEOTONIO , `The Structure of Dependence', American Economic Review, 60: 2, May, 1970, pp. 231-236. A much quoted statement of dependency theory by a Brazilian scholar.

143. DUBE, S.C. , `Rethinking Development'. Paper presented at the Tenth World Congress of Sociology held in Mexico City, August 1982. Rejects First World development theory as weighted in favour of the rich and powerful nations. It is rejected and blamed, at least in part, for the failure of the Third World to develop.

144. DUBE, S.C. (ed.), Social Sciences and Social Realities: Role of Social Sciences in Contemporary India, Simla, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1976. Contains many of the papers presented at the Simla Conference held in 1972 for the purpose of evaluating Indian social science. Many schools of thought are represented.

145. FERNANDES, FLORESTAN , A Sociologia no Brasil, (The Sociology of Brazil), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1977. A collection of essays on sociology in Brazil, written by one of its most famous practitioners. Especially useful in tracing the history of sociology in that country.

145a. GRACIARENA, JORGE and ROLANDO FRANCO , `Social Formations and Power Structures in Latin America', Current Sociology, XXVI: 1, Spring 1978, pp. 1-173. Part of this monograph-length analysis addresses the state of sociology in Latin America. The latter is put in a social-political context, within the confines of the sociology of sociology.

146. HARTMANN, HEINZ , `Sociology in Cuba', American Sociological Review, 28, 4, August, 1963, pp. 624-628. A presentation of sociology in Cuba, especially the transition to Marxism.

147. HSUEH, S.S. , `The Development of Political Science in South and Southeast Asia', in S.S. Hsueh (ed.), Political Science in South and Southeast Asia, Makati, Philippines, 1966, pp. 199-208. The concluding chapter of an edited work which points to the recent rise of political science in this area, its dependence on the West, and the need to adapt the study to local needs.

148. KAPLAN, MARCOS , La Ciencia Política Latina América en la Encrucijada, (Latin American Political Science at the Crossroads), Santiago, Editorial Universitaria, 1970. An analysis of political science in Latin America, including its history and dependence upon foreign centres and the influence of Marxism.

149. KIRAY, MUBECCEL , `Teaching in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey', International Social Science Journal, 31: 1, 1979, pp. 40-48. An analysis of the state and the teaching of sociology, anthropology, and social psychology in Turkey. The situation in that country is held to be similar to that of other developing countries.

150. NAVARRO, RAUL BEJAR , et al. , `The Teaching of Political Science in Developing Countries', International Social Science Journal, 30: 1, 1978, pp. 167-172. Argues that political science as a discipline emerged in the second half of the 19th century in the developed countries and that this discipline in that form is not applicable to developing countries.

151. OGDEN, S. , `Approach of the Chinese Communists to the Study of International Law, State Sovereignty, and the International System', China Quarterly, June, 1977. pp. 315-337. An account of the social sciences in China since the Revolution. Never favoured, they experienced a series of bad years until the late 1970s. They are now expected to play a role in the `Four Modernizations'.

152. OGDEN, SUZANNE , `China's Social Sciences: Prospects for Teaching and Research in the 1980s'. Asian Survey, XXII: 7, 1982, pp 581-608. A general account of Chinese social sciences in the post-war period, including their period of copying from the Soviet Union, their suppression, and their recent resurgence.

153. OTEIZA, ENRIQUE , `The Latin American Experience and Inter-Regional Cooperation in Social Sciences', in Interregional Cooperation in Social Science, Paris, UNESCO, 1977, pp. 25-31. An explanation of the development and the functions of the Latin American Social Science Council by its former executive secretary.

154. PETZOLD, MATTHIAS , `Psychology in Contemporary China', Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, XII: 1980, pp. 3-8. A brief account of Chinese psychology, pointing to such matters as its Marxist base and the problem raised by the Chinese language.

155. PIERIS, RALPH , `The Implantation of Sociology in Asia', International Social Science Journal, 21: 3, pp. 433-444. The author finds that sociology evolved in Europe `naturally' in response to the situation there, but the discipline was implanted in Asia `artificially' in the belief that the discipline has universal validity in its Western form.

156. PORTES, ALEJANDRO , `Trends in International Research Cooperation: The Latin American Case', The American Sociologist, 10: August, 1975, pp. 131-140. An optimistic report, but one which considers the question of co-operation between American and Latin American social scientists, bedevilled by unequal relations, made worse after the exposure of Project Camelot.

157. REYNA, LUIS , `La Investigacion sociologica en Mexico', (Sociological Investigation in Mexico), in Ciencias Sociales En Mexico: Desarrollo Y Perspectiva, (Social Sciences in Mexico: Development and Perspective), Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico, 1979, pp. 49-72. An account of the evolution of sociology in Mexico.

158. RIGOL, PEDRO NEGRE , Sociologia do Terceiro Mundo, (Sociology in the Third World), Petróplis, Vozes, 1977. A typical Latin American indictment of North American sociology, with its functionalist and equilibrist biases. The charge is that this sociology is ideological and seeks to justify First World domination of the Third World. [Translated from the original Spanish into Portuguese.]

159. ROY, RAMASRAY . `Social Science Cooperation in Asia', in Inter-regional Cooperation in the Social Sciences, Paris, UNESCO, 1977, Chapter 2. pp. 13-24. An examination of the weakness of social science co-operation in Asia and also of research in the area and the connection between these and indigenization versus universalization of the social science.

160. SINGH, YOGENDRA , `Constraints, Contradictions, and Interdisciplinary Orientations: The Indian Context', International Social Science Journal, XXXI: 1, 1979, p. 114ff. An article which casts doubt on the relevance of Western social science for India. It recounts the attempts of the Indian government to find more relevant paradigms.

161. SOTELO, IGNÁCIO , Sociologia da America Latina, (Sociology in Latin America), Rio de Janeiro, Coleção America, 1975. An account of Latin American sociology from a critical perspective. It puts the discipline in a societal, political context and stresses the region's dependency upon the First World. [Translated from Spanish into Portuguese.]

162. TEMU, P.E. , `Reflections on the Role of Social Scientists in Africa', International Social Science Journal, XXVII: 1, 1975, pp. 190-194. A critical view of African social sciences, pointing to their beginnings in the colonial period and to their service then in promoting and reinforcing colonialism. He argues that the current contribution of these disciplines has been minimal in solving Africa's pressing problems.

163. VARMA, V.P. , `Talcott Parsons and the Behavioral Sciences', The Indian Journal of Political Science, XLII, 2, April-June, 1981, pp. 1-13. This is a criticism of Parsons' approach to sociology by an Indian social scientist. The approach is taken to task as an ethnocentric reflection of American society which rationalizes capitalism and whose materialism is at odds with Indian religions.

164. BANDEIRA, MONIZ , O Governo João Goulart: As Lutas Sociais No Brasil 1961-1964, (The Government of João Goulart: Social Struggle in Brazil 1961-4), Rio, Civilização Brasileira, 1983. An analysis of the government against which the armed forces revolted in 1964. It shows the deep involvement of the United States in the operation, in what was called `Brother Sam'.

165. BEN-DAVID, JOSEPH , `Introduction', International Social Science Journal, XXII: 1, 1970, pp. 7-27. A study of the sociology of science, which contrasts studies made before and after World War II. A fundamental distinction is the abandonment of the earlier efforts to explain theories of science sociologically.

166. BERGER, MANFREDO , Educação e Dependência, (Education and Dependency), São Paulo, Difel, 1980. An analysis of the Brazilian educational system, using dependency theory. Contains different versions of this theory and an account of its origin in Brazil.

167. BERMAN, EDWARD H. , `Foundations, United States Foreign Policy, and Africa Education, 1945-1975', Harvard Educational Review, II: 2, May, 1979, pp. 145-179. The author charges that American foundations have given aid to African education so as to promote the policies of the US government and American business interests. Berman uses foundation documents to sustain his charges.

168. BERMAN, EDWARD H. , The Influence of the Carneige, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1983. The author uses the documentation of the foundations themselves to support his thesis that they promote US foreign policy in Third World countries.

169. BERNAL, J.D. , Science in History, The Social Sciences: Conclusion, IV, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1971. A classic Marxist interpretation of natural science and social science in four volumes. This volume is devoted mainly to social science.

170. BOFF, LEONARDO , Igreja Carisma e Poder: Ensaios de Eclesiologia Militante, (Church, Charisma and Power: Essays on Militant Ecclesiology), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1982. A book by the foremost Brazilian exponent of the theology of liberation. Its contents induced the Vatican to call Boff to Rome, and he has since been forbidden to teach or to write.

171. BOULDING, KENNETH, E. , `National Images and International System', in James E. Rosenau (ed.), International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in Research and Theory, Free Press, 1969. An analysis which features national images as an important determinant of international politics. Used in our analysis as a way of illustrating the ethnocentrism of social science.

172. BRONOSKI, JACOB , `The Logic of the Mind', in William R. Coulson and Carl Rogers (eds), Man and The Science of Man, Columbus, Ohio, Merrill, 1968. A short essay which draws a sharp distinction between natural science on the one hand and non-science, specifically literature, on the other.

173. BUTTERFIELD, HERBERT , The Whig Interpretation of History, New York, Norton, 1965. The Whig interpretation of history studies the past with direct and perpetual reference to the present, rather than accepting it on its own terms. Important for the multinational version because this interpretation characterizes the history of natural science before Kuhn, and it still characterizes most histories of social science.

174. CAPARELLI, Sérgio , Telivisão e Capitalismo no Brasil, (Television and Capitalism in Brazil), Porto Alegre, Le PM Editores, 1982. An analysis of Brazilian television which puts it in the context of capitalism, and emphasizes that it is dependent upon the United States.

175. CHEN, THEODORE H. , `Government Encouragement and Control of International Education in Communist China', in Stewart Fraser (ed.), Government Policy and International Education, New York, John Wiley, 1965, Chapter 8, pp. 111-131. An account of early Sino-Soviet educational relations which emphasizes the Chinese dependent position.

176. COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL , Reason and Nature: An Essay on the Meaning of the Scientific Method, New York, Free Press, 1953. The author sets forth the major characteristics of the scientific enterprise as certainty, exactness, abstract universality, and system. The multinational version insists that social science does not share these traits.

177. DE JOUVENEL, BERTRAND , `The Republic of Science', in The Logic of Personal Knowledge: Essays Presented to Michael Polanyi on His Seventieth Birthday, London, Kegan Paul, 1961, pp. 131-141. The author argues that natural science has a highly stratified structure, with debates and challenges being left to the élites that have already earned their positions in the scientific hierarchy. All this is, of course, reined in by the demanding epistemic requirements of natural science.

178. ELIAS, JOHN L. and SHARAN MERRIAM , Philosophical Foundations of Adult Education, Huntington, Krieger, 1980. This book points out that analytical philosphy is predominant for analysing education in English-speaking countries, and it points to the fact that this type of philosophy eschews systems building in favour of language analysis as the exclusive function of philosophy.

179. FRASER, STEWART , Chinese Communist Education: Records of the First Decade, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press, 1965. A detailed examination of the Chinese educational system in the first decade after the Revolution. Written from an anti-Marxist perspective.

180. FRASER, STEWART (ed.), Governmental Policy and International Education, New York, John Wiley, 1965. The results of a symposium held in the United States, many of the contributors to which adopt a Western-orientated cold war attitude toward international education.

181. FREIRE, PAULO , Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York, Seabury, 1970. A classic work by the Brazilian educator, who has set forth the process of conscientização whereby the oppressed can supposedly set about rectifying their situation.

182. GARFIELD, EUGENE , Citation Indexing — Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities, New York, Wiley, 1979. An explanation of the theory and the use of citation indexing as a technique for illuminating disciplines.

183. GUIMARAES, ALMIR RIBEIRO , Communidades de Base no Brasil, (Basic Communities in Brazil), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1978. A study of the organizations in Latin America which use the theology of liberation. The work presents the viewpoint of the proponents of this theology. A doctoral dissertation, it has been written by a colleague of Leonardo Boff.

184. GUTIERREZ, GUSTAVO , Teologia da Libertação: Perspectivas, (Theology of Liberation: Perspectives), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1983. A book on the theology of liberation by its `father'. Father Gutierrez uses Marxism in his analysis.

185. HARLEY, WILLIAM, G. , `An American Viewpoint', UNESCO Courrier, XXX: 1977, pp. 28-31. A short analysis of the American view of freedom of the press.

186. INHABER, HERBERT , `Is There a Pecking Order in Physics Journals?', Physics Today, May, 1974, pp. 39-43. Uses citation indexing to determine the most cited journals by American physicists. The multinational version examined the nationality of the journals and found most of them to be foreign — thus underlying a difference between physics and social science.

187. KAPLAN, NORMAN and NORMAN W. STORER , `Science: Scientific Communication', International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, XIV: 1968, pp. 112-116. A short account of scientific communications — with a discussion of its functions, channels, and both structured and unstructured communications.

188. KUHN, THOMAS, S. , The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1977. A collection of Kuhn's essays, rich in material for those who favour a Kuhnian perspective. We were impressed by the episode which produced his `enlightenment', his criticism of his famous concept, the `paradigm' — to mention just two subjects.

189. KUHN, THOMAS, S. , `The History of Science', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. XIV, 1968, pp. 74-83. This is a short account of the new historiography of science as practised by Kuhn. It contrasts this approach with the traditional one (the Whig approach) and points out that histories of social science still use the old methodology.

190. KUHN, THOMAS, S. , `Reflections on My Critics', in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, London, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 231-278. In this piece Kuhn compares his views with those of Popper, and he finds mostly agreements. His conviction that normal periods of natural science are consensual is of great interest to the multinational version.

191. KUHN, THOMAS S. , `Second Thoughts on Paradigms', in Frederick Suppe (ed.), The Structure of Scientific Theories, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1974, pp. 459-482. An essay in which Kuhn faces up to the many meanings he had bestowed upon the term `paradigm' (he substitutes the term `disciplinary matrix' for it); separates it conceptually from the scientific community; but sticks to his basic historiography of science.

191a. KUHN, THOMAS S. , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970. The famous interpretation whereby natural science proceeds by discontinuous revolutions, not linearly by accretion.

192. LEVIN, HENRY M. (ed.), Educação e Desigualdade no Brasil, (Education and Inequality in Brazil), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1984. An edited work which sees Brazilian education as reflecting the larger society and thus as one which favours inequality and the protection of the status quo.

193. MARCUSE, HERBERT , One Dimensional Man, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966. A devastating criticism of modern technological society as being unfree, despite its often contrary appearance. Significant in the context of our analysis because of its indictment of behaviouralism and analytic philosophy.

194. MATTA, FERNANDO REYES , `The Latin American Concept of News', Journal of Communications, XXIX: 2, Spring, 1979, pp. 164-171. The author argues that news in Latin America, including that about Latin America, comes primarily from foreign sources, predominantly North American. The Latin American media see the world through foreign eyes.

195. MAZRUI, ALI A. , `Exit Visa From the World System: Dilemmas of Cultural and Economic Disengagement', Third World Quarterly, III: 1, January, 1981, pp. 67-76. The African scholar in this analysis calls for the selective withdrawal of Third World countries from the world system. Both complete isolation or complete participation are condemned in favour of a selective strategy.

196. MESTENHAUSER, JOSEF , `Foreign Students in the Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries', in Stewart Fraser (ed.) Governmental Policy and International Education, New York, John Wiley, 1965, Chapter 10, pp. 141-177. A critical account of the educational policies of the socialist countries. Mestenhauser charges that their motives for student exchange are political and ideological.

197. MULKAY, MICHAEL , Science and the Sociology of Knowledge, London, Allen and Unwin, 1979. The author argues that the truth claims of natural science cannot be viewed independently of the social content, as they generally have been.

198. MUÑOZ, RONALDO , Nova Consciência da Igreja na América Latina, (The New Conscience of the Church in Latin America), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1979. An analysis of the theology of liberation based on the examination of some 300 documents collected from all over Latin America.

199. NKRUMAH, KWAME , Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, London, Nelson, 1965. The author sees the Third World as the victim of neo-colonialism, which is centrally directed and designed to continue control after formal independence.

200. POPPER, KARL R. `Normal Science and Its Dangers', in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrove (eds). Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge, London, Cambridge University Press, 1970. A short article in a collected work, in which Popper criticizes the Kuhnian historiography of science. Important for the multinational version because Popper refers to the consensual nature of science.

201. POPPER, KARL R. The Poverty of Historicism, New York, Harper and Row, 1961. In this work the famous philosopher of science sets forth the method of physics as the only scientific one for social science. His attack centres on the historic method.

202. POUJOL, JACQUES , `Foreign Student Exchanges: France', in Fraser (ed.), Governmental Policy and International Education, New York, John Wiley, 1965, Chapter 14, pp. 237-267. An account of the French student exchange programme, an extraordinary effort in view of the limits of French resources.

203. RAMASUBBAN, RADHIKA , in Stuart S. Blume (ed.), Perspectives in the Sociology of Science, Chichester, John Wiley, 1977, Chapter 6, pp. 155-193. A critical analysis of the Mertonian interpretation of science, characterized as being ahistorical, unreal, and inappropriate for analysing Indian science. The Marxist analysis is seen as being more `real' and appropriate.

204. RATTNER, HENRIQUE , Tecnologia e Sociedade: uma proposta para os paises subdesenvolvidos, (Technology and Society: a Proposal for the Underdeveloped Countries), São Paulo, Brasiliense, 1980. A critical analysis of the relationship between technology and development. Useful for its use of dependency theory in analysing technological transfer.

205. ROMANELLI, OTAIZA DE OLIVEIRA , Historia da Educação no Brasil (1930-1973), (History of Education in Brazil, 1930-73). Petrópolis, Vozes, 1978. A critical analysis of the history of education in Brazil, which stresses foreign dependence; the dependence is currently on the United States.

206. ROSENBERG, VICTOR , `Information Policies of Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil', Journal of the American Society for Information Science, XXXIII: 4, July, 1982, pp. 203-207. The author argues that the information flows of developing countries are influenced by nationalism. He uses Brazil to illustrate his point. He adds that the United States is so saturated with its own information that little foreign information is available in that country.

207. ROSS, STEPHEN DAVID , The Scientific Process, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1971. A statement of the scientific method, important for our analysis for the contrast drawn between the certainty of the scientific method and other methods.

208. SANTOS, LUCÍOLA LICÍNIO , O Mito da Eficiência no Ensino: Estudo Critico da Tecnologia Educational, (The Myth of Efficiency in Teaching: A Critical Study of Educational Technology), São Carlos, São Paulo, 1980. This thesis is highly critical of `educational technology', an import from the United States which became popular in Brazil in the late 1960s. Its roots are found to be grounded in Taylorism, and it is orientated towards the principles of business administration.

209. SIMON, JULIAN L. , Basic Research Methods in Social Science: The Art of Empirical Investigation, New York, Random House, 1969. As far as we can see, this is a standard statistics book. It was quoted in our narrative to suggest that if global social science laws are to be formulated, a necessary condition is global samples.

210. SOLARI, CARMEN L. , `A Estrataficação Social e as Oportunidades Educacionais: O Caso do Vestibular', (Social Stratification and Educational Opportunities: The Case of the Vestibular), in Henry L. Levin (ed.), Educação e Desigualidade no Brasil, (Education and Inequality in Brazil), Petrópolis, Vozes, 1984, pp. 122-70. A chapter of an edited work which uses empirical data to support the thesis that the rich and the middle class, not the poor, are those who attend Brazilian universities.

211. STORER, NORMAN W. , `The Internationality of Science and the Nationality of Scientists', International Social Science Journal, XXII: 1, 1970, pp. 80-93. An idealistic interpretation of the scientific enterprise, which uses Merton's normative prescriptions which provide its code of conduct. Scientific communities operate on the basis of perfect competition, as performance is rewarded and the best rise to the top.

212. TABAK, FANNY , Dependência Tecnologica e Desenvolvimento Nacional (Dependency, Technology and National Development), Rio, Pallas, 1975. A collection by authors from several countries who analyse the relationship between technological dependency and development. It sets forth the types of dependency.

213. TOPUZ, HIFZI , `Television's One-Way Traffic', UNESCO Courrier, April, 1977, pp. 16-17. A short statement of the one-way flow of television programmes from a few centre countries to peripheral ones, with little reciprocal flow.

214. WHITE, MORTON , The Age of Analysis, New York, Menton, 1954. A short volume summary of modern philosophy. The section on analytic philosophy was most salient in our analysis.

215. WILLINGS, JOHN A. , `Cross-Cultural Communication: Possibility or Pipe Dream', UNESCO Courrier, 1977, XXX: pp. 12-15. A statement of the difficulties which make cross-cultural communications problematical, viewed here as communications with feedback, not as a one-way flow.