Sociological Literature on Migration in Italy

316 ACKLEY, Gardner and SPAVENTA, Luigi , `Emigrazione e industrializzazione nel Mezzogiorno: un commento allo studio di Vera Lutz' (`Emigration and industrialization in the Mezzogiorno: a comment on the study of Vera Lutz'), Moneta e credito, 1962, 15 (58): 135-144. The authors argue against Lutz's theses (379, 380) that intensive emigration favours the industrialization of the south. They also stress that there has never been and in the near future will not be a problem of a shortage of food products in that area.

317 ALASIA, Franco and MONTALDI, Danilo , Milano, Corea. Inchiesta sugli immigrati (Milan, Corea. A survey of immigrants), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1960, 328 pp. (new edition: 1975, 369 pp.). This work, based on survey data, focuses on a socio-biographic analysis of some of the particularly degraded and marginalized immigration zones of the Milan outskirts (il Corea). Life histories collected during the survey (first in the early 1960s, second in the early 1970s) provide a framework for analysis of the living conditions of immigrants and the relationship between immigration and marginality.

318 ALBERONI, Francesco and BAGLIONI, Guido , L'integrazione dell'immigrato nella società industriale (The integration of immigrants in industrial society), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1965, 367 pp. The authors analyse the process of integration within internal migratory movements. They formulate and verify empirically the theory of `anticipatory socialisation' according to which candidates for emigration have, when they were still in their areas of origin, adopted the life styles and values characteristic of the area of destination. As far as outmigration is concerned, the authors identify five ideal-types of motivation to emigrate, among which looking for a job and a stable wage is the most common among the post-war emigrants, particularly among those who left for elsewhere in Europe.

319 ASCOLANI, Augusto and BIRINDELLI, Anna Maria , Introduzione bibliografica ai problemi delle migrazioni (A bibliographical introduction to the problem of migration), Roma, Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione, 1971, 457 pp. A survey of literature, mostly by Italian authors, published between the Second World War and 1969. A bibliography on various aspects of criminality among migrant workers, edited by G. Marbach, is presented in the Appendix.

320 ASCOLI, Ugo , Movimenti migratori in Italia (Migratory movements in Italy), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1979, 186 pp. A socio-economic approach to the history of national migration, in particular in the 1946-75 period. The focus is on changes in the labour market, on proletarization trends and on development of class consciousness among immigrants as well as on the social and political significance of migration for Italian society, namely for the `sending' regions in the south and for the main European `receiving' countries.

321 BAGLIVO, Adriano and PELLICCIARI, Giovanni , Sud amaro. Esodo come sopravvivenza. Libro bianco sull'Italia depressa (Bitter south. Exodus as survival. Report on the depressed areas of Italy), Milano, Sapere, 1970, 165 pp. Results of a survey carried out in 583 mountain communes in the south which were progressively depopulating. The authors examine the precarious living and working conditions, geographic, economic and cultural isolation which push people to emigrate, and the pull factors which determine the orientation of the flows (migratory chains).

322 BAGLIVO, Adriano and PELLICCIARI, Giovanni , La tratta dei meridionali (The trade of the southerners), Milano, Sapere, 1973, 183 pp. The pauperization of the marginalized masses in the south is analysed in the context of internal migration. There is a special focus on criminal organizations engaging in the `racket' of work-force recruitment.

323 BALLETTA, Francesco , `Emigrazione italiana, cicli economici e rimesse (1876-1976)' (`Italian emigration, economic cycles and set backs (1876-1976)'), in Gianfausto Rosoli (ed.), 407: 65-96.

324 BARATTA, Giorgio , `Immigrazione e esercito industriale di riserva' (`Immigration and the reserve army of labour'), in Peter Kammerer 373: 139-159. With reference to Marxist theory, the author illustrates the function that immigration has as a reserve army of labour.

325 BARBERIS, Corrado , Le migrazioni rurali in Italia (Rural migration in Italy), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1960, 236 pp. The author tackles one of the most important aspects of the social and economic restructuring of Italy: a transfer of population from rural areas to towns. After analysing the structure of these movements, he highlights the most important imbalances that these movements have caused in agriculture: ageing, feminization and marginalization of Italian villages.

326 BARBERO AVANZINI , Bianca , `Il fenomeno dei frontalieri in Lombardia' (`The phenomenon of cross-border workers in Lombardy'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1973, 1 (1): 53- 71.

327 BARBIERI, Luciano , `Le caratteristiche dell'emigrazione italiana in Belgio secondo i risultati di una recente inchiesta' (`The features of Italian emigration to Belgium according to the results of a recent survey'), Rivista internazionale di scienze sociali, 1961, 19 (3): 227-245. A questionnaire based survey of a limited sample of 153 Italian emigrants in Belgium: professional and demographic characteristics, motivations to emigrate, plans and obstacles to mobility are analysed.

328 BIRINDELLI , Anna Maria , GESANO, Giuseppe , and SONNINO, Eugenio , `Lo spopolamento in Italia nel quadro dell'evoluzione migratoria e demografica' (`Depopulation in Italy in the context of migratory and demographic evolution'), in G. Rosoli (ed.) 407: 189-250. This paper discusses one century of progressive depopulation in Italian regions in two particular periods, 1901-11 and 1951-71, when it was particularly intense. It is considered to be either a result of emigration or of subsequent demographic crisis.

329 BLUMER, Giovanni , L'emigrazione italiana in Europa (Italian emigration to Europe), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1970, 366 pp. The author describes Italian labour migrations to Europe with special focus on Switzerland, Germany and France. He analyses the economic role, both in the sending and in the receiving areas. He concludes that emigration is a kind of social violence, apparently a free choice, but in fact imposed by the economic structures and fully controlled by the ruling classes. The author further focuses his analyses on depopulation of the areas of origin, on precarious living conditions in the immigration areas, particularly with respect to housing, and the attitudes of the Swiss and German trade unions which have, by ignoring foreigners, contributed to creating a division within the working class.

330 CAGIANO de AZEVEDO , Raimondo , `Flussi migratori e mercato del lavoro nell'esperienza italiana' (`Migration flows and the labour market in the Italian experience'), in Dell'Orefice (ed.) 354: 57-81. The analysis focuses on the effects of the economic crisis on emigration.

331 CALVARUSO, Claudio , Sottoproletariato in Svizzera. 152,000 lavoratori stagionali. Perche? (Subproletariat in Switzerland. 152,000 seasonal workers. Why?), Roma, Coines, 1971, 182 pp. Seasonal workers are treated as subproletariat because of their marginal and unstable working conditions and because of lack of class consciousness. Their role in the Swiss economy and their legal status are examined. The author suggests the abolition of this legal status, since the social rights and human dignity of seasonal workers are in danger.

332 CALVARUSO, Claudio , `Migranti e società industriale: da un “sistema chiuso” ad un “sistema aperto”?' (`Migrants and industrial society: from a “closed system” to an “open system”?'), Sociologia, 1977, 11 (1): 31-50. Discussion of the need to overcome theoretically the old rigid dichotomous distinction between the integration and the adaptation of emigrants.

333 CALVARUSO, Claudio , `I lavoratori clandestini: verso un nuovo modello di migrazioni internazionali' (`Clandestine workers: towards a new model of international migration'), in Ugo Morelli (ed.) 391: 119-169. The evidence from available data and from a comparison with other traditional countries of emigration suggests that the recently observed phenomenon of immigration is a factor of recomposition of the emerging tensions in the labour market.

334 CAMPUS, Aurora , `Situazione familiare e inserimento nella società locale attraverso le lettere di emigrati' (`Family situation and entry into the host society as described in the letters of emigrants'), Studi emigrazione, 1981, 18 (61): 3-28. First results of a study in progress about emigration from Sardinia between 1950 and 1970. The author gives evidence about the importance of the factor `separation from the family' in integration into the host society.

335 CAPALBO, Giovanni , `Indagine sui lavoratori eritrei a Roma' (`A survey of Eritrean workers in Rome'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1982, 10 (3): 61-71. An exploratory survey of Eritrean community (ninety-one respondents, mostly domestic servants) gives insight into marginal socio-economic living conditions.

336 CARANTI, Elio , `L'integrazione socio-culturale degli immigrati' (`The socio-cultural integration of immigrants') Genus, 1967, 23 (3-4): 1-69. The author examines the conceptual and methodological problems related to the study of migration. He proposes an operational definition of the concept of integration, partially tested on a pilot sample of eighty-three immigrants in Rome.

337 CASSINIS, Umberto , `Emigrazione e industrializzazione del Mezzogiorno' (`Emigration and the industrialization of the Mezzogiorno'), Studi emigrazione, 1968, 5 (13): 513-536. From 1951 to 1965 emigration abroad was the main job opportunity for the Mezzogiorno. Since the return of emigrants could help the industrialization of the sending areas, the author suggests a harmonization of the development policies with those regulating the labour market.

338 CASTELNUOVO FRIGESSI , Delia , Elvezia, il tuo governo. Operai italiani emigrati in Svizzera (Helvetia, your government. Italian workers who have emigrated to Switzerland), Torino, Einaudi, 473 pp. A long introduction is devoted to the Swiss policy of labour market control through expansion and import of foreign labour. Struggles against foreign overpopulation accompanied that policy and were led by xenophobic movements. Meanwhile, the Swiss and the European trade unions were not capable of responding with efficient action, in particular during the 1974 recession. There follow interviews with foreign workers and various activists in the struggles of the 1970s.

339 CAVALLARO, Renato , Storie senza storia. Indagine sull'emigrazione calabrese in Gran Bretagna (Stories without a history. Study of Calabrian emigration to Great Britain), Roma, CSER, 1981, 262 pp. A social-anthropological study of Calabrian emigration to Bedford.

340 CELLA, Giovanni , `Industrializzazione e emigrazione: il caso del Mezzogiorno nel decennio 1961-1971' and `Industrie di base e movimento migratorio dal Sud' (`Industrialization and emigration: the case of the Mezzogiorno in the decade 1961-1971' and `Basic industry and migratory movement from the south'), Rassegna economica, 1974, 38 (4-5): 1067-1088 and 1299-1334. This analysis indicates how the industrialization of Mezzogiorno not only has not eliminated the underdevelopment in the south, but has stimulated emigration abroad and to the north of Italy.

341 CENSIS , I lavoratori stranieri in Italia (Foreign workers in Italy), Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Roma, 1979, 140 pp. This survey provides a framework for analysis of immigration, a rather new phenomenon for Italy. Quantitative data about number, origin, economic sectors and geographic areas of settlement are provided. Besides official data, estimates are given, too, since to a large extent the phenomenon escapes the control of the authorities.

342 CENTRO DI RICERCHE INDUSTRIALI E SOCIALI DI TORINO , Immigrazione e industria (Immigration and industry), Milano, Edizioni di Comunità, 1962, 462 pp. This volume consists of contributions to the conference on the `Integration of immigrants into industrial regions'. The first part is devoted to theoretical discussions about internal and international migration, and the second concerns more specifically the problems of adaptation in Turin and other urban centres of Italy.

343 CENTRO STUDI EMIGRAZIONE , L'emigrazione italiana negli anni '70 (Italian emigration in the 1970s), Roma, 1975, 270 pp. This is a collection of studies published in Studi emigrazione and prepared for the National Conference on Emigration.

344 CERASE, Francesco P . L'emigrazione di ritorno: innovazione o reazione? (Return migration: innovation or reaction?), Roma, Istituto di Statistica e Ricerca Sociale `C. Gini', 1971, 302 pp. After having analysed the Italian emigration to the USA and the socio-economic factors that have caused it, the author discusses experiences of a sample of emigrants interviewed upon their return to Italy. Four types of return migrants are distinguished: return-failure, return-conservation, retirement and innovation. The focus is on the last type which, however, is not very frequent and did not result in relevant socio-economic transformations.

345 CERASE, Francesco P. `Economia precaria ed emigrazione' (`Precarious economy and emigration'), in G. Rosoli (ed.) 407: 117-151. The fundamental cause of emigration is the precarious nature of the southern economy, due at the beginning of this century to the crisis of small holdings and after the Second World War to the way in which the industrialization of the south was attempted.

346 CINANNI, Paolo , Emigrazione e imperialismo (Emigration and imperialism), Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1968, 258 pp. The failure to solve the agrarian question and the type of industrial development chosen by the ruling class are the basic causes of Italian emigration, according to the author. In order to eliminate the most negative aspects of emigration, besides granting genuinely equal treatment at work, the immigration countries should pay compensation to cover the cost of schooling and training while the emigration countries should establish financial institutions for the productive use of migrants' remittances.

347 CINANNI, Paolo , Emigrazione e unità operaia. Un problema rivoluzionario (Emigration and workers' unity. A revolutionary problem), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1974, 242 pp. The consequences of transfer of labour from less developed to highly developed countries are analysed with a Marxist approach. The author concludes that emigration is disadvantageous to the economic development of the emigration countries while, at the same time, it enables immigration countries to maintain dominant positions in the world market.

348 CINANNI, Paolo , `La scelta del governo italiano nel secondo dopoguerra' (`The choice of the Italian government after the Second World War'), Il ponte, 1974, 30 (11-12): 1342-1358. Analysis of the political choices of Christian-democrat governments who have encouraged emigration in order to weaken the strength of the masses.

349 CIUFFOLETTI, Zeffiro and DEGL'INNOCENTI , Maurizio , L'emigrazione nella storia d'Italia (Emigration in Italian history), Firenze, Vallecchi, 1978, 2 vols., 493; 481 pp. A historical approach to emigration providing evidence about successive policies towards the problem.

350 COMMARE, Chiara and COMMARE, Giovanni (eds.) Presenti e invisibili. Storie e dibattiti degli emigranti di Campobello (Present but unseen. Tales and controversies about emigrants from Campobello), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1978, 164 pp. After introducing the emigration problem and giving evidence about its effects on a Sicilian region, this study shows the way in which the emigration policy of the left was perceived by the militants and how migrants' expectations influenced the ideology and political behaviour of emigrants.

351 CUSUMANO, Antonino , Il ritorno infelice (The unhappy return) Palermo, Sellerio, 1976, 101 pp. The author studies the `return' of Tunisians to Sicily (which they had invaded in the Middle Ages). Method: participant observation given the difficulty in interviewing the persons living clandestinely and working in precarious agricultural or fishing activities.

352 DAVID, Renée , `Statuto teorico e portata pratica dell'immigrazione in Europa occidentale' (`Theoretical status and practical significance of immigration in Western Europe'), Il ponte, 1974, 30 (11-12): 1359-1387. Analysis of the position of foreign labour and the gradual transformation of its function from competition to substitution.

353 DE FELICE, Renzo (ed.) Cenni storici sulla emigrazione italiana nelle Americhe e in Australia (Historical outline of Italian emigration to the Americas and Australia), Milano, Franco Angeli Editore, 1979, 184 pp. This volume contains several contributions about Italian emigration overseas, especially in the period before the Second World War.

354 DELL'OREFICE, Anna (ed.) Tendenze dell'emigrazione italiana: ieri, oggi (Trends in Italian emigration: yesterday and today), Conference sponsored by Società italiana degli Economisti, Genève, Librairie Droz, 1978, 199 pp. An interdisciplinary approach with contributions by a historian, an economist, a demographer and a sociologist.

355 DI COMITE, Luigi . `Immigrazione di ritorno nelle vecchie zone di emigrazione' (`Return migration to the old regions of emigration'), Rassegna economica, 1981, 45 (4): 925-940. This analysis provides evidence about heterogeneity of economic and demographic features of return migration to the regions which, in the period 1961-71, had a negative migration balance.

356 DIENA, L. Borgata milanese (Milanese townships), Milano, Angeli, 1962, 158 pp. A survey of developments of slum areas, so-called Corea (shanty towns). The study provides a framework for the analysis of marginalization and socialization in the immigrant milieu.

357 La donna nei movimenti migratori (Women in the migratory movement). Atti del II Congresso organizzato dall'Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 24-7 luglio 1962; Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 1964, 101 pp. Female migration is treated here within the general framework of migration problems, both in the areas of origin and in the areas of destination. Various contributions draw attention to the role of women as a factor of re-equilibrium in development, to their predominance in rural seasonal emigration and to the impact of women's work outside the home on their integration into the new place of settlement.

358 ECAP CGIL (ed.) `Documentazione di base per un'indagine su: i lavoratori stranieri in Italia' (`Basic documentation for an inquiry into foreign workers in Italy'), Esperienze e proposte, 1979, no. 38: 246 pp. A collection of press articles, legislation and bibliography concerning foreign workers in Italy. Analysis of the available data indicates the importance of black labour among immigrants.

359 `Emigrazione, Cento anni, 26 milioni' (`Emigration, one hundred years, 26 millions'), Il ponte, 1974, 30 (11-12): 1219-1690. This special issue consists of several contributions. The majority deal with Italian emigration, but some also raise general theoretical questions. One paper deals with the new problem of immigration to Italy.

360 L'emigrazione italiana nelle prospettive degli anni ottanta (Italian emigration from the viewpoint of the 1980s), Atti della Conferenza Nazionale dell'Emigrazione, Roma, 1975, 286 pp. This is a collection of contributions to the National Conference on Emigration held in Rome from 24 February to 1 March 1975.

361 FAVERO, Luigi and TASSELLO, Graziano , `La gioventù italo-inglese. Alcuni resultati di una inchiesta' (`Italo-English youth. Some results of a survey'), Studi emigrazione, 1978, 15 (51): 299-324. Results of a survey on problems of `second generation' emigrants.

362 FERRAROTTI, Franco , `Note sull'emigrante come uomo marginale' (`Notes on the emigrant as marginal man'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1974, 2(3): 31-40. The marginality of the emigrant is not only social (perpetuated by the workers' organizations), but also sociological: the phenomenon is analysed mainly from the point of view of the dominant culture.

363 FOFI, Goffredo , L'immigrazione meridionale a Torino (Migration from the south to Turin), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1964, 315 pp. The author deals with the problem of internal migration, more specifically to Turin with FIAT being the centre of attraction.

364 FONTANI, Alvo , Gli emigrati, l'altra faccia del `miracolo economico' (The emigrants, the other face of the `economic miracle'), Roma, Ed. Riuniti , 1962, 314 pp. A short overview of Italian emigration up to 1960. The ruling class thesis that emigration helped resolve the problems of the south is disputed here.

365 GANDOLFI, P. Domenico , Lavoro e economia familiare. Inchiesta sociologica condotta presso un gruppo di minatori italiani in Belgio (Work and family economy. A sociological survey conducted amongst a group of Italian miners in Belgium), Milano, Giuffré, 1961, 187 pp. A small sample of Italian immigrants was interviewed by the author in the mining area of Liège, Belgium. The thesis about the presence of professional initiative and strong orientation towards saving was confirmed among these workers. However, the results show that the workers care more about their income than professional advancement, that they lack consciousness about their position and that they view unions with reservation.

366 GROPPO, Bruno , `Mobilità della forza lavoro e sviluppo economico nell'area mediterranea' (`Mobility of the labour force and economic development in the Mediterranean area'), in 371: 65-74. Analysis of the repercussions of migratory flows on the development of the economies of the sending and of the receiving countries and the mechanisms of dependence of the sending countries on Western Europe.

367 GUARNA, Saverio , `I clandestini' (`The clandestine'), Il ponte, 1974, 30 (11-12): 1601-1617. A rather journalistic account of the presence of clandestine workers in Italy (domestic servants, workers from Black Africa in transit to France, Tunisians in Sicily) and the problems encountered by their families.

368 L'immigrazione in Svizzera (Emigration to Switzerland), Milano, Sapere edizioni, 1970, 202 pp. A collection of papers analysing Italian emigration to Switzerland from its beginnings up to 1963-4.

369 ISSOCO-FORMEZ , Qualità dei flussi migratori dall'Italia meridionale in Svizzera e Germania: effetti della crisi e problemi dell'integrazione (The quality of migration flows from southern Italy to Germany: effects of the crisis and problems of integration), Roma, Ciclostilato, 1976, 184 pp. After a short analysis of German and Swiss economic development, results of a survey of Italians in the two countries are reported: the precariousness of the job situation, difficulty of access to vocational training and of integration into unions and in schools, participation in associations and finally, the ambivalent relationship to the country of origin.

370 ISTITUTO DI DEMOGRAFIA DELL'UNIVERSITA DI ROMA (ed.), L'emigrazione dal bacino mediterraneo verso l'Europa industrializzata (Emigration from the Mediterranean Basin to industrialized Europe), Milano, Angeli, 1976, 603 pp. Contributions by Italian and foreign authors prepared for a meeting that was held in 1973 under the sponsorship of the region of Sardinia. The material is rather fragmented and without a main thread, as the introduction by Nora Federici warns.

371 ISTITUTO DI STUDI E PROGRAMMI PER IL MEDITERRANEO , `L'emigrazione dei popoli mediterranei e l'Europa' (`The emigration of Mediterranean peoples and Europe'), Quaderni Mediterranei, 1978, no. 3: 272 pp. The essays collected in this issue edited by Buratto and Nikolinakos consider migration as a mechanism of impoverishment at the levels of individual, class and nation. After introductory essays by G. Rosoli (on the state of research in Italy and other Mediterranean countries) and by Groppo on the integrated European labour market, a number of contributors discuss the role of emigration in specific national contexts.

372 IZZO, Alberto , `Italoamericani e slums' (`Italian-Americans and slums'), Rassegna italiana di sociologia, 1965, 6(2): 283-304. The integration of Italian-Americans in two different areas of Chicago.

373 KAMMERER, Peter , Sviluppo del capitale ed emigrazione in Europa: la Germania Federale (The development of capital and emigration in Europe: the Federal Republic of Germany), Milano, G. Mazzotta, 1976, 159 pp. This work is a part of a series of studies carried out by ISSOCO (the Institute for Study of Contemporary Society) on migratory flows in capitalist Europe. The author examines, with a Marxist approach, the relationship between immigration and capital accumulation from the Second World War up to the 1973-5 crisis. Special attention is paid to the role of the state in regulating migratory flows, to the role of the unions and to immigrants' struggles.

374 LENZI, Romolo and BIRINDELLI, Anna Maria , Aspetti e problemi dell'emigrazione italiana (Aspects and problems of Italian emigration), Roma, Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione, 1977, 77 pp. The authors trace the course of the transformation of emigrants' orientation: from overseas to continental Europe. After analysing migratory movements within the EEC and the problems of integration, the authors emphasize the questions emerging in the sending areas, focusing primarily on demographic aspects.

375 LIGUORI, Maria , `Fenomeni migratori e sociologia. La letteratura sociologica sulle migrazioni interne nel Triangolo industriale (1958-1968)' (`Migratory phenomena and sociology. Sociological literature on internal migration in the Industrial Triangle (1958-1968)'), Rassegna italiana di sociologia, 1979, 20 (1): 109-146. The author distinguishes main trends in the literature on the subject and the influence of North-American thinking. It is argued that a critical orientation is absent from Italian literature.

376 LIVI BACCI, Massimo , L'immigrazione e l'assimilazione degli Italiani negli Stati Uniti (Immigration and assimilation of Italians in the United States), Milano, Giuffré, 1961, 110 pp. The demographic structure of emigration to the United States from the end of the nineteenth century up to 1960 is described as well as population structure in America.

377 LIVI BACCI, Massimo , `L'emigrazione italiana verso l'Europa: elementi per un bilancio sociale ed economico' (`Italian emigration to Europe: elements of a social and economic balance sheet'), Rassegna economica, 1973, 36 (1): 183-216. Analysing the data of the 1960s, the author foresees a contraction of the migratory flows in the 1980s, a trend which he considers positive.

378 LIVOLSI, Marino , Communicazione e integrazione (Communication and integration), Firenze, G. Barbera Universitaria, 1967, 272 pp. Analysis of the role played by communication in the process of cultural integration in modern urban society. The author verifies Lazarsfeld's hypothesis that the mass-media messages reach masses through opinion leaders.

379 LUTZ, Vera , `Alcuni aspetti strutturali del problema del Mezzogiorno: la complementarietà dell'emigrazione e dell'industrializzazione' (`Some structural aspects of the problem of the Mezzogiorno: the complementary nature of emigration and industrialization'), Moneta e credito, 1961, 14 (56): 408-443. Since the Mezzogiorno does not produce food in sufficient quantities and will not be able to absorb the new industrial products, emigration can be a `natural' solution to the problem and a faster one than subsidizing slowly developing industry in the south.

380 LUTZ, Vera , `Replica' (`Reply'), Moneta e credito, 1962, 15 (58): 145-159. An answer to critics.

381 MALFATTI, Eugenia , `L'emigrazione italiana e il Mezzogiorno' (`Italian emigration and the Mezzogiorno'), in G. Rosoli (ed.) 407: 97-115. Emigration from the south of Italy is a dramatic demonstration of the scale of the southern question and of the dualism of the Italian economy. The migratory phenomenon is analysed in three stages: 1881-1951, 1951-71 and 1971-6, characterized respectively by an ongoing stagnation of the southern economy, by the rapid social and economic development of the country and by a serious economic crisis, internal and international. After such a crisis it will be hard for the migratory flows from the south to resume and thereby to alleviate the crisis in the south.

382 MANNHEIMER, Renato and MICHELI, Giuseppe , `Alcune ipotesi sul concetto de integrazione sociale degli immigrati' (`Some hypotheses concerning the concept of the social integration of immigrants'), Quaderni di sociologia, 1974, 23 (1-2): 82-113. After an overview of the sociological interpretations of internal migration in the 1960s, the authors present the findings of their own research carried out in a commune in the Milan suburbs. They undertake to redefine integration in terms of structural variables (dynamics of the labour market, type of job, impact of the community).

383 MANTOVANI, S. and ASCOLI, U. `Riflessi dell'emigrazione sullo sviluppo economico italiano' (`Effects of emigration on Italian economic development'), in 370: 391-524. After an overview of theoretical models of the effects of migratory flows, the authors examine the relationship between Italian migratory movements, rural exodus and economic cycles in the immigration areas. They conclude that emigration has not stimulated development, except for the small benefits from remittances. The exodus has not led to rationalization in agriculture, but to further fragmentation of property, ageing and feminization of labour. On the other hand, the intensity of migratory flows correlated with variations in the economic cycles of the immigration areas.

384 MARTINELLI, Franco , `Le migrazioni dei lavoratori italiani nell'ambito della Comunità Economica Europea' (`The migration of Italian workers within the EEC'), Rassegna italiana di sociologia, 1964, 5 (2): 273-290. The analysis of Italian emigration to EEC countries indicates that it is far from exhausted. The emigrants should be put into a situation where they can freely choose the most appropriate type of emigration.

385 MERICO, Franco , `Il difficile ritorno. Indagine sul rientro degli emigrati in alcune comunità del Mezzogiorno' (`The difficult return. A survey of emigrants coming back to certain communities of the Mezzogiorno'), Studi emigrazione, 1978, 15 (50): 179-212. A survey in four communities of the Mezzogiorno on the significance of emigration and the problems of reintegration.

386 Le migrazioni interne ed internazionali nel mondo contemporaneo (Internal and international migration in the contemporary world), XXIII Settimana sociale dei cattolici d'Italia, Reggio Calabria, 1960, 135 pp. A wide range of questions is dealt with in this collection of studies: integration of emigrants, demographic and territorial structure of migratory flows, problems of assistance in the areas of settlement, and finally problems of the professional training of migrants.

387 MOIOLI, Vittorio , Made in Italy. Il mercato svizzero del lavoro italiano (The Swiss market for Italian labour), Roma, Alfani editore, 1976, 198 pp. This work addresses directly the political questions which stem from the use of Italian labour in Switzerland and the role played by the giants of the Swiss economy in the international division of labour. The author emphasizes the tendency for emigration (not only Italian) to become more a structural phenomenon and points to the relationship between the international economic crisis and the explosion of xenophobic movements.

388 MONNO, Saverio , `L'emigrazione in una comunità del Mezzogiorno: Altamura' (`Emigration from a community in the Mezzogiorno: Altamura'), Rassegna italiana di sociologia, 1975, 16 (3): 467-486. An analysis of the socioeconomic and political dynamics of an emigration community in the south. As a consequence of occupational redistribution, the middle class has further developed while young people turned to precarious occupations or to work in the underdeveloped areas, in marginal industries in the areas with strong industrial concentration.

389 MONTICELLI, Giuseppe L. `Emigrazione “di rottura” e ricostituzione dei “gruppi etnici” ' (`Disruptive emigration and reconstitution of ethnic groups'), Studi emigrazione, 1964, 1 (1): 18-48. Since internal emigration reflects the desire to break with the milieu of origin, the reconstitution of `ethnic groups' does not have the same meaning of loyalty to the origins as is the case with emigration abroad.

390 MORELLI, Ugo , Classi e movimenti migratori (Social classes and migratory movements), Roma, Coines, 1976, 101 pp. It is argued that emigration does not affect different social classes in the same way and that freedom of choice is only found among emigrants from the bourgeoisie.

391 MORELLI, Ugo (ed.) Movimenti migratori e mercati del lavoro (Migratory movements and the labour market), Milano, F. Angeli, 1981, 185 pp. Various authors treat migratory phenomena as a reflection of the contradictions of capitalist development.

392 MOTTURA, Giovanni and PUGLIESE, Enrico , `Mercato del lavoro e caratteristiche della emigrazione italiana nell'ultimo quindicennio' (`The labour market and characteristics of Italian emigration during the last fifteen years'), in Mottura e Pugliese, Agricoltura, Mezzogiorno e mercato del lavoro, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1975, 207-239. Italian emigration to Western Europe is temporary and disorganized. Given the instability of the employment situation abroad, a good portion of emigrants are also considered to be part of the Italian labour market.

393 NIKOLINAKOS, Marios , `Per una teoria generale della migrazione nel tardo capitalismo' (`Towards a general theory of migration in late capitalism'), Il ponte, 1974, 30 (11-12): 1399-1415. The author attempts to formulate a general theory of migration that includes all the relevant aspects of the problem, from structural economic ones to psycho-social ones, both in the countries of origin and in the countries of destination.

394 PACI, Massimo , `L'integrazione dei meridionali nelle grandi città del Nord' (`The integration of southerners in the large cities of the north'), Quaderni di sociologia, 1964, 13 (3): 341-349. This is a critical overview of the most important research on the topic of integration of southern emigrants in the north of Italy. The author formulates his own theory of integration in two stages: first focusing on social integràtion with individual mobility as an aim, the second focusing on `collective social mobility'.

395 PACI, Massimo , `Migrazioni interne e mercato capitalistico del lavoro' (`Internal migration and the capitalist labour market'), Problemi del socialismo, 1970, 12 (48): 671-687. The author raises the question as to whether migratory movement to the north is due to the demand for additional labour in that area or whether it competes with local labour. Given the size of the phenomenon, the author postulates that it not only has a substitutive role for the local labour force, but may become a way of importing unemployment.

396 PARTITO SOCIALISTA ITALIANO — Sezione dell'Internazionale Socialista. `I socialisti per una politica dell'emigrazione' (`Socialists for an emigration policy'), Atti del Convegno: `L'impegno del PSI per una politica dell'emigrazione', Roma, 29-30 gennaio 1975, Quaderno della sezione emigrazione del PSI, 286 pp. A collection of papers presented at the Italian Socialist Party congress in 1975 regarding Italian emigration policy.

397 PASSIGLI, Stefano , Emigrazione e comportomento politico (Emigration and political behaviour), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1969, 251 pp. Five types of emigration are distinguished: overseas, internal, seasonal, traditional European and new European. In each of them the aspects most relevant for political behaviour are analysed. At the end the author formulates hypotheses to be verified in a follow-up study.

398 PETROLI, Eleonora , and TRUCCO, Micaela , Emigrazione e mercato del lavoro in Europa occidentale (Emigration and the labour market in Western Europe), Milano, F. Angeli, 1981, 130 pp. After having presented the main theses on the relationship between migration, underdevelopment and a multinational labour market, the authors examine the migratory policies pursued in the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, France, Benelux and Great Britain after the Second World War. New tendencies after the crisis of the 1970s are analysed with special attention paid to female migration and the Italian situation.

399 PISELLI, Fortunata , Parentela ed emigrazione (Kinship and emigration), Torino, Einaudi, 1981, 393 pp. The author studies changes in the social system which are taking place in a small village in Calabria as a result of emigration. The method of analysis is participant observation within the framework of a systematic analysis of the past and present socio-economic structure. Until the 1950s, emigration reinforced kinship ties and the existence of small land holdings and thereby the harmony of a rather closed and isolated social structure. In the 1960s, emigration to Europe and the north of Italy, which no longer involved high costs as did previous overseas emigration, became accessible to everybody. The traditional structures started disintegrating at the same time as the kinship mechanisms and the village became more open to capitalist society.

400 PRATO, L. Sviluppo del capitale ed emigrazione in Europa: la Francia (The development of capital and emigration in Europe: France), Milano, G. Mazzotta, 1976, 160 pp. The work focuses on immigration to France with special attention paid to the migrant workers' struggles in particular after 1968.

401 RELLA, Piera , `Le migrazioni della popolazione italiana: i movimenti esteri' (`Migration of the Italian population: external movements'), in Gabriella Pinnarò (ed.), Lavoro e redditi in Italia, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1980, 168-191. Italian migratory movements from 1946 to 1977 are divided into four periods by their structure and the origin and destination of the flows. The prospects for a renewed increase in movement are considered to be very limited, including that directed towards the rest of Europe; in Italy itself, immigrants originate in the south of the Mediterranean basin.

402 RESCIGNO DI NALLO, Egeria (ed.) `Emigrazione, struttura familiare e cambiamento sociale' (`Emigration, family structure and social change'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1974, II (3): 3-159. A journal issue devoted to a monograph focusing on the socialization of the migrants' children who remained in the place of origin. The assumption is that emigration contributes to the disruption of the foundations of the traditional southern family. The basic source used in the study is letters (about 2,000) written by emigrants to their members of the family in Campania.

403 REYNERI, Emilio , La catena migratoria. Il ruolo dell'emigrazione nel mercato del lavoro di arrivo e di esodo (The migratory chain. The role of emigration in the labour market in places of arrival and destination), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1979, 350 pp. Within the framework of the international division of labour, immigration has stimulated economic development in industrial Europe. The role of the immigrant labour force has been complementary (not competitive) to the local labour force. In the 1970s, political and social tensions were created in the areas of destination; they have been partly eliminated by the rotation of migrant labour of diverse national origins or by avoiding social mobility over generations. Meanwhile, in the sending areas a productive and innovative return migration remained a myth; instead, an assisted economy developed in such areas while migrants' remittances were gradually replaced by public subsidies.

404 REYNERI, Emilio , SCUDERI, Maria , and SINERI, Girolamo (eds.) Emigrazione di ritorno e professionalità. Un'indagine sulla Sicilia centrale (Return migration and professionalization. A study of central Sicily), Catania, ISVI, 1975. A report on a survey carried out among the returnees to three very poor provinces of Sicily.

405 `Ricerca sull' emigrazione meridionale nelle zone di esodo' (`Survey on southern emigration in the sending areas'), Ricerche e Studi, Formez R S 19, Roma, 1977, 208 pp. Results of a survey on migration from the south to various European countries. Synthesis by G. Rosoli.

406 ROSOLI, Gianfausto , `L'emigrazione di ritorno: alla ricerca di una impostazione' (`Return migration: towards a theoretical position'), Studi emigrazione, 1977, 14 (47): 235-246. The author underlines that in dealing with return migration one has above all to consider the conditions in the areas of origin of the emigrants.

407 ROSOLI, Gianfausto (ed.) Un secolo di emigrazione italiana: 1876-1976 (A hundred years of Italian emigration: 1876-1976), Roma, Centro Studi Emigrazione, 1978, 385 pp. A collection of studies on the topic: a hundred years of Italian emigration, with a bibliography and a statistical appendix.

408 ROSOLI, Gianfausto , `Lo stato della ricerca sull'emigrazione in Italia' (`The state of research on emigration in Italy'), in 371: 11-30. A review of more recent Italian publications on migration with special attention to emigration abroad.

409 ROSSI DORIA, Manlio , `Aspetti sociologici della pianificazione rurale' (`Sociological aspects of rural planning'), Mercurio, 1965, 8 (8): 32-38. More intensive rural planning is needed, according to the author, to achieve a redistribution of existing resources and to avoid negative effects of an all-male outmigration from rural areas (feminization and ageing of the population).

410 ROVELLI, Roberto , `Le immigrazioni nord-africane (1968-1977) e la realtà socio-economica del Trapanese' (`North African immigration (1968-1977) and the socio-economic reality of western Sicily'), Il ponte, 1978, 34 (5): 497-509. North African immigration into western Sicily in particular from Tunisia, is used as a reserve of labour in order to make labour supply more flexible.

411 RUDAS, Nereide , `L'emigrazione sarda: caratteristiche strutturali e dinamiche' (`Sardinian emigration: structural and dynamic characteristics'), Studi emigrazione, 1979, 11 (34): 173-262. A broadly ranging study with socio-demographic-economic documentation. A special trait of emigration from Sardinia is that it developed only after 1962 with the plan for social and economic recovery. In the context of the underpopulation of Sardinia, the depopulation of inland areas has not been balanced by population increase in the urban areas.

412 SACCHETTI, Gianbattista , `Cent'anni di “politica dell'emigrazione”. L'incerta presenza dello stato di fronte alla realtà migratoria italiana' (`A hundred years of “emigration policy”. The uncertain presence of the State in the face of the reality of Italian migration'), in G. Rosoli (ed.) 407: 253-271.

413 SALA, Adriana , Immigrati del Terzo Mondo in Lombardia (Third World immigrants in Lombardy), Milano, Eurostudio, 1980, 100 pp. This study deals with the phenomenon of immigration in the area of Lombardy and refers to national legislation and proposals for legal regulation of the problem.

414 SANGUINI, Armando , `La nuova emigrazione' (`The new-style emigration'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1981, 9 (1): 59-92. The text deals with the only form of emigration that grew in the 1970s: transfer of labour between Italian and foreign firms.

415 SARACENO, Elena , Emigrazione e rientri. Il Friuli-Venezia Giulia nel secondo dopoguerra (Emigration and return. The Friuli region in the post-war period), Udine, Cooperativa `Il campo', 1981, 102 pp. The region of Friuli is unique in Italy insofar as emigration, stimulated in the 1950s, has ended in the 1970s with the return of emigrants and their integration into the economy of a region undergoing modernization.

416 `La seconda generazione alla ricerca di un'identità' (`The second generation in search of an identity'), Proposte sociali Europa, 1979, 7 (1): 183 pp. This journal issue is devoted almost entirely to the problems of second-generation emigrants.

417 SERAFINI, Adriano (ed.) L'operaio multinazionale in Europa (The multinational workforce in Europe), Milano, Feltrinelli, 1974, 244 pp. The author argues that immigrant labour has been playing an increasingly important role in the processes of capital accumulation in Europe in the post-war period.

418 SIGNORELLI, Amalia , TIRITICCO, M. Clara and ROSSI, Sara , Scelte senza potere. Il ritorno degli emigranti nelle zone di esodo (Choice without power. The return of emigrants to the areas of outmigration), Roma, Officina, 1977, 327 pp. This work is based on 600 interviews with emigrants provisionally or definitely returned or those intending to leave for Europe. It formed part of an international research project on the housing conditions of emigrants abroad and upon their return.

419 SILJ, Alessandro , Il mercato dei cervelli (The brain market), Milano, Etas Kompass, 1968, 139 pp. The author distinguishes the main types of `brain-drain' and their relationship to economic aspects of migration. He argues that the effects of brain-drain on the areas of origin vary according to the type of development of the area.

420 SIMONCINI, Franco, `Le cause strutturali dell'emigrazione in Italia ed il loro superamento' (`Structural causes of Italian emigration and how to overcome them'), in 360. Emigration is treated within the context of inadequate national development and regional disequilibrium. After analysing the migratory flows and recent problems of return migration, the author shows ways of relating emigration policy to development policy both at the national and the European level. Gives primacy to employment.

421 SORI, Ercole , L'emigrazione italiana dall'unità alla seconda guerra mondiale (Italian emigration from unification to the Second World War), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1979, 512 pp. A comprehensive account of Italian emigration from unification to the Second World War.

422 `La Svizzera dopo Schwarzenbach' (`Switzerland since Schwarzenbach'), Studi emigrazione, 1970, 8 (18-19). A special issue devoted to the relationship between immigration and xenophobia in Switzerland.

423 TASSELLO, Graziano and FAVERO, Luigi , La problematica del ritorno degli emigranti e del loro reinserimento in Italia (The problem of the return of immigrants and their reintegration in Italy), Rapporto curato dal CSER su commissione del CIEM, Roma, 1979, 277 pp. After reviewing research on return migration following the crisis of 1973 and after presenting an analysis of Italian emigration in the last thirty years, the authors present an analysis of return migrants and regional intervention in favour of the returnees. They argue that the policy of assistance pursued so far should be abandoned, and, instead, employment policies should be improved and coordinated with those developed on the European level.

424 TONNA, Benjamin , `Fattori di integrazione familiare e socio-culturale in due gruppi italiani emigrati' (`Factors in family and socio-cultural integration in two Italian groups of emigrants'), Studi emigrazione, 1965, 2 (2): 18-42. A survey carried out in Belgium and in England on transfer of cultural values, particularly on integration and on disintegration of the family.

425 VALUSSI, Giorgio (ed.) Italiani in movimento (Italians on the move), Pordenone, Grafiche Editoriali Artistiche Pordenonesi, 1978, 424 pp. A collection of contributions on emigration, mainly with a geographical approach, presented at the conference held from 28-30 April 1978 in Piancavallo. Among others can be mentioned the theoretical papers by Valussi and Meneghel, on return by Simoncelli and Brunetta, on new aspects of Italian migration by Cameri, Compagna and Fumagalli, on the conditions for Italian emigrants in some European countries by King, Raffestin and Scaramella, and on Yugoslav emigration by Baučić, Klemenčić and Glosar, and Nodari and Donato.

426 VAROTTI, Adriano , `Rassegna delle ricerche ed approcci della sociologia italiana al fenomeno delle aree depresse' (`Review of the research and approaches of Italian sociology to the phenomenon of depressed areas'), Revue internationale de sociologie, 1969, 5 (1): 111-117. The author stresses the lack of Italian studies dealing with rural areas, source of the exodus towards cities, and reviews changes which were related to migratory flows in the rural context. He provides evidence that emigration is a structural phenomenon in those areas.

427 VERCELLINO, Enrico , `I nodi dell'emigrazione e dei nuovi spostamenti di manodopera al pettine del mercato del lavoro e dello sviluppo economico' (`Emigration and mobility of labour: negative aspects of the labour market and economic development'), Affari sociali internazionali, 1981, 9 (1): 41-58. According to the author a third migratory cycle has started (after those initiated in 1888 and in 1945). The ongoing structural and employment crisis has modified migratory flows and the internal situation on the labour market. Thus Italy, like Spain and Portugal, has become a country of both emigration and immigration through the spreading of clandestine labour and recourse to illegal exploitation of workers.

428 VIGORELLI, Paolo , `Returning migrants reemployed in Italian industry', Migration news, 1969, 18 (2): 3-13. A survey of return motives carried out on 416 returnees interviewed in a few Italian industrial firms.