Sociology of Migration in Yugoslavia

53 ADAMOVIC, Ljubiša , `Tržište radne snage i domaći privredni prostor — eksterni migracioni tokovi radnog kontingenta stanovništva' (`Labour market and domestic economy — external migration flows of labour'), in D. Lukač et al. (eds.), Ljudski faktor u socijalističkoj robnoj proizvodnji (The human factor in socialist production), Beograd, Institut za političke studije FPN, 1969, 110-121. Employment of Yugoslavs abroad has finally destroyed the myth and the dogma of full employment under socialism. The author analyses the cause of Yugoslav outmigration, the costs and the benefits of temporary emigration and also predicts that it will be a permanent dimension in the Yugoslav economy. It should, therefore, be given an adequate place in development planning in Yugoslavia.

54 ALEKSIC, Miloš , `Obrazovanje, nezaposlenost i odlazak na rad u inostranstvo' (`Education, unemployment and going abroad to work'), Gledišta, Beograd, 1974, 14 (5-6): 623-634. The author asks whether the unemployed in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslavs working abroad are part of the Yugoslav working class: both have a common denominator; a temporary status outside the class system as a social group. The consequences of such a situation are analysed.

55 ALUND, Aleksandra , `Teoretski okvir za istraživanje dvostruke polujezičnosti kod manjinskih grupa' (`A theoretical framework for investigating double semilingualism among minority groups'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1975, 20: 39-45. The author tries to interpret the social functions of language and proposes a scientific investigation of the relationship between children and their parents among linguistic minorities. It is argued that these relationships deteriorate due to the lack of linguistic communication.

56 ALUND, Aleksandra and SORMAN, Ylva , `Between wishful thinking and reality. Thoughts about analysing the position of immigrant youth', in I. Municio (ed.) Family and position in Swedish society, Stockholm, Commission for Immigrant Research 1981, 118-142. Analysis of changes in cultural identity among the rural Mediterranean immigrants in Sweden. Empirical data were collected by interviews among first- and second-generation Yugoslavs. A population of rural origin was chosen because of the initial assumption that cultural conflict would be the most clearly manifested there. Two sets of indicators of changes were selected: sexual relationships and relationships between generations. Like many other studies, this one also concludes that the young are torn between the two worlds and are developing two distinct identities.

57 ANTONIJEVIC, Miroslav and POPOVIC, Milan , `Psihodinamika i klinička slika psihoza u ekonomskih emigranata' (`Psychodynamics and the clinical picture of psychoses among economic emigrants'), Anali zavoda za mentalno zdravlje, Beograd, 1969, 1 (2): 11-16. A follow-up analysis (1-5 years) under clinical conditions of thirty psychotic economic emigrants.

58 BALETIC, Zvonko , `Medjunarodne migracije i naša suvremena emigracija' (`International migration and our contemporary emigration'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1965, 9 (5): 680-700. One of the first socio-economic analyses of Yugoslav economic emigration. Draws attention to the scope and reasons for the outflow of skilled labour. The return policy should aim at stimulating the quality of working and living conditions in the urban areas.

59 BALETIC, Zvonimir , `Medjunarodne migracije u modernom ekonomskom razvitku' (`International migration and modern economic development'), Ekonomski pregled, Zagreb, 1982, 32 (3-4): 125-135. The author analyses international migration in the context of modern socio-economic development and industrialization and compares the Yugoslav experience of international migration since the Second World War with movements from other countries at a similar level of social and economic development.

60 BAUCIC, Ivo , Porijeklo i struktura radnika iz Jugoslavije u SR Njemačkoj (The origin and structural characteristics of Yugoslav workers in the Federal Republic of Germany), Zagreb, Institut za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1970 book 1. A detailed analysis of the Yugoslav population in Germany based on secondary sources (40,000 forms filled out by Yugoslav workers in German consulates in Yugoslavia in the period from 1965 to 1968. Additional source is 338 interviews).

61 BAUCIC, Ivo , `Neka suvremena obilježja i problemi vanjskih migracija jugoslavenskih radnika' (`Contemporary features of and problems related to the Yugoslav outmigration'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 183-216. Presentation of migratory trends from 1954 to 1972 and a thorough analysis of statistical data.

62 BAUCIC, Ivo , Radnici u inozemstvu prema popisu stanovništva Jugoslavije 1971 godine (Workers abroad according to the Yugoslav population census of 1971), Zagreb, Institut za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1973, book 4. The author draws attention to the lack of reliability in quantitative data (some of the basic concepts used in the census were loosely defined). This explains the discrepancy between Yugoslav data and data from other European countries. Nevertheless, the analysis of the structural characteristics of Yugoslavs in the Federal Republic of Germany provides material of relevance to a sociologist.

63 BAUCIC, Ivo , `Osnovna obilježja suvremenog stanja u vanjskim migracijama iz Jugoslavije' (`Basic features of contemporary Yugoslav outmigration'), Migracije, Zagreb, 1981, 10 (1): 3-8. An overview of Yugoslav emigration in Europe. This work is valuable because of the provision of estimated data which are more reliable than the official data.

64 BAUCIC, Ivo and MARAVIC, Zivko , Vraćanje i zapošljavanje vanjskih migranata iz SR Hrvatske (Return and employment of emigrants from Croatia), Zagreb, Institut za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1971, book 2, 113pp. A survey carried out in Croatia, the Yugoslav Republic with the highest emigration rate. The aim was to establish under what conditions the emigrants from that republic would return and to propose guidelines for the elaboration of a return migration policy. On the basis of findings in that survey it could be argued that for most of the respondents the level of income plays the most important role.

65 BOKUN, Petar , `Faktor migracija u genezi suicida' (`Migration as a factor in the genesis of suicide'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1980, 63: 79-86. The role of migration in suicidal attempts. An investigation carried out at the Neurology and Psychiatry department of the Split Hospital.

66 BONAC, Vladimir , `Jugoslovenski radnici u SR Njemačkoj' (`Yugoslav workers in the Federal Republic of Germany'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 313-326. The author examines the distribution of foreign labour in Germany and the increase in the employment rate of foreigners.

67 BREZNIK, Dušan , `Spoljne migracije' (`Outmigration'), in Breznik et al. , Demografska kretanja i karakteristike stanovništva Jugoslavije prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti (Demographic movements and population characteristics in Yugoslavia), Beograd, Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka, 1978, 69-72. Outmigration is treated within the framework of global migratory movements of Yugoslav population. A migration typology is provided, based on the 1971 population census data.

68 BURIC, Olivera , `Novi tip porodice; porodica čiji su hranioci otišli na rad u inostranstvo' (`A new type of incomplete family where the head of the family has left to work abroad'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 245-269. The incomplete family is particularly disturbed by the absence of its emigrant breadwinner. The author presents the literature on the topic and defines the basic features of the incomplete family on the basis of empirical data.

69 BURIC, Olivera , `Domaćinstva u opštini Petrovac na Mlavi iz kojih su neki članovi otišli na rad u inostranstvo' (`Households from Petrovac na Mlavi with some of their members working abroad'), Socijalna politika i socijalni rad, Beograd, 1975, 11 (1-2): 140-169. Results of a survey carried out in Petrovac na Mlavi. All the households (N = 2,942) were interviewed (4,037 persons). With the outflow of young males the work in agriculture has overburdened women, older people and children. At the same time, a greater solidarity developed among the villagers. A few policy-oriented measures are proposed.

70 CASERMAN, Andrej , Patterns of career mobility in post-revolutionary society, Ljubljana, Institut za sociologiju, 1971, 12pp. Text in English. Post-war development in Slovenia has provided for a great social mobility of the overall population, within the country and abroad. The author develops a model of intragenerational mobility relevant also for the mobility of emigrants.

71 CIFRIC, Ivan . `Tehnička inteligencija u dvije radne sredine' (`The technical intelligentsia in two work environments'), Revija za sociologiju, Zagreb, 1975, 5 (1-2): 61-62. An investigation of the brain-drain from Yugoslavia based on ninety-three interviews with engineers temporarily employed abroad.

72 FRIGANOVIC, Mladen , MOROKVASIC, Mirjana and BAUCIC, Ivo . Iz Jugoslavije na rad u Francusku (Workers from Yugoslavia in France), Zagreb, Institut za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1972, book 3: 119pp. This book consists of three separate sections. Friganović has analysed French data on Yugoslav immigrants there, Morokvašić presents some of the results of her survey carried out among Yugoslav workers in France in 1968-9, and Baučić has analysed 1971 census data concerning Yugoslavs in France.

73 GARDUN, Jasna , `82,000 žena iz Hrvatske radi u inozemstvu' (`82,000 women from Croatia are working abroad'), Zena, Zagreb, 1974, 17 (1): 22-34. The author analyses female emigration from Croatia and proposes policy measures to protect them.

74 GRECIC, Vladimir , `Jugoslavenska migracija radne snage' (`Yugoslav labour migration'), Gledišta, Beograd, 1968, 8 (2): 315-322. An analysis of the causes of Yugoslav migration, presents trends and a cost-benefit approach to the phenomenon.

75 GRECIC, Vladimir , `Savremeni migracioni tokovi evropske radne snage' (`Contemporary migration flows of European labour'), Stanovništvo, Beograd, 1970, 8 (3-4): 235-246. Emigration from Yugoslavia has far reaching socio-economic consequences, and the author pleads for policy on return as soon as possible.

76 GRECIC, Vladimir , Savremene migracije radne snage u Evropi (Contemporary migration of labour in Europe), Beograd, Institut za medjunarodnu politiku i privredu, 1975, 310pp. Yugoslav labour emigration is analysed within the context of European migration. Yugoslavia is among the countries with the highest emigration rates in Europe, especially as regards young and skilled labour. The author foresees diminished emigration flows: in the long run, the main causes for emigration will be gradually eliminated; and suggests guidelines for a policy on return.

77 GRECIC, Vladimir , `Nužnost interdisciplinarne saradnje u oblasti izučavanja spoljnih migracija radne snage' (`The need for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field of labour migration research'), Naučni pregled, Beograd, 1976, 2 (2): 219-232. The author pleads for autonomous thinking in Yugoslav sociology of migration which should not simply adopt the prevailing models in migration sociology in the world, since they were developed in the countries of immigration.

78 GRECIC, Vladimir , `Karakteristike iseljavanja iz Jugoslavije posle drugog Svetskog rata' (`Main features of expatriation from Yugoslavia after the Second World War'), Medjunarodni problemi, Beograd, 1977, 29 (3-4): 29-44. The author distinguishes the concept of `expatriation' from that of `temporary emigration'.

79 HANZEK, Matjaž , `Slovenski radnici u Zapadnoj Njemačkoj — usporedba stvarne i percipirane mobilnosti' (`Slovenian workers in West Germany — a comparison of real and perceived mobility'), Bilten migracije, Ljubljana, 1976, 110. A survey of 954 Slovenian workers working in West Germany. It was found that there was a discrepancy between the perception of mobility and actual mobility: most of the workers whose status declined said that they advanced in status. Upward mobility takes place after a period of acculturation, but workers never reach the same social status as they had in Yugoslavia.

80 HERSAK, Emil , `Labour migration in the EEC', European Trends EIU, London, 1982, 70: 24-31. The text deals with economic migration within the EEC countries. In the first part the author underlines that migration is being regulated within the boundaries of each country of immigration; the second part deals with the immigration policy of the Federal Republic of Germany since the crisis; the third part is devoted to immigration into previously mainly sending countries (with Italy as an example).

81 HUDOLIN, Vladimir , `Prijedlog mjera za zaštitu zdravlja druge generacija migranata' (`Suggested measures for safeguarding the health of second-generation migrants'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1977, 40: 4-25. The need for psychological and medical protection is underlined. This function should be taken over by social psychiatry. Preventive measures are proposed.

82 KATUNARIC, Vjeran , `Mladi radnici u stranim zemljama' (`Young workers in foreign countries'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1975, 17, 42pp. A young migrant is defined as being under the age of thirty-five although the analysis focuses on younger Yugoslav workers abroad, generalizing, at the end, to the international context.

83 KATUNARIC, Vjeran , `Neke značajke modela i devijacija u prilagodjavanju djece u inozemstvu' (`Some models and deviations in the adaptation of children abroad'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1977, no. 39: 18-26. It is argued that the stability of those living abroad is related to the functioning of the family. The author develops a model of `sociocultural expansion' of children (second generation) abroad and raises the question of their mobility potential.

84 KATUNARIC, Vjeran , `Socijalno-obrazovni položaj radnika migranata u zemljama rada' (`The social and educational status of migrant workers in receiving countries'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1978, no. 47: 23-58. Analysing three different educational contexts (in the immigration country, in the emigration country and the education of migrant children), the author concludes that the educational policy towards Yugoslav migrants — or `education at a distance' — has limited effects which are not coordinated with the educational objectives. He suggests possible and desirable educational policy measures concerning migrants' children.

85 KATUNARIC, Vjeran , Vanjske migracije i promjene u porodici (Outmigration and changes in the family), Zagreb, Centre for Migration Studies, 1978, book 7: 124pp. This is an empirical study of changes in bilocated families (where one or more members work abroad). It is based on a survey of 1,807 school children in Croatia who belong to such families. There is evidence of more changes in urban than in rural families because the extended families in rural areas offer more stable socialization. Conflicts are positively correlated to the educational level of parents.

86 KATUNARIC, Vjeran , `The second generation after the economic expansion', in I. Municio (ed.), Family and position in Swedish society, Stockholm, Commission for Immigration Research, 1981, Vol. 2: 228-243. Yugoslav children's education in Swedish society.

87 KAVCIC, Bogdan , Zdomci in domovina (Emigrants and their homeland), Ljubljana, Republičko vijeće Saveza Sindikata Slovenije, 1971, 70pp. Results of a survey carried out on 1,313 migrant workers during the Christmas and New Year holidays in 1971 in Slovenia. The research investigated: employment and information networks, planned stay abroad, use of savings and investments, family, perception of workers' influence in the firm abroad and in Yugoslavia, conditions for return.

88 KLINAR, Peter , `Migracija kot pojav socialne dezorganizacije' (`Migration as social disorganization'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1971, 8 (6-7): 891-898. It is stressed that immigrants' social status is important for defining them as a minority group. The initial stages of assimilation are defined as a social disorganization which can lead to a series of socio-pathological phenomena.

89 KLINAR, Peter , Sociološki vidiki mednarodnih migracij v luči odnosov med imigrantsko družbo in imigrantsko skupnostjo (A sociological approach to international migration in the light of the relationship between the immigration society and immigrant community), Obzorja, Maribor, 1975, 411pp. A sociological theoretical framework for the analysis of migratory phenomena.

90 KLINAR, Peter , `Značilnosti sodobnih mednarodnih migracij (I)' (`Characteristics of contemporary international migration (I)'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1975, 12 (11-12): 1094-1107. An analysis of migration policies and of the effects of migration on development.

91 KLINAR, Peter , `Značilnosti sodobnih mednarodnih migracij II' (`Characteristics of contemporary international migration II'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1976, 13 (1-2): 56-65. The author presents migration policy in the immigration and emigration countries and their different objectives, and the effects of temporary work abroad. Finally, he gives a critical review of migration policy in Yugoslavia.

92 KLINAR, Peter , `Medunarodne migracije kot pojav razrednega spopada' (`International migration as a class conflict'), Anthropos, Ljubljana, 1976, 13 (1-2): 251-256. Class conflicts are extended from the sending to the receiving areas. The author focuses on the reasons for conflict between immigrants and the proletariat of the receiving countries.

93 KLINAR, Peter , `Remigrants from the underdeveloped areas of emigrant society and the problem of their reintegration', Migracije-Bilten, FSPN, Ljubljana, 1978, no. 18: 40-63. A discussion of problems of reintegration of Yugoslav returnees to the underdeveloped areas based on empirical data (127 interviews) as compared to reintegration into developed areas.

94 KLINAR, Peter , `Procesi socializacije in ethnične identifikacije' (`Processes of socialization and ethnic identification'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1980, 17 (5): 540-557. The author first defines the concept of second-generation migrants (ascribed migrant's status if one parent is a foreigner) and proposes a typology of second generation, according to various indicators (birthplace, length of stay, age at emigration and contacts with the homeland). These are the measures of socialization and ethnic identification.

95 KLINAR, Peter , `Družbeni položaj druge generacije migrantov' (`Social position of second-generation migrants'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1981, 18 (4-5): 548-562. The status of second generation migrants abroad is compared to the status of the same generation in the sending country and to the first generation. Findings suggest that the second generation is underprivileged and marginalized as compared to the peer group of the immigration society, and in their status partially lower than the first generation. The migrant children who remained in Yugoslavia have improved their economic, but not their overall social position.

96 KLINAR, Peter , et al. , `Slovenci Nemčiji — poročilo raziskavi' (`Slovenians in Germany — a survey report'), Migracije-Bilten, FSPN Ljubljana, 1975, no. 8: 132pp. A survey carried out in 1974 among 954 Slovenian migrants in West Germany. Preliminary results are presented in this report.

97 KLINAR , Peter , et al. , `Slovenci po povratku iz Z. Nemčije' (`Slovenians upon their return from West Germany'), Migracije-Bilten, FSPN Ljubljana, 1977, no. 15: 103pp. A survey carried out among 500 Slovenian returnees from West Germany in 1975. Findings suggest that there were few unsuccessful returns, most returned after having achieved their targets. The innovative-conservative typology of returnees is used.

98 KLINAR, Peter , et al. , `Akcijski (eksperimentalni) programi za usmeritev vraćanja naših delavcev iz Pomurja n domovino — III' (`Experimental programmes for the return from abroad of our workers from Pomurja'), Bilten migracije, FSPN Ljubljana, 1980, no. 21: 31pp. A part of a Yugoslav and OECD project about return programmes in high emigration regions. Instead of an experimental programme for job creation in such areas action research has been carried out with the aim of communicating with planners, decision-makers and power centres in the regions concerned in order to present migration and return migration as a dimension of development.

99 KOMARICA, Zvominir , Jugoslavija u suvremenim evropskim migracijama (Yugoslavia in contemporary European migration), Zagreb, Ekonomski Institut, 1970, 113pp. Outstanding empirical investigation of the 1960s about Yugoslav emigration. It draws attention to serious consequences of massive labour emigration from Croatia.

100 KNEZEVIC, Radoslav , `Neki problemi jugoslovenskih radnika zaposlenih u SR Nemačkoj' (`Some problems of Yugoslav workers in the Federal Republic of Germany'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 289- 311. A so-called migratory cycle is a notion launched in the immigration countries because the migrant is a very cheap source of labour as long as he does not bring his family, in particular his children. Yugoslavia has adopted that position and encourages its citizens to remain abroad only temporarily. Inspite of that, the immigrants are deciding more and more to remain in the countries of immigration. The author further shows how foreign and domestic workers are being manipulated and kept apart in the Federal Republic of Germany.

101 LAZIC, Nebojša , `Opća teorija sistema i problemi druge generacije migranata u svjetlu te teorije' (`General systems theory and problems of second-generation migrants'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1977, no. 40: 26-30. The problem of second-generation migrants in the light of Bertalanffy's systems theory.

102 MANDIC, Oleg , `Nekoliko napomena o odnosu privremene ekonomske emigracije i radničke klase SFRJ' (`Some remarks about the relationship between economic migrants and the Yugoslav working class'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 235-243. The author speculates about the difficulties of reintegration that potential returnees would meet in Yugoslavia upon their return.

103 MEZNARIC, Silva , `Motivi odlaženja slovenačkih radnika na rad u Njemačku' (`Emigration motives of Slovenian workers going to Germany'), Revija za sociologiju, Zagreb, 1977, 7 (1-4): 20-43. A survey carried out in Germany in 1974 among 954 Slovenian workers. This paper focuses on the motives for emigration.

104 MEZNARIC, Silva , `Za politiku emigracije i vraćanja' (`Towards a policy of emigration and of return migration'), Pitanja, Zagreb, 1977, 9 (6-7): 84-87. Global aims of emigration policy and return migration policy in Yugoslavia are not operationalized on the strategic level and do not correspond to the genuine needs of emigrants or of their environment in Yugoslavia.

105 MEZNARIC, Silva , `Returnees home — trial results of a typology of Slovene remigrants from West Germany', Migracije-Bilten, Ljubljana, 1978, no. 18: 64-89. A survey of 400 returnees from Germany to Slovenia. The innovative-conservative and an `in-between-type' of returnee are distinguished.

106 MEZNARIC, Silva , `Participation of Yugoslav workers in German companies', in B. Wilpert , A. Kudat and Y. Ozkan (eds.), Workers' participation in an internationalized economy, Kent, Ohio, Kent State University Press, 1978, 107-132. Could two different institutional paradigms, self-determination (Yugoslav) and co-determination (German), which are in contact as the result of the migration of Yugoslav workers, influence each other and bring out certain political consequences when Yugoslav migrants return to work again in the home environment? Analysing (a) the structure of political consciousness of Yugoslavs in West Germany, (b) the scope of work experience in both German and Yugoslav systems and (c) the changing level of living of immigrants, the author tries to predict the workers' political behavior after returning home. Providing that knowledge of both systems improves, desire to be involved will be stronger and the level of activity higher, so the Yugoslav system could expect to benefit from its returning migrants.

107 MEZNARIC, Silva , `Slovenski radnici u SR Njemačkoj — poznavanje, stavovi i aktivnost u jugoslavenskom i njemačkom političkom subsistemu' (`Slovenian workers in the Federal Republic of Germany: knowledge, attitudes and activities in the Yugoslav and in German political subsystems'), Migracije-Bilten, Ljubljana, 1978, no. 21: 100 pp. An attempt to construct a typology of Slovenian emigrants.

108 MICOVIC, Vojislav , `Jugoslavenske potrebe i iskustva o ostvarivanju stavova KEBS-a o pravu na informisanje ekonomske emigracije' (`Implementing the Helsinki conference's attitudes on the right to information of economic migrants; Yugoslav needs and experience'), Novinarstvo, Beograd, 1977, 13 (1-2): 205-213. This article focuses on information for Yugoslav workers abroad and the activities of immigration countries in this respect.

109 MIJATOVIC, Jugoslav , `Društveno-ekonomski smisao motiva privremene spoljne migracije' (`The socio-economic dimension of temporary outmigrations'), Samoupravljanje, Beograd 1977, 4 (11): 18-28. A typology of motives for emigration.

110 MILOJEVIC, Aleksa , `Tržišni model migracije ili uspješna zaštita interesa zemalja imigracije' (`A market migration model or the successful protection of the interest of the immigration countries'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 217-233. So far international labour migration has been largely determined by the economic situation in the immigration countries. These countries entered the labour markets of the sending countries, determined the volume dynamics and the structure of the migrant labour and, thereby, created models of migration and profiles of migrants that fitted their own needs. Emigration countries were not able to respond with an adequate, rational migration policy. The author stresses the need for researchers to turn to the problems of emigration countries and provide them with tools for building their own migration policy. In addition the author emphasizes that the strong impact of the migrants' individual interests led to an individualist and positivist treatment of the migration phenomenon: what is useful for an individual migrant is also useful for the society he belongs to.

111 MILOJEVIC, Aleksa , `Stambena izgradnja kao jedna ekonomska alternativa povratka radnika' (`Housing contruction as an economic alternative for the return of workers'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1975, 19 (6): 1036-1049. The assumption is that the majority of Yugoslav emigrants tend to return to their region of origin. Migration influences the consumption patterns of people: upon return they desire to change their standard of living and of housing. One way of influencing return would be to support housing construction and, thereby, actively use migration in the economic development of the country.

112 MILOJEVIC, Aleksa , `Budućnost migracije u SR Njemačkoj' (`The future of migration to Germany'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1976, 20 (2-3): 326-345. On the basis of research evidence in Yugoslavia the author predicts future labour immigration to the Federal Republic of Germany. The volume is determined by the expected population growth, economic growth and the employment structure in Germany.

113 MILOJEVIC, Aleksa , `Društvene osnove teorije migracije' (`The social basis of migration theory'), Pregled, Sarajevo, 1981, 71 (2): 213-226. Starting from the assumption that developing a specific theory is not a neutral phenomenon, the author criticizes existing migration theories. They were founded on the objective of capitalist systems to achieve growth with a minimal capital mobility and a maximum mobility of labour. Those migration theories that explained migration by individual motives and drives served that objective. Yugoslav theory should develop a different approach.

114 MILOJEVIC, Aleksa and SULTANOVIC, Vladimir , `Motivacije odlaska i uslovi povratka radne migracije iz SR BiH u strane zemlje' (`Motives of emigration and the prerequisites for the return of Yugoslav economic emigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina'), Marksističke sveske, Sarajevo, 1972, 1-2: 251-263. Partial results of an investigation in the fourteen communes of Bosnia and Herzegovina which have the highest emigration rate carried out among 2,311 persons in 1970.

115 MILOVANOVIC, Rade , Medjunarodnopravno regulisanje političkih prava čoveka i radnici migranti (The international legal regulation of human political rights and migrant workers), Zagreb, Centre for Migration Studies, 1979. Human rights with respect to migrants are variously interpreted. The basic assumption is that foreign workers have no political rights. This is partly incorrect since such an interpretation considers political freedom as exclusively or mainly the right to vote; this way many other rights are disregarded. This study analyses these rights (freedom of the press, of association, to hold meetings, to petition, etc.) and gives evidence that precisely in this sphere wide discrepancies exist between the normative and the effective aspect of rights.

116 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Jugosloveni u Francuskoj — Istraživanja veze izmedju predstave o nacionalnoj pripadnosti i adaptacije stranaca na novu sredinu' (`The Yugoslavs in France — Research into the links between national identity and the adaptation of foreigners to the new environment'), Sociološki pregled, Beograd, 1970, 1 (1): 89-104. This article is based on research carried out in France by the author. The changes in reference groups through migration are reflected in migrants' identity structure. The focus of the investigation was the dimension `Yugoslav' and its changes in relation to variables such as satisfaction with stay, perception of one's own adaptation, contacts with the French.

117 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana, Les Yougoslaves en France; recherche des liens entre l'identité nationale et l'acculturation, doctoral thesis, Paris, Sorbonne, 1971, 299pp. This is the first study of Yugoslav migrant workers in France. Psychological approach. Basic aims: the role of national citizenship identity in acculturation, persistence or disappearance of narrower national identity in the new environment; testing the usefulness of the technique used. The hypothesis about the link between nationality and adaptation was confirmed.

118 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Des migrants “temporaires”— les Yougoslaves', Sociologie du travail, 1972, 14 (3): 260-277. The author questions the `temporariness' of migration and argues that migrants' return is nothing but an illusion, which is present at the level of intentions, but absent at the level of acts.

119 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Jugoslovenski radnici u inostranstvu; klasna svest i borba radničke klase u zemljama imigracije' (`Yugoslav workers abroad, their class consciousness and the class struggle in the immigration countries'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 273-288. A study of political orientations and class consciousness of Yugoslav workers in France.

120 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , Yugoslav migrant women in France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Sweden. Study report. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1980, 642pp. (mimeo). A comparative survey of 258 Yugoslav migrant women in France, West Germany and Sweden carried out by the author from 1976 to 1979. The specific reasons for female outmigration are discussed and therefore the author pays special attention to the background of migrant women. The condition of migrant women abroad is defined as fourfold oppression and social changes resulting from migration are analysed in the light of the reconceptualization of `migrant women' as a category of analysis.

121 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Jugoslavenke-migranti o sebi' (`Yugoslav women-migrants about themselves'), Sociologija sela, Zagreb, 1979, 17 (63-4): 102-110. The author studies the migration situation and the problem of identity among Yugoslav women-migrants of rural origin.

122 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Migracija žena u Evropi' (`The migration of women in Europe'), Casopis za kritiku znanosti, Ljubljana, 1980, 8 (38-9): 172-193. This paper deals with the invisible dimension of labour migration in Europe: emigration of women. Its purpose is (a) to draw attention to the invisibility of the phenomenon and (b) to give evidence of migrant women's economic contribution to the migratory processes. The specificity of migrant women lies in their combined subordination as women, as workers at the bottom of social hierarchy and as migrants. This condition of a `multiple negative' has consequences for their physical and mental health. Besides the ill effects, the conflicts that migrant women are exposed to daily can be a basis for consciousness-raising and increased awareness of their role in society.

123 MOROKVASIC, Mirjana , `Zene iz Jugoslavije na radu u Evropi' (`Women from Yugoslavia working in Europe'), Sociološki pregled, Beograd, 1982, 16 (4): 21-33. The author questions the tradition-modernity perspective in interpreting changes due to migration and provides a new analytic framework. The empirical evidence suggests that migratory experience, although apparently providing migrant women with conditions for economic independence through paid work, does not eradicate women's subordination.

124 NIKOLIC, Miodrag M , `Pozitivne i negativne implikacije zapošljavanja u inostranstvu i moguća rešenja' (`Positive and negative implications of employment abroad and possible solutions'), Marksistička misao, Beograd, 1977, no. 3: 170-180. The author classifies positive and negative effects of labour transfer and emphasizes negative aspects specific to Yugoslavia: the illusion that unemployment is decreasing; the lack of possibilities for workers to benefit from their constitutional rights; the slowing down of growth of the forces of production and the relations of production; brain-drain and weakening of the defence capacity of the country. The author makes recommendations for resolving the problem of labour exodus.

125 PECAR, Janez , `Migranti kao počinioci i žrtve (krivičnih kažnjivih djela)' (`Migrants as perpetrators and victims of crime'), Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana, 1981, 18 (1): 111-125. The framework for this article is internal migration in Yugoslavia (to Slovenia). Although the number of overt crimes committed by emigrants does not exceed those of the natives, the attention of agencies of formal social control is almost always focused on offences committed by emigrants. The situation in Slovenia is not much different although the occurrence of crime among migrants exceeds that of the local population. The crimes and offences committed by migrants and the victimization of seasonal labour calls for a specific criminological approach in the study of negative phenomena related to labour migration.

126 PEPEONIK, Zlatko, Jugoslavenska ekonomska emigracija u Svedsku (Yugoslav labour emigration to Sweden), doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, 1973, 350 pp. The author analyses the socio-economic conditions under which the originally `temporary' migrants turn into permanent `temporary' migrants during their stay in Sweden. Necessary measures concerning preservation of national identity and the reintegration of returnees are suggested.

127 PETAK, Antun , `Motivi zapošljavanja u inozemstvu' (`Motives for employment abroad'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1969, 13 (3): 395-418. The investigation was carried out in 1966 on a sample of 2,443 persons by interviewing and mail survey. Motives for emigrating were grouped in primary and secondary, or economic, and tertiary, or general motives and those related to the structural characteristics of the population and the level of development of the region and place of origin. There is evidence that the motives of women and men differ considerably: women go mainly because of primary motives such as unemployment and low wages. Further evidence suggests a trend of a continuous improvement in the skill-level of persons leaving the country. In that phase of Yugoslav emigration, the problem of the second generation was not yet encountered.

128 PETKOVSKI, Boro , `Integracijom ka asimilaciji' (`From integration to assimilation'), Socijalizam, Beograd, 1980, 23 (7-8): 140-158. Since 1973 the immigration countries have followed the policy of integrating second-generation migrants. Such a policy has had long-term economic, political, educational and other effects and has come into conflict with the elementary national and other rights of foreign workers. The author argues that the process of integration is taking place systematically and without conflicts. Using evidence from the Federal Republic of Germany, the author concludes that Yugoslavia has not done enough to counter the assimilation policy, in particular in education. The situation of the second generation is getting worse, it finds itself in an `empty space'.

129 PETROVIC, Brigitte , `Deca stranih radnika školskog uzrasta u SR Njemačkoj' (`School-age children of foreign workers in the Federal Republic of Germany'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 327-340. The author makes an estimate of the number of school-age second-generation children in Germany and, particularly, the number of Yugoslav children: 200,000 of which 27,000 are of school age. The author discusses the fact that 60 percent of foreign pupils do not finish elementary school; the formal obstacles to family immigration; prejudices in German society; and slow progress of children in the nationally mixed classes. The children's fate is determined from the beginning: they develop into `neurotic, doubly illiterate and asocialized people'.

130 PETROVIC, Zoran . `Strani radnici o Nemcima i Nemci o stranim radnicima' (`Foreign workers on Germans and Germans on foreign workers'), Sociološki pregled, Beograd, 1972, 6 (1-2): 37. After a brief outline of post-war employment conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany, the author analyses the multiple benefits for German capital of employing foreign imported labour, and, in that context, of Yugoslav labour as well. The focus of the paper, however, remains limited to the West German newspaper coverage of foreign workers' issues. At the same time the author points out some problems specific to the Yugoslav economic migrants.

131 PETROVIC, Zoran , `Ekonomsko i pravno značenje `puffer` funkcije ekonomskih migracija' (`Economic and legal meaning of the buffer function of labour migration'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1973, 17 (7-8): 1304-1336. The author adopts the notion `Pufferfunktion', coined by Bingemer in his analysis of the economic and legal regulation of the labour-capital relationship in Western Germany. The argument is that the buffer function is reflected in the emergence of a reserve army of labour, no longer national but international. Thereby, the opportunity for manipulating both domestic and foreign labour is increased. The Yugoslav economy is, as a result, drawn into the economic fluctuations of capitalism.

132 PETROVIC, Zoran , `Na marginama ekonomskih odnosa zemalja emigracije i imigracije' (`On the margins of the economic relations of emigration and immigration countries'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1973, 17 (1): 48-96. This article is based on German statistical data. The author argues that immigrant workers in Germany work for an economy that hinders the development of economies of their own countries and, thereby, contributes to the reproduction of the conditions which have led to their emigration. The author points to the alarming exodus of skilled labour from Yugoslavia and to the educational structure of other immigrants in Germany. Various strategies of West German firms to maintain immigrants at a low skill-level and thereby close opportunities for vertical mobility are also presented. Finally, various trends in German sociology concerning foreign workers are analysed.

133 PETROVIC, Zoran , `Porodice stranih radnika i politika kapitala' (`Migrant workers' families and capital'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1975, 19 (1): 35-62. This paper focuses on the legal position of migrant workers in the framework of immigration policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. With the arrival of families the rotation model is gradually being confronted with the model of integration.

134 PETROVIC, Zoran , `Odanost i zapošljavanje' (`Fidelity and employment'), Naše teme, Zagreb, 1976, 20 (2-3): 291-328. The political rights of immigrants in the Federal Republic of Germany are restricted. Political activity has to remain within the limits of the law on foreigners and sanctions are left to the discretion of civil servants.

135 PRIMORAC-DAVIDOVIC, Milena , `Privremena ekonomska emigracija i problemi integracije u novo društvo' (`Temporary labour migration and problems of integration into a new society'), Socijalna politika i socijalni rad, Beograd, 1975, 20 (1-2): 69-81. The author argues that rural emigrants from Yugoslavia have more problems of integration than other emigrants. Adaptation is made more difficult because of the tendency of immigration countries to assimilate foreigners as a homogeneous group.

136 PRIMORAC, Milena ,Strani radnici: Sociološki aspekti privremene ekonomske emigracije (Foreign workers: sociological aspects of temporary economic emigration) Beograd, SIC, 1980, 200 pp. The author's assumption is that sociology as a general science about society can provide the broadest approach to such a complex phenomenon as international migration. The following areas of temporary employment abroad are analysed: capitalism and employment of foreign workers, foreign workers in production, housing, labour, union and political rights, prejudice and discrimination, adaptation and integration and, finally, social classes and foreign workers. The author underlines the well-known aspects of migrant labour employment: bad conditions and discrimination, lack of rights on the one hand and benefits for the immigration countries on the other. According to the author, the cause of migration is not the capitalist mode of production, but industrial production.

137 PRIMORAC, Milena , `O povratku naših radnika iz inostranstva' (`About the return of our workers from abroad'), Sociološki pregled, Beograd, 1982, 16 (1-2): 3-42. Socio-economic preconditions for the return of Yugoslav workers from Sweden are discussed. The chances of return are minimal because of the increased number of unemployed. According to the author, the greatest obstacle to return lies in the fact that a considerable number of emigrants are peasants. Since the agricultural and rural areas are still economically the weakest in Yugoslavia, a massive return of peasants from Sweden would require a change in the economic and political attitude to rural areas which would encompass a full recognition of the social role of peasants, their status and their future in a socialist society.

138 PRVULOVIC, Petar . `Sociološki aspekti zapošljavanja radnika-povratnika iz inostranstva' (`Sociological aspects of the employment of returnees from abroad'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1980, 22 (3-4): 377-389. This article deals with the problem of implementation of political decisions and scientific recommendations concerning the employment of returnees in Yugoslavia. The author stresses the specific position of Serbia proper (without regions): it accounts for 38 percent of the total of those unemployed, for 19.5 percent of workers temporarily employed abroad and for only 8.7 percent of those who return from abroad.

139 RAJIC, Ljubiša , `Sociolingvistički aspekti dvojezičnosti Jugoslovena na radu u Svedskoj i Norveškoj' (`Sociolinguistic aspects of bilingualism among Yugoslav workers in Sweden and Norway'), Godišnjak saveza društava za primijenjenu lingvistiku Jugoslavije, Beograd, 1978, no. 2: 29-43. Over one million Yugoslav migrant workers have been or still are living abroad, many of them with their children. The need to communicate among themselves and with the environment they live and work in has brought about the development of bilingualism and/or multilingualism. Depending on sociological, psychological, pedagogical and linguistic factors, they tend to forget their mother tongue and to learn the foreign language to some degree. Certain features characterize both processes, involving the different levels of the language system and its use. The most common result of such a development is poor competence in both languages, that is, so-called double semi-lingualism rather than bilingualism, and the complementary use of both of them. As far as the children are concerned, especially those born abroad and those who arrived young enough to acquire the new language in a natural way, their mother tongue very often suffers considerable changes, and the complementary use of the two languages is even stronger.

140 SABITOVIC, Nesud , `Neki aspekti spoljnje migracije' (`Some aspects of external migration'), Pregled, Sarajevo, 1970, 60 (7-8), 136-144. The author assesses the motives of Yugoslav workers who left for abroad and points out the criteria for social and institutional involvement in a long-term migration policy.

141 SAKSIDA, Stane , `Teze o hipotezama za proučavanje socijalne stratifikacije' (`Premises for analysing social stratification'), Marksističke sveske, Sarajevo, 1972, 7 (1-2): 57-60. A summary of a model for the investigation of social stratification, mobility and migration. It combines two sets of theories: Marxist class theory and the contemporary theory of social stratification.

142 SAKSIDA, Stane , Numeričko-taksonomska analiza i klasifikacija društvenih grupa. Faktorska analiza (Numerical-taxonomic analysis and classification of social groups. Factor analysis), Ljubljana, Institut za sociologiju, 1973, 89 pp. The investigator developed a model for analysis of social stratification. The investigation was carried out on a segment of the Yugoslav population from developed and under-developed regions. The model is applicable also to the migration processes.

143 SAKSIDA, Stane , CASERMAN, Andrej and PETROVIĆ , Krešo , `Društvena stratificacije i pokretljivost u jugoslavenskom društvu' (`Social stratification and mobility in Yugoslav society'), in Rudi Supek (ed.), Klase i slojevi; prilozi izučavanju društvenog sistema (Classes and strata: a contribution to the analysis of the social system), Zagreb, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1977, 53-92. The assumption of this article is that none of the system models for investigation of social stratification and mobility developed so far can be successfully applied to the analysis of Yugoslav society because it is based on completely different role hierarchies. In Yugoslav society, one's position in one of the hierarchies is an insufficient prediction for a position in other hierarchies. The authors develop a model to investigate the functioning of hierarchies in developed and undeveloped parts of Yugoslavia. Data collected in a snowball sample of 3,584 persons in 1970 were analysed and led to the establishment of three basic hierarchies: general, political and consumption hierarchy.

144 SENTIC, Milica et al. , Migracije stanovništva Jugoslavije (Migration of Yugoslav population), Beograd, Institut društvenih nauka, 1971, 386 pp. An overview of internal and external mobility of the Yugoslav population in the period after the war and population projections for the period 1968-86.

145 STARE, Franci , Možnost vraćanja naših delavcev v tujini v domovino (The possibility of the return of our workers abroad), Ljubljana, Delavska enotnost, 1982, 124pp. This study investigates the demographic and economic conditions for return of Slovenian and other Yugoslav workers from work abroad. The aim was also to develop a methodology for the observation of return migration.

146 STOJAK, Rudi , `Vanjske migracije s produčja općina Livno i Duvno' (`Migration abroad from the communes of Livno and Duvno'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1976, no. 29: 40 pp. Based on an empirical survey carried out in 1971 on a sample of 4,640 people (one third of the total emigrants from Livno and Duvno). It contains descriptive data complementary to the 1971 population census. Data can be grouped in five areas: first, emigrants are mainly unskilled and therefore have little choice in access to employment abroad; secondly, separation from the family has an impact on family life, marital relationships, socialization of children, housework; thirdly, the majority are left unprepared for life and work abroad; fourthly, living conditions and diet abroad are inadequate; fifthly, the majority expressed readiness to return to the social sector of employment and to invest money in firms in the region of origin.

147 STOJAK, Rudi , `Traganja za novim konceptima u istraživanjima o vanjskim migracijama' (`Looking for new concepts in the studies on migration'), Opredjeljenja, Sarajevo, 1981, 12 (3): 91-95. The author criticizes the empirical studies carried out so far in Yugoslavia and suggests new areas and methodology other than survey type.

148 STOJANOVIC, Ilija and VUKOSAVLJEVIC, Tatomir , `Sociopsihološko stanje naših učenika u inozemstvu i dopunska nastava — na primeru Hamburga' (`Sociopsychological condition of our pupils abroad and supplementary teaching. The Hamburg example'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1978, no. 41: 41 pp. Empirical investigation of 171 Yugoslav pupils in the classes of supplementary mother-tongue teaching in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. The study provides evidence that pupils are distanced from their homeland (50 percent speak German among themselves, 12 percent use German at home and 51 percent have a German as best friend), but they still keep patriotic feelings. A desire to return to Yugoslavia was expressed by 84 percent.

149 STOLTING, Wilfried , Die Zweisprachigkeit jugoslawischer Schüler in der Bundersrepublik Deutchland. (Bilingualism among Yugoslavian school children in the Federal Republic of Germany) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1980, 240 pp. A very interesting investigation of the bilingualism of Yugoslav children, based on a study of 100 Yugoslav pupils in the schools of Essen carried out in 1973-5. The findings are also policy oriented: in order to achieve an intragroup bilingualism, both countries (Yugoslavia and Germany) should change the teaching in their respective schools so that German teachers learn the rudiments of the mother tongue of foreign children while the Yugoslav teachers in supplementary classes should know German. Teaching curricula should also be coordinated.

150 SKARA, Ljubica , `Ekonomska emigracija stanovništva kao negativan fenomen društvenog i privrednog razvoja Srbije' (`Economic emigration as a negative phenomenon of the social and economic development of Serbia'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1972, 14 (1): 5-31. The author enumerates the fundamentally negative effects of emigration and argues in favour of an employment policy that would stop the outflow of young, skilled and productive labour.

151 TANIC, Živan , `Ekonomska emigracija: klasno ordredjenje i svest' (`Economic emigration: class determination and consciousness'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1972, 14 (3): 441-460. The lack of class consciousness among Yugoslav economic emigrants abroad can be explained by their rural origin, insecurity as to which working class they belong to, their isolation and their relationship to both country of origin and country of immigration. There are various signs of the formation of class consciousness, but where this does not exist there is evidence of ethnocentrism, linked with the traditional culture of origin, and an orientation towards earning.

152 TANIC, Zivan , `Sociološko objašnjenje radnih emigracija' (`Sociological explanation of labour emigration'), Sociologija, Beograd, 1973, 15 (2): 165-180. Fifteen million workers and their families are being displaced in various European and overseas countries. The author proposes an approach for sociological investigation of migration where he formulates four these about the relationship between determinant factors of development and social changes in migration.

153 TANIC, Zivan , `Emigraciona žarišta u Bosni i Hercegovini' (`The sending areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina'), Pregled, Sarajevo, 1973, 63 (6): 687-704. Emigration from Bosnia and Herzegovina is different from emigration from other parts of Yugoslavia. The author establishes three criteria of differentiation: structure of emigrant population, characteristics of emigration areas, regional intensity of emigration abroad. He is critical of some classical theories explaining emigration where the factors of consciousness are left out although they sometimes play a determinant role.

154 TANIC, Zivan , Seljaci na Evropskim raskrsnicama (Peasants at the crossroads of Europe), Beograd, Institut za društvene nauke, 1974, 311 pp. This book puts in question a rather widespread opinion that the main reasons for contemporary labour migrations, including the Yugoslav case, are social and economic underdevelopment. The findings are based on an investigation carried out in rural Serbia with favourable conditions for agriculture, but where the emigration rate was high.

155 TANIC, Zivan , Proletarijat izvan domovine (The proletariat outside the home country), Beograd, Prosveta, 1979, 255 pp. The first part of the book examines the conditions of migrant labour in contemporary capitalism; the second part is devoted to the analysis of Yugoslav emigration and the third part deals with a specific problem of present and future perspectives, the outmigration of experts and skilled workers from Yugoslavia.

156 TANIC, Zivan , `Povratak radnika iz inozemstva i zapošljavanje' (`The return of workers from abroad and employment'), Ekonomski pregled, Zagreb, 1976, 26 (11-12): 941-950. Employment of workers returning from abroad should be envisaged within medium term development plans. The capacity of the economy for absorption is limited, but the labour supply will also tend to decline in the future. Preconditions for returning workers should be developed: the cessation of the direct outmigration from agriculture to secure a more favourable geographical mobility of the population, retraining and rationalization of the labour process. Skilled returnees should be approached direct so that the maximum benefit can be obtained from their experience abroad.

157 TANIC, Zivan , `Labor-exporting countries; the case of Yugoslavia', in R. E. Krane (ed.), International labor migration in Europe, New York, Praeger, 1979, 173-186. Outlines the characteristics of Yugoslavia as a traditional labour exporting country. Yugoslav emigrants maintain strong national and cultural homogeneity abroad and they slowly build certain new values from their new environment into the patterns of traditional behaviour.

158 TOS, Niko et al. , `Projekt “Slovenski radnici u Njemačkoj”— sociološki vidici emigracije, uključivanja u imigrantsko društvo te vraćanja u domovinu' (`Project: Slovenian workers in Germany — a sociological approach to emigration, integration into immigration society and return'), Migracije-Bilten, FSPN Ljubljana, 1973, no. 1, 104 pp. The view that migration was treated as useful is no longer held in Yugoslavia. The costs of the outflow of human capital have become more and more obvious. Since the temporary character of emigration is an illusion, the essential aim of the investigation is to describe processes taking place between immigrant communities and immigrant society and to foresee the future of immigrant collectivities in Germany. Three models are operationalized: the social stratification model, the decision model and model of reality construction.

159 TOS, Niko and KLINAR, Peter , `A system model for migration research', in D. Kubat and A. Richmond (eds), International migration and adaptation in the modern world, London, Sage, 1976, 80-113. This model for investigating external migration has been developed from the models for investigating social stratification and mobility in Yugoslav society. It was used in a study carried out on a sample of Slovenian emigrants in 1974. It consists of three submodels: stratification and mobility, decision making and model of reality construction.

160 UDOVIC, Stjepan and VUKSANOVIC, M. Jugoslaveni u Svedskoj 1974 godine; komparativna studija (Yugoslavs in Sweden: a comparative study), Stockholm, Institute för socialforskning, 1979, 60 pp. Standard of living survey. Carried out on 139 Yugoslavs (a representative sample) and a comparative sample of Swedes.

161 UGLJESIC, Borben and BOKUN, Petar , Socijalno-psihijatrijski aspekti naše ekonomske emigracije (Social-psychiatric aspects of our economic migration), Split, General Hospital Split, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1974, 193 pp. (survey report). The findings are based on an investigation carried out in 1973 in the emigration areas of Dalmatia. The authors argue that work abroad has accelerated if not also caused the psychological disturbances which can be observed among 4 percent of the migrants (but among their family members as well).

162 ULE, Mirjana and ULE, Andrej , Transformacija emigrantske porodice; raskol identiteta (Migrant family transformation; split identity), Ljubljana, Institut za sociologiju Sveučilišta u Ljubljana, 1982, 40 pp. (survey report). A pilot study carried out on twenty families in Munich in 1981. Method: intensive interviewing of all family members and participant observation. The family as the place of individual and social integration plays a compensating role when conflicts arise. There is a tendency to withdraw into the family and to distance oneself from German society.

163 VAJS, Edita , `Savremeni procesi medjunarodne ekonomske integracije i migracija radne snage' (`Contemporary processes of international economic integration and labour migration'), in D. Lukač et al. , (eds.), Ljudski faktor u socijalističkoj robnoj proizvodnji (The human factor in socialist production), Političke sveske II, Beograd, Institute for political studies FPN, 1969, 121-131. A general overview of factors which, with the internationalisation of production, are responsible for the migration of labour. The author foresees certain trends concerning the position of migrants in the receiving countries. As regards Yugoslavia, emigration should not be treated as a solution to problems of unemployment.

also Revija za sociologiju, Zagreb, 1980, 10 (3-4): 123-130. An overview of trends in Yugoslavia's external migration and of Yugoslav migration policy.

165 VINSKI, Ivo , Zapošljavanje Jugoslavena u inozemstvu (The employment of Yugoslavs abroad), Zagreb, Ekonomski Institut, 1970, 20 pp. Under the conditions of the economic development in Yugoslavia so far, the author argues that in the 1980s the individual motives for migration abroad would disappear since the workers will be able to satisfy their aspirations in Yugoslavia.

166 VINSKI, Ivo , `Ljudski kapital i netoprodukt suvremene jugoslavenske emigracije' (`Human capital and the net product of Yugoslav emigration'), Ekonomski pregled, Zagreb, 1972, 22 (3-4): 117-130. An estimate that the value of human capital expressed in expenses of upbringing and education is, in the case of Yugoslav emigration, US$ 6.8 billion. This is about one tenth of the gross value of Yugoslav fixed capital. Yugoslav workers abroad produced in 1971 about US$ 3 billion net, only one fifth was transferred to Yugoslavia as hard currency remittances.

167 VINSKI, Ivo , `Troškovi školovanja djece radnika na privremenom radu u inozemstvu' (`The education expenses for children of workers temporarily working abroad'), Ekonomski pregled, Zagreb, 1973, 23 (1-2): 43-54. The author estimates that the cost of educating children with parents abroad is 7 percent of the total expenditure on education in Yugoslavia. He argues for the return of this amount to Yugoslavia: Yugoslav workers pay a contribution for the schooling of their children in the countries of immigration, although their children go to school in Yugoslavia.

168 ZUPANOV, Josip , Sociološki pristup problematici vanjskih migracija. (A sociological approach to the question of outmigration), Zagreb, Ekonomski Institut, 1973, 18 pp. The author argues for a sociological approach appropriate to the problems of emigration countries and against borrowing from the sociology of migration of the immigration countries. Migration is conceived as mobility of individuals in socio-cultural systems, the individuals are the first step in the analysis of a dynamic configuration of intersystem migration space where the structures further influence individual mobility. Finally, the sociology of migration should in addition focus on individual calculations of migrants. The author suggests longitudinal surveys and as method of data analysis, a typology of orientations and behaviour of migrants.

169 ZUPANOV, Josip , `Druga generacija migranata' (`Second generation migrants'), Rasprave o migracijama, Zagreb, 1977, 39: 8-26. What is the future of the migrants' children? According to the author, their chances for upward mobility are minimal, the majority will reproduce the subproletariat and a socially discriminated ethnic minority. After a thorough analysis of mechanisms which enable the immigration countries to establish this type of reproduction, the author elaborates on possible reactions of foreign youth to the position in which they are economically and socially deprived. The author suggests that the emigration of families should be reduced and that children should be educated in their home country.

170 ZUPANOV, Josip , `Obrazovanje i odgoj diece jugoslavenskih gradjana u inostranstvu kao problem politike' (`Education and upbringing of Yugoslav children abroad as a policy problem'), in `Obrazovanje radnika migranata i njihove djece u zemljama prijema' (`Education of migrant workers and their children in the immigration countries'), Rasprave o migracijame, Zagreb, 1978, no. 47, 7-20. Possible policy orientations should depend on whether the stay of migrants abroad is permanent or temporary. The author differentiates between various levels of identification with the receiving country and the country of origin which can vary from the feelings of belonging as a positive factor to biculturalism or double national identity. He is critical of the present Yugoslav policy of complementary education of children abroad and suggests measures for improving it.

171 ZUPANOV, Josip , `The second generation and integration', in I. Municio (ed.), Family and position in the Swedish society, Stockholm, Commission for Immigrant Research, 1981, Volume 2: 307-20. The author argues that the policy of integration is but a starting point in solving the problems of the second generation. Other changes in all areas of social life have to be initiated. Only then, the lasting results regarding the position and prospects of the second generation immigrants can be expected.