Bibliography

1 Le instituzion militari e l'ordinamento constituzionale (The military organization and the constitutional position). Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1974. A mildly critical analysis of civilmilitary relationships from the perspective of the Italian Communist Party.

2 Sense about defence. The report of the Labour Party Defence Group. London, Quartet Books, 1977, 166pp. A highly critical analysis of the economic and social implications of defence expenditure in Great Britain. Implicit thesis that level of defence expenditure is markedly affected by decisions of military-industrial complex.

3 The report of the President's commission on an all-volunteer armed force (Gates Commission Report). Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1970. A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of introducing the all-volunteer force in the United States.

4 `Zielsetzung und Methode der Militargeschichteschreibung', Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 20, 1976: 9-19. A review of the relationships between the study of armed forces as military history and other forms of history. Argues in favour of a more general and wider approach to military historiography.

5 ABADEL MALEK, Anouar , Egypte société militaire. Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1962. Analysis of the sociological character of the military régime in Egypt. The study includes an evaluation of the role of the army in the industrial development of Egypt.

6 ABRAHAMSSON, Bengt , Military professionalization and political power. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1972, 184pp. A complex assessment of military professionalization which combines both a theoretical study and a comparative analysis of modern practice. The book re-examines the original hypotheses of The professional soldier (244) and posits additional conceptual questions for further study.

7 ABRAMS, Philip , `The late profession of arms', European Journal of Sociology, 6, 1975: 238-261. One of the first studies of military professionalism to extend theories located in American practice. A critical evaluation of basic concept. The study analyses contemporary developments before arguing in favour of an alternative model of professionalism.

8 ABRAMS, Philip , `Democracy, technology and the retired British officer', in: 235: ch. VI. A study of the social origins and connections of British army officers. Based on more general sociological theory, this is a pioneering analysis of the British situation.

9 ABRAMS, Philip , `Armed forces and society: Problems of alienation', in: J. N. Wolfe and J. Erickson, The armed service and society: Alienation, management and integration. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1970: 24-42. Argues that isolation, powerlessness and meaningless in more or less intense forms are an inescapable probability of the military predicament in peace-time or in a democratic society.

10 ALBA, Victor , `The stages of militarism in Latin America': 266: 165-183. Argues that civilian society is highly critical of military legitimacy. The study links theory to a comparative analysis of developments in the selected region.

11 ALBRIGHT, David E. , `A comparative conceptualization of civil-military relations', World Politics, 22, 1980: 553-576. An outstanding and extensive `research note' with a very full and comprehensive bibliography. Looks critically at the Huntington thesis by testing it against civil-military relations in communist societies.

12 ALEXANDER, Robert J. , Today's Latin America. Garden-City, NY, Doubleday, 1962. Deals with the origins of military intervention in politics, twentieth-century militarism, change in the nature of the military, and changes in the position of the military in the Latin American countries.

13 AL-QUAZZAZ, Ayad , `Army and society in Israel', Pacific Sociological Review, 16, 1973: 143-176. An assessment of the central role of the military in determining the nature and character of political interaction in Israel. Considers critically the integration of the army and society.

14 AMBLER, John Steward , Soldiers against the state: The French army in politics. Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1968, 450pp. An important study of civil-military relationships which links potential military insubordination to the level of authority possessed by the government in power.

15 ANDRESKI, Stanislav , Military organization and society. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954. An analysis of the relationship between military organizations and social structures. Emphasizes the importance of the military participation ratio (MPR), the size of political units and their cohesion and patterns of subordination. Evolves a complex typology of military structures.

16 ARKHURST, Frerick, S. (ed.), Arms and African development — proceedings of the First Pan-African Citizens' Conference. New York, Praeger, 1972, 156pp. A volume edited by a former first secretary of the Ghana UN mission which concentrates on the scientific and technological impact of arms upon African states.

17 ARNADE, K. C. , `The technique of the coup d'etat in Latin America', in: A. N. Christensen (ed.), The evolution of Latin American government. New York, Henry Holt, 1951: 309-317. An examination of various techniques of coups d'etat in terms of preparations, organization and performance.

18 ARON, Raymond , `Remarks on Lasswell's “The garrison state” ', Armed Forces and Society, 5, 1979: 347-359. [Translated by E. Stern and M. Martin.] An assessment of the theoretical and empirical validity of Lasswell's original concept.

19 APTHEKER, H. , `Power in America', in: G. W. Domhoff and H. B. Ballard (eds), C. Wright Mills and the power elite. Boston, Beacon, 1968: 133-164. Critical study of distribution of power in American society. Argues that corporate wealth determines power distribution.

20 ASHFORD, D. E. , `Politics and violence in Morocco', Middle East Journal, 13, 1959: 11-26. Discusses the origin and social character of the Moroccan Army of Liberation.

21 ASHWORTH, A. E. , `The Sociology of trench warfare, 1914-1918', British Journal of Sociology, 19, 1968: 411-420. One of the few studies which set out to subsume the characteristics of warfare under more general propositions developed in the areas of organization theory and the sociology of alienation.

22 ASTIZ, Carlos A. , Pressure groups and power elites in Peruvian politics. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1969. A study of civil-military relationships which is concerned with the basic distribution of power in Peruvian society.

23 ASTIZ, Carlos A. , `The Argentinian armed forces: Their role and political involvement', Western Political Quarterly, 22, 1969: 862-878. A study of the specific role in politics of the Argentinian armed forces. Complements other specific studies of the role of the military in Latin American countries.

24 BADGLEY, John H. , `Burma's military government: A political analysis', Asian Survey, 2, 1962: 24-31. Discussion of the historical and immediate causes of the 1962 coup d'etat with special attention devoted to the military ideology.

25 BADGLEY, John H. , `Burma: The nexus of socialism and two political traditions', Asian Survey, 3, 1963: 89-95. Considers the political-ideological foundation of the military in Burma. Analyzes the means whereby the military seeks to aggregate its power by utilizing secular symbols and methods of rule.

26 BALD, Detlef , `The German officer corps: Caste or class?' Armed Forces and Society, 5, 1979: 642-668. An article in a special issue on civil-military relations in the Federal Republic of Germany. A study of the developments and trends of the social composition of the German officer corps during the twentieth century. Based on original empirical data.

27 BARKER, Thomas , Interdisciplinary studies on armed forces and society: An historian's perspective. Presented to 1980 Conference of Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Chicago, October, 8pp. A penetrating analysis of military history at the international level which argues in favour of an interdisciplinary approach to study of armed forces and society.

28 BARKER, Thomas M. , `Václav Eusebius z Lobkovic (1609-1677). Military entrepreneurship, patronage and grace', Austrian History Yearbook, 14, 1978: 31-50. A study of a supra-territorial élite which begins from the premise that class is too inexact a tool for analyzing complex societal relationships. Argues that military connections were important determinants of access to the strategic élite.

29 BARNET, R. J. , The economy of death. New York, Atheneum, 1969, 201pp. A highly critical analysis of the role of the military in society. Introduces notion of the armed forces as `military socialism'.

30 BARNETT, Correlli , `The education of military élites', Journal of Contemporary History, 11 (3) 1967: 15-35. A stimulating analysis which examines from a comparative perspective the education of military élites. Primarily an historical approach to the issue.

31 BAYLEY, C. C. , War and society in renaissance Florence: The De Militaria of Leonardo Bruno. Toronto, Toronto University Press, 1961, 360pp. An historical analysis which is concerned with one of the earliest periods in which civilmilitary relationships are a matter of some concern.

32 BAYNES, J. C. M. , Morale: a study of men and courage; the Second Scottish Rifles at the battle of Neuve Chapelle, 1915. London, Cassell, 1967. A primarily historical study which also raises fundamental questions about the characteristics of military organizations.

33 BAYNES, J. C. M. , The soldier in modern society. London, Eyre Methuen, 1972, 240pp. A study of the organizational characteristics of the British Army in the early 1970s. Draws heavily on official British statistics and statements. Useful analysis of public attitudes to the army which stresses the lack of awareness in civilian society of the contemporary role of armed forces.

34 BEBLER, Anton , `The African military, nationalism and economic development', Journal of African Studies, 8, 1973: 70-86. A perceptive article which adopts a Marxist standpoint for sociological analysis, thereby providing a less common evaluation of regional armed forces.

35 BEBLER, Anton , Military rule in Africa — Dahomey, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Mali. New York, Praeger, 1973, 267pp. A clearly presented portrait of the military in four African states. The study includes a rich variety of empirical evidence in an extended analysis of coups d'etat in these states.

36 BEBLER, Anton , `Development of sociology of military in Yugoslavia', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1976: 17-59. A cogent analysis of the sociology of the military which emphasizes the content matter of the discipline: war as a social phenomenon, the social role of armed forces in various types of contemporary societies, the Marxist view on the social nature of military force, and sociopolitical analysis of the National Liberation War and the national defence of Yugoslavia.

37 BECK, B. , `The military as a welfare institution', in: 398: 137-148. Argues that the army can be effective as a manpower programme because it does not have the reputation of being one, but instead has an accepted theory of social honour. To emphasize it as manpower programme is to jeopardize that effectiveness.

38 BELL, Raymond E., Jr. , `Military unions and military effectiveness: Austria as a case study, 1920-1934', in: 513: 74-94. A study of a unique example of a military trade union in an allvolunteer force. Concludes that unionism did not affect adversely military effectiveness in areas of `war fighting, civil disturbance operations, and civic action operations'.

39 BEN-DOR, G. , `Civilianization of military forces in the Arab world', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 317-327. A paper in a special issue on political participation under military régimes. Postulates a typology of the transition from military to civilian rule.

40 BEN-RAFAEL, Eliezer, LISSAK, Moshe , Social aspects of guerilla and anti-guerilla warfare. Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 1979, 96pp. A pioneering study which sets out to present a theoretical model of guerrilla and anti-guerrilla forces within the context of the sociology of conflict.

41 BERGER, M. , `Law and custom in the army', Social Forces, 25, 1946: 82-87. One of the earliest studies of the military as an organization.

42 BERGER, Morroe , Military élite and social change. Princeton, NJ, Centre for International Studies, Princeton University, 1960. One of the earlier studies of military modernization. Focuses on events in the Middle East by looking critically at the role of the military as a direct and indirect agent of social change in Egypt.

43 BERMAN, P. , Revolutionary organization. Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1974, 272pp. Uses the methodologies of psychology, organization theory and political science to an in-depth analysis of liberation armed forces.

44 BIDERMAN, Albert D. , `Towards redefining the military', Teachers College Record, 73, 1971: 47-58. Argues in favour of identifying the uniformed forces as an emergency organization designed to meet external threats, national disasters and large scale routine functions.

45 BIDERMAN, A. D. , SHARP, L. M. , `The convergence of military and civilian occupational structures', American Journal of Sociology, 73, 1968: 381-399. A significant analysis of the proposition that in contemporary armed forces, there is a marked convergence of military and civilian occupational structures.

46 BIDWELL, Charles , `The young professional in the army', American Sociological Review, 26, 1961: 360-372. A relatively early analysis of the role of the military professional in contemporary armed forces.

47 BIDWELL, Shelford , Modern warfare: A study of men, weapons and theories. London, Allen Lane, 1973. Useful comments on issues of military leadership with particular reference to Bion techniques.

48 BIENEN, Henry (ed.), The military intervenes: Case studies in political development. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1968, 175pp. A significant collection of essays which has stimulated a number of subsequent studies.

49 BIENEN, H. , `Transition from military rule', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 328-343. A paper which is part of a larger study of civilian-military relationships in Western State, Nigeria. Based on interviews with Nigerian politicians. Emphasizes the often overlooked importance of civil servants in military régimes.

50 BINKIN, Martin, BACH, Shirley J. , Women and the military. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1977, 135pp. Covers major topics of historical background, current policy, rights and benefits of women in armed forces, institutional attitudes and the move towards optimum utilization of women in the military. Concludes with an overview of foreign experience.

51 BLAIR, John D. , BACHMAN, J. G. , Soldiers, sailors and civilians. Ann Arbor, Mich., Institute of Social Research, 160pp. A comparative analysis of the attitudes of respondents in three groups towards the military organization. Reports that the attitudes of career enlisted naval personnel and officers were more pro-military than either non-career enlisted personnel or civilian comparison groups.

52 BLANKMAN, Robert L. , `An institutional alternative to unionization', in: 513: 305-322. Presents an analysis of the contemporary civil-military environment from an anthtopologist's point of view. Argues in favour of an alternative to or modification of existing military processes.

53 BLANKSTEIN, George I. , `Revolutions', in: H. E. Davis (ed.), Government and politics in Latin America. New York, Ronald Press, 1958: pp. 119-146. Types and anatomy of revolution in Latin America with some short case studies as examples (Mexico, Guatemala, and Bolivia).

54 BLUM, A. A. , `Soldier or worker: A re-evaluation of the selective service system', Midwest Quarterly, 13, 1972: 147-157. A critical analysis of the draft process in the United States which also serves as a commentary on the Gates Commission Report.

55 BLUMENSON, Martin , `The development of the modern military', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1980: 670-682. A rievew essay which examines critically three works: van Doorn, The soldier and social change (535), Feld, The structure of violence, armed forces as social systems (150) and Teitler, The genesis of the professional officers' corps (519).

56 BOBROW, Davis B. , `The civic role of the military: Some critical hypotheses', Western Political Quarterly, 19, 1966: 101-111. Notes five variables for the analysis of civic action: the social composition of the military, the skill level, the public image of armed forces, relationship of the military to civilian authority and the standard of self-evaluation within armed forces.

57 BOGART, D. L. , Social research and the desegregation of the U.S. army. Chicago, Markham, 1969, 393pp. Report of surveys carried out in the Korean war. Reinforces conclusions revealed in The American soldier (506) to the effect that the more contact white soldiers had with black troops, the more favourable was their reaction towards racial integration.

58 BONNET, Gabriel , Les guerres insurrectionnelles et révolutionnaires de l'antiquité a nos jours. Paris, Payot, 1958. Discussion of political, social, religious and economic antagonisms causing insurrections. Classifies types and analyzes the power and the weakness of insurrections and counter-insurrection movements.

59 BOND, B. J. , The Victorian army and the staff college 1854-1914. London, Eyre Methuen, 1972, 320pp. A perceptive and definitive analysis of the development of professionalism in the British Army.

60 BOOTH, R. F. , HOIBERG, A. , `Structure and measurement of marine recruit attitudes', Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 1974: 236-238. An empirically based analysis of individual attitudes which presents both the methodology and theory of measurement.

61 BOWERS, David G. , Navy manpower: Values, practices and human resources requirements. Ann Arbor, Mich., Institute for Social Research, June 1975. A useful examination of manpower problems in the US Navy.

62 BOWERS, David G. , Work values and preferences of officers and enlisteds in the U.S. army. Ann Arbor, Mich., Institute for Social Research, September 1975. A complementary study to Bowers, Navy manpower (61) which is derived from a scientific approach to individual attitudes within the US Army.

63 BOWERS, R. , `The military establishment', in: P. F. Lazarsfeld et al. (eds), The uses of sociology. New York, Basic Books, 1967: 234-273. An analysis of the development of sociological research in the military which argues that the diffuse structure which has emerged for this research articulated with the structure of the military.

64 BRADFORD, Z. B. , BROWN, F. S. , The United States army in transition. Beverly Hills, Cal., Sage, 1973, 256pp. A highly critical analysis of the United States Army in the post-Vietnam period.

65 BRADY, David, RAPOPORT, Leon , `Violence and Vietnam: A comparison of civilians and veterans', Human Relations, 26, 1973: 738-739. Concludes from a local sample, that field-grade army officers were significantly more violence prone than enlisted men. See 51 for a more developed study.

66 BRICKMAN, Annika , `Military trade unionism in Sweden', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1976: 529-538. A detailed analysis which forms part of a special study of trade unions in armed forces.

67 BRILL, William H. , Military intervention in Bolivia: The overthrow of Paz Estenssoro and the MNR. Washington DC, Institute for the Comparative Study of Political Systems, 1967. A detailed study of intervention in Bolivia which focuses on the political role of the military.

68 BRINTON, Crane , The anatomy of revolution. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1952. Influential study of English, French, American and Russian revolutions. Analyzes the types, stages and consequences of revolutions and argues that `revolution' is applicable only to rare periods of social change.

69 BROTZ, H. , WILSON, E. , `Characteristics of military society', American Journal of Sociology, 51, 1946: 371-375. An article in a special issue of the American Journal of Sociology devoted to `Human behaviour in military society'. Reflects general theme of widespread enlists' discontent within a rigidly feudal bureaucratic institution.

70 BROWN, James , `The military and society in Greece', Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 15, 1974: 245-261. A study which concludes that there is a low level of self-recruitment in the Greek armed forces, a high percentage of officers coming from the lower classes and a considerable percentage of officers coming from the underdeveloped and rural areas of the country.

71 BUCK, James H. (ed.), The modern Japanese military system. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1975, 253pp. A collection of essays on the historical overview, institutional characteristics, civil-military relations and external environment of the Japanese Self-Defence Forces (SDF).

72 BUSQUETS, Juan , El Militar de Carrera en Espana (The career military in Spain). Barcelona, Ariel, 1967, 298pp. An almost unique analysis of the Spanish Army as a profession and as an organization. Relies heavily on the theoretical framework put forward by Janowitz in The professional soldier (244).

73 BUTLER, Jack R. , `The all-volunteer armed force', Teachers College Record, 73, 1971: 27-39. A perceptive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the all-volunteer force in the United States.

74 BUTLER, J. S., Unsanctioned institutional racism in the U.S. army. PhD thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 1974. [Cited in Moskos, `The military', 393: 63.]

75 BYERS, R. B. , GRAY, C. (eds), Canadian military professionalism: The search for identity, Wellesley Paper No. 2. Toronto, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1973. Collection of analytical papers which include examination of military roles in the 1970s.

76 CALLARD, Keith , Political forces in Pakistan, 1947-1959. Vancouver, BC, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1950. Presentation of the political forces in Pakistan and analysis of the factors contributing to the deterioration of democratic institutions. Comparison of the emergence of the military élite as a new political élite with the decline of the professional politicians who led the national movement to independence.

77 CALVERT, Peter , `Revolution: The politics of violence', Political Studies, XV, 1967: 1-11. Calls for resumption of work on revolution as a political rather than a social phenomenon.

78 CALVERT, Peter , Revolution. London, Macmillan, 1970, 175pp. A rigorous examination of the origin and development of the concept of revolution and an analysis of the ways in which it has been and is being applied. A most useful comparison of Marxist and non-Marxist concepts of social revolution extends the initial area of enquiry.

79 CAMPBELL, Donald T. , McCORMACK, T. H. , `Military experience and attitudes towards authority', American Journal of Sociology, 62, 1957: 482-490. Analysis of the relationship among cadets in the United States Air Force in 1952 to authoritarian attitudes and length of military service. Concludes with reluctance that authoritarian attitudes decrease after twelve to eighteen months of military service.

80 CAMPBELL, Leon G. , The military and society in colonial Peru, 1750-1810. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1978. An analysis from an historical perspective of civil-military relations in eighteenth-century Peru.

81 CANBY, S. L. , Military manpower procurement. Lexington, Mass., Lexington, 1972, 313pp. A detailed analysis of the problems in contemporary society of manpower procurement. Stresses the difficulties of both recruitment and retention.

82 CARLETON, A. , `The Syrian coups d'etat of 1949', Middle East Journal, 4, January 1950: 1-11. Report on the internal and external political and social conditions leading to the series of coups in Syria in 1949.

83 CATTON, B. , The war lords of Washington. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1948, 313pp. An account of the role of the military in national decision-making in the United States during the second world war. Draws attention to the importance of senior officers as a prime power group.

84 CHANDESSAIS, E. , `Attitudes et motivations des candidats aux grandes écoles militaires', Revue francaise de sociologie, 2, 1961: 133-151. Analyzes attitudes and motivation of potential entrants to military academies. Suggests juxtaposition of two sets of values — one based on a traditional military ethos; the other on a more calculative economic ethos. (Journal edition is a special number on `Guerre — armée — société'.)

85 CHARIS, P. R. , `Civil-military relations in India', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1977: 3-28. An interesting study which looks critically at civil-military relationships in a particular case.

86 CHILDERS, G. W. , MAYHEW, B. H. , GRAY, L. N. , `System size and structural differentiation in military organizations: Testing a baseline model of the division of labour', American Journal of Sociology, 76, 1971: 813-829. Uses data from thirty-seven units of the US Coast Guard to find that size is positively related to number of occupations but negatively related to internal specialization.

87 CHORLEY, Katherine , Armies and the art of revolutions. London, Faber and Faber, 1943. Examines the conditions of revolution and the role of armies in their consolidation. Presents a theory of relations between the armed forces and the state and of the contrast between theory and practice.

88 CHORNEY, M. G. , Canadian forces job satisfaction study (men). Report 73-2, Canadian Forces Personnel Applied Research Unit, CFB Toronto, Downsview, Ontario. Argues that an understanding of the sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction will help make it possible for the military to improve the general well-being of its servicemen.

89 CHOUCRI, Nazli, NORTH, Robert C. , Nations in conflict: National growth and international violence. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1974, 339pp. A study of nations in conflict which examines the role of national growth and expansion in predisposing nations toward violence. Extensive use of empirical data is supplemented by a comprehensive bibliography. Uses statistical analysis techniques to identify variables and thereby operationalize postulated model.

90 CHRISTIEN, R. , `Changes in authoritarianism as related to situational factors', American Psychologist, 7, 1952: 307-308. An empirically based study of psychological phenomena which looks critically at authoritarian attitudes.

91 CLARK, Sir George , War and society in the seventeenth century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1958, 310pp. The definitive analysis of the subject field which encouraged the publication of many other volumes on war and society. The study concentrates on a wide-ranging area of interest rather than specific social phenomena.

92 CLARK, Harold F. , SLOAN, Harold S. , Classrooms in the military. New York, Teachers College Press, 1964. Documents the efficiency of armed forces in formal education, skill training and occupational improvement.

93 CLAYTON, James L. , `Does defense beggar welfare?' New York, National Strategy Information Center, 1979, 71pp. An analysis of the welfare versus warfare debate which looks critically at economic data and public expenditure.

94 CLINTON, R. L. , `The modernizing military: The case of Peru', Inter-American Economic Affairs, 24, 1971: 120. Another study of the role of the military in Latin America which begins from the premise that the military has an important modernizing role.

95 CLOTFELTER, James, GUY PETERS, B. , `Profession and society: Young military officers look outward', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 4, 1976: 39-51. Examines possible relationships between officers' contacts with civilians, and officers' perceptions of a wide civil-military gulf and of anti-military attitudes among civilians.

96 COATES, C. H. , PELLEGRIN, R. J. , Military sociology. University Park, Md., Social Science Press, 1965, 424pp. A valuable study which has served as the stimulus for many subsequent analyses of the subject field.

97 COCHRAN, C. L. , LUIS, L. R. , `Midshipman political characterization and academy socialization', in: C. L. Cochran (ed.), Civil-military relations. New York, Free Press, 1974: 115-139. A valuable analysis of the function of the military academy as a socializing institution.

98 COCKLIN, Robert F. , `Military unionism — A hoax and deception', in: 513: 265-271. Advances arguments which are totally opposed to the formation of military unions in USA. Argument based on constitutional grounds and on premise that military unions are counter-productive and destroy combat effectiveness.

99 COFFIN, T. , The armed society. Baltimore, Penguin, 1964, 287pp. One of the studies of the perceived dominance of the military in contemporary society.

100 COHEN, Stephen P. , The Indian army: Its contribution to the development of a nation. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1971, 216pp. A definitive study of the role of the Indian Army as a modernizing force in Indian politics which looks at both state and society.

101 COLTON, T. J. , Commissars, commanders, and civilian authority: The structure of Soviet military politics. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1979. Offers a participatory model of Soviet civil-military relationships in which civilian authorities afford the military an opportunity to participate in politics in return for military support.

102 COOK, J. F. , The warfare state. New York, Macmillan, 1962, 376pp. An exemplar of studies on the military-industrial complex in the United States.

103 COOPER, Richard, V. L. , Military manpower and the all-volunteer force. Santa Monica, Calif., RAND Report R-1450-ARPA, September 1977. A comprehensive analysis of the problems encountered in the maintenance-in-being of the all-volunteer force.

104 CORTRIGHT, David , `Unions and democracy', in: 513: 217-232. Arguments in favour of military unionization based on comparative experience of European armed forces. Concludes that unionization does not materially affect combat effectiveness of the military.

105 CORTRIGHT, David , Soldiers in revolt. New York, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975, 317pp. A critical account of the `GI Movement' which emerged in the American services during the Vietnam period as a concomitant of opposition to US policy.

106 CORVISIER, André, Le métier militaire en France aux époques des grandes transformations sociales. Chateau de Vincennes, Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, 1980. A report of the proceedings of the 1980 Bucharest conference of military historians which draws attention to the wide-ranging interest of such historians.

107 COTTON, Charles , `A Canadian view of the United States army', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1977: 475-480. A critical review of Savage and Gabriel (466) which suggests that the essential problems in the US Army in Vietnam were structural rather than social-psychological.

108 COTTON, Charles, A. , CROOK, Rodney K. , PINCH, Frank C. , `Canada's professional military: The limits of civilianization', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 365-390. Examines the broad direction of institutional change in Canadian military organizations with specific reference from 1966 to 1976. Argues that there are definite limits to civilianizing trends in military organizations.

109 COX, Thomas S. , Civil-military relations in Sierra Leone: A case study of African soldiers in politics. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1976. A valuable review of a specific case study which complements other regional studies.

110 CROKER, G. W. , `Some principles regarding the utilization of social science research within the military', in: E. T. Crawford and A. Biderman (eds), Social scientists and international affairs. New York, John Wiley, 1969: 185-194. A primarily theoretical review of the problems of research in military organizations.

111 CROZIER, Brian , The rebels: A study of post-war insurrections. London, Chatto and Windus, 1969. Comparative study of post-war insurrection and mass-movement rebellions in Algeria, Vietnam, Cyprus, Kenya (Mau Mau), Greece, Cuba, Indonesia, and Burma. Also deals with the uprisings against communist rule in Tibet, Hungary and East Germany.

112 CUNLIFFE, M. , Soldiers and civilians. Boston, Little, Brown, 1968, 499pp. A comprehensive study of civil-military relationships in the United States. Uses historical sources and sociological analysis to present a balanced account of these relationships.

113 CYRIEK , `Social changes in the officer corps of the Czechoslovak people's army', in: 532: 94-106. One of the few available sociological studies of a communist armed force.

114 DAVIES, A. K. , `Bureaucratic patterns in the navy officer corps', Social Forces, 27, 1948: 143-153. One of the first attempts to look critically at the military as a bureaucratic organization. The study identifies clearly those characteristics which are similar to the features of Max Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy.

115 DAVIS, J. W., Jnr. , DOLBEARE, K. W. , Little groups of neighbors: The selective service system. Chicago, Markham, 1968, 276pp. A systematic analysis of the conscription process in the United States.

116 DEAGLE, E. A., Jnr. , `Contemporary professionalism and future military leadership', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 406, 1973: 162-170. An extensive survey of the relationship between the defined characteristics of professionalism and the requirements of leadership.

117 DECALO, Samuel , Coups and army rule in Africa. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1976. Demonstrates the inadequacy of theories of civil-military relations which concentrate on the systemic deficiencies of African states. Points to the critical importance of intra-mural tensions and personal rivalries as commentaries on military interventions.

118 DE FLEUR, L. B. , GULLMAN, David , MARSHAK, William , `Sex integration at the U.S. Air Force Academy: Changing roles for women', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 607-622. Discusses the integration of 157 women into US Air Force Academy Class of 1980. Focuses on attitudes towards women cadets and on attitudes of men and women towards basic cadet training.

119 DEMETER, Karl , Das Deutsche Heer und Seine Offiziere (The German army and its officers). Berlin, Verlag von Reimar Hobbing, 1935. The classic and pioneering study of the social origins of the German officer corps which, through its concern with civil-military relationships, has served as a model for subsequent analysis.

120 DEMETER, Karl , Das Deutsche Offizierkorps in Geselleschaft und Staat, 1650-1945. Frankfurt-am-Main, Bernard und Graefe, 1962, 320pp. [English edition published as The German officer-corps in society and state. New York, Praeger, 1965.]. A development of Demeter, Das Deutsche Heer und Seine Offiziere which expands the discussion on armed forces and society. A classic essay.

121 DICKS, Henry V. , `National loyalty, identity and the international soldier', in: Lincoln P. Bloomfield, The power to keep peace. Berkeley, Calif., World Without War Council, 1971: 133-151. A study of the stresses experienced by soldiers employed on peace-keeping operations. Also see 394.

122 DICKS, H. V. , SHILS, E. A. , DINERSTEIN, H. S. , Service conditions and morale in the Soviet armed forces. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation, 1951. A pioneering analysis of the Soviet armed forces which seeks to employ established concepts and methodology in examination of a less well-studied military institution.

123 DIETZ, Peter J. , STONE, J. F. , `The British all-volunteer army', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 159-190. A comprehensive and well-written account of the experience in the United Kingdom of the all-volunteer army. Stresses the importance of organizational factors but tends to under-emphasize the significance of British civil-military relationships from 1956-75.

124 DOLLARD, J. , `Fear in battle', Infantry Journal, Washington DC, 1943. A conclusion that American volunteers in the Spanish Civil War cited hatred of the enemy more often as a source of support in combat than US troops in the second world war.

125 DOMINGUEZ, J. I. , `The civic soldier in Cuba', in: 281: 209-238. A study in an important compilation of essays which seek to look at the problems of political-military systems. Stresses the importance of the citizen-soldier concept.

126 DORNBUSCH, S. M. , `The military academy as an assimilating institution', Social Forces, 33, 1955: 316-321. An important study of the latent and manifest roles of military academies. An analysis which focuses on the importance of these academies as agencies of socialization.

127 DOWSE, Robert E. , `The military and political development', in: Colin Leys (ed.), Politics and change in developing countries. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1959. Argues that the sociology of the military, which centres on the professionalism and origin of the military élite, does not explain why the rule of the military in Africa suddenly becomes dominant.

128 DUDLEY, B. J. , `The military and politics in Nigeria: Some reflections', in: 532: 211-212. A critical assessment of the Finer thesis that there is a relationship between the level of political culture and the propensity for military intervention.

129 DUPUY, T. N. , `Burma and its army: A contrast in motivation and characteristics', Antioch Review, 20, 1960-61. Analysis of the factors underlying the transfer of power from U Nu to General Ne Win in 1958, with special reference to the social characteristics of the military and its top officers.

130 DURNING, K. P. , `Women at the Naval Academy: An attitude study', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 569-588. Uses Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) to determine nature of male and female sex role attitudes during the first year of sex integration of women at US Naval Academy. Concludes that men in contact groups moved toward more equalitarian views.

131 EDINGER, L. J. , `Military leaders and foreign policy-making', American Political Science Review, 57, 1963: 392-405. Argues in favour of evolving a theoretical framework for the analysis of civil-military relations.

132 EDWARDS, Lyford P. , The natural history of revolution. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1927. Sketch of the essential problems and indication of problematic research issues. Deals with preliminary symptoms of unrest and advanced symptoms of revolution and its cycles: rise of radicalism, reign of terror, return to normality, and the next revolution.

133 EKRICH, A. A. , The civilian and the military. New York, Oxford University Press, 1956, 340pp. A study of the role of armed forces which emphasized the dangers of growing military dominance in the United States.

134 EL-BARAWY, Rashed , The military coup in Egypt, Cairo, Renaissance Bookshop, 1952. Description of the historical background leading to the military coup of July 1952 in Egypt written by a devoted partisan of the revolutionary régime.

135 ELIAS, Norbert , `Studies in the genesis of the naval profession', British Journal of Sociology, 1, 1950: 291-309. A study which concludes that in the naval profession, as represented by the Royal Navy, there was greater reliance on middle and even lower-class personnel in the officer corps because men were needed to perform arduous and skilled tasks on board ship.

136 ELLIS, J. , MOORE, R. , School for soldiers. New York, Oxford University Press, 1974, 291pp. Supports the argument that the socialization process is more important than self-selection in shaping the professional attitudes and behaviour of the officer.

137 ENLOE, Cynthia , Ethnic soldiers. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin Books, 1980, 276pp. A pioneer study of the manner in which nation-states have used ethnicity to mobilize and deploy military forces.

138 ERICKSON, John , `Soviet manpower policies', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1974: 29-47. An analysis of the major social issues as they affect the Soviet armed forces in internal structural problems, changes in the military image, attitude of young civilians, codes of discipline, leadership, career development and status, professional identity, and corporate autonomy. Provides a useful bibliography of original Russian sources.

139 ETIENNE, U. , RENN, H. , ROSNER, A. , Der Soldat und Seine Freizeit: Eine Soziologische Analyse (The soldier and his leisure time: A sociological analysis). Bonn, Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, 1973, 135pp. [Vol. 14, Wehrsoziologische studies.] A survey of the leisure-time activities of 1,874 servicemen in 295 units of the Bundeswehr.

140 ETZIONI, Amitai , `The Israeli army: The human factor', Jewish Frontier, 26, November 1959: 4-9; also 27, January 1960: 9-13. Description of the social organization of the Israeli Army, its interrelations with Israeli society, and the causes of its esprit de corps, against the background of the structure of Israeli society.

141 EULAU, Heinz , `H. D. Lasswell's developmental analysis', Western Political Quarterly, 11, 1958: 229-242. A valuable critique of the garrison-state concept.

142 EVANS, Robert Jnr. , `The military draft as a share system: An economic view', Social Science Quarterly, 50, 1969: 535-543. An economic analysis which stresses the exploitation of conscripts as a source of manpower.

143 FABYANIC, Thomas A. , `Manpower trends in the British all-volunteer force', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 553-572. A perceptive and comprehensive analysis of the subject which is supported by both theoretical and empirical argument. Concludes that the uncertainty of manpower availability in a voluntary system inexorably leads to a decreasing cycle of manpower expectations.

144 FALL, Bernard B. , The Viet-Minh regime. Vancouver, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1956. Study of the internal social and political structure of the Viet-Minh régime in historical perspective, most specifically with the strategy and tactics of operations, and political wing of the army, and its ideological and psychological warfare, and the organization of the armed forces and economic problems.

145 FARIS, John , `An alternative perspective to Savage and Gabriel', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1977: 457-462. A perceptive review of `Cohesion and disintegration in the American army' (466). Stresses that a focus on institutional factors is too narrow an analysis of the causes of disintegration.

146 FEIT, Edward , The armed bureaucrats. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1973, 199pp. A comparative study of the military regimes of six countries (Spain, Argentina, Pakistan, Burma, Greece, Egypt) within a single theoretical framework. Focus is upon political and administrative aspects of military rule.

147 FELD, M. D. , `Information and authority: The structure of military organization', American Sociological Review, 24, 1959: 15-22. A pioneering study of the organization of armed forces which focuses on analysis of communicative networks and their effect upon exercise of authority.

148 FELD, M. D. , `Arms and the woman: Some general considerations', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 557-568. Examines the utilization of women in combat roles from an historical and sociological perspective. Considers critically the thesis that the use of women in combat legitimizes their claim to equal civic and political status with men.

149 FELD, M. D. , `Middle-class society and the rise of military professionalism', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 419-442. A revisionist thesis which argues that the origins of military professionalism can be placed much earlier than is assumed in most standard military histories.

150 FELD, M. , The structure of violence: Armed forces as social systems. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1977, 204pp. A collection of seven essays, using historical and sociological concepts, about the role of military institutions in Western society. A very full analysis of the military organization with particular reference to the social and political norms of armed forces. Emphasizes continuity of importance of military professionalism.

151 FINER, S. E. , The man on horseback: The role of the military in politics. London, Pall Mall Press, 1962, 268pp. A study of the nature of civil-military relations in countries of high, low and minimal levels of developed political culture. The book deals specifically with the predisposition of the military to intervene in the domain of the civil power. Also see 152, 153.

152 FINER, S. E. , `The man on horseback — 1974: Military regimes', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1974: 5-28. An assessment of the performance of military régimes which sets out a typology of military régimes based on two criteria: the extent to which armed forces control the major policies of the society, and the degree of overtness with which they do so.

A review of Perlmutter and Bennett (eds), The political influence of the military (428). Questions the typology of civil-military relationships adopted by the authors.

154 FIRESTONE, R. W. , `Social conformity and authoritarianism in the Marine Corps', Dissertation Abstracts, 20, 1959: 394. A review of the thesis that military life fosters authoritarian personality traits. Shows that there is no empirical evidence to support this proposition as it applies to the period of basic training.

155 FIRST, Ruth , The barrel of a gun. New York, Pantheon, 1970, 513pp. A major and invaluable work from a Marxist perspective on the relationship between military intervention and the nature of political power in Africa.

156 FISHER, S. N. (ed.), The military in the Middle East. Columbus, Ohio University Press, 1963. A collection of essays which inter alia look at the role of the military in modernization.

157 FITZGIBBON, Russell H. , Uraguay: Portrait of a democracy. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1954. Focuses on emergence of Uraguay as a democratic state and on manner in which parties, electoral systems, the power of the press and liberal education, contribute to modernization. Also see 158.

158 FITZGIBBON, Russell H. , `Revolutions: Western hemisphere', South Atlantic Quarterly, 55, 1956: 263-279. A critical analysis of mass revolutionary parties in Latin America, particularly the Aprista and Acison Democratic parties of Peru and Venezuela. Also refers to their counterparts in other Latin American countries.

159 FITZGIBBON, Russell H. , `The revolution next door: Cuba', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 334, 1961: 113-122. An analysis of the Cuban Revolution as a social movement, and a review of the problems of institutionalization. Considers specific role of Castro as a charismatic leader. Also see 120.

160 FLECKENSTEIN, Bernhard , `The military and labour union organizations in Germany', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 495-576. Analyzes both the present status of trade union groups in the German military and the transformation of the trade union opposition in the armed forces into more positive involvement and association.

161 FLUHARTY, Vernon L. , Dance of the millions: Military rule and the social revolution in Colombia, 1930-1956. Pittsburg, University of Pittsburg Press, 1957. Political analysis of the period of social upheaval and revolution in Colombia. Argues that the recent military dictatorship has paradoxically contributed toward democracy.

162 FOOT, M. R. D. , Men in uniform. London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1961, 275pp. A classic text which has served as the stimulus for much further research. Concentrates on, and stresses the importance of, the relationship between armed forces and the society within which they operate.

163 FOOT, M. R. D. (ed.), War and society: Historical essays in honour and memory of J. R. Western 1924-1971. London, Paul Elek, 1973. A mixed collection of essays arranged around the central themes of war and society.

164 FOWLER, K. M. , `The changing role of women in the armed forces', Army Journal, 1975. An analysis of the experience of Australian women in the armed forces. Stresses the historical context of the role of servicewomen.

165 FREEMAN, Felton D. , `The army as a social structure', Social Forces, 27, 1948: 78-83. One of the pioneer studies from a sociological standpoint of the army.

166 FRENCH, Elizabeth G. , ERNEST, R. R. , `The relationship between authoritarianism and acceptance of military ideology', Journal of Personality, 24, 1955: 181-191. A study of air force recruits which found no statistically significant increase in authoritarian levels over the period of basic training.

167 FRIEDRICH, Carl J. , `Some observations on Weber's analysis of bureaucracy', in: R. K. Merton et al., Reader in Bureaucracy. New York, Free Press, 1952: 27-33. A classic and often quoted comment on the identification of the original Weberian model of bureaucracy with military organizations.

168 GABRIEL, Richard A. , SAVAGE, Paul L. , Managers and gladiators: Directions of change in the army. New York, Hawkes Press, 1979, 145pp. A collection of essays looking at the post-Vietnam problems of the United States Army. Stresses the policy choices which confront the army and suggests avenues of future organizational development.

169 GALBRAITH, J. K. , How to control the military. New York, Signet, 1967, 95pp. A study of civil-military relationships in the United States. Stresses the notion of the military-industrial bureaucracy.

170 GALLIE, W. B. , Philosophers of peace and war. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977. A presentation of the Wiles Lectures which looks at the thoughts of Kant, Clausewitz, Marx, Engels and Tolstoy.

171 GALLOWAY, K. B. , JOHNSON, R. B., Jnr. , West Point: America's power fraternity. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1973, 448pp. A critical analysis of West Point on the grounds that West Point graduates have a monopoly of élite positions in the US military. Authors are particularly concerned with what they see as the élitist nature of West Point and the ideology on which this élitism is based.

172 GALTUNG, Joham, `U.N. forces and non-violence', Pax, 8, 1963, cited in Hanna Newcombe and Alan Newcombe Peace research around the world. Oakville, Ont., Canadian Peace Research Institute, 1969: 175. A study (written in Norwegian) of problems faced by soldiers employed in peace-keeping operations.

173 GARD, Robert G. , `The future of the military profession', in: Force in modern societies: The military profession, Adelphi Paper 103. London, IISS, 1973: 4. A review of the development of military professionalism which looks critically at contemporary problems and issues.

174 GARNIER, M. , `Changing recruitment patterns and organizational ideology', Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1972: 499-507. A complementary study to the author's analysis of change in the structure, function and role of armed forces in contemporary society. See 175, 176.

175 GARNIER, Maurice , `Some implications of the British experience with an all-volunteer army', Pacific Sociological Review, 16, 1973: 177-191. A review of the subject area which stresses the importance of the cultural system within which military organizations operate. See 174.

176 GARNIER, M. A. , `Technology, organizational culture and recruitment in the British Military Academy', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 3, 1975: 141-151. Concludes that since traditional patterns and criteria of recruitment still prevail in the British military which is technological, specific cultural and organizational factors can modify relationship between technological change and military structure.

177 GELLNER, John , Bayonets in the streets: Urban guerillas at home and abroad. Ontario, Canada, Collier-Macmillan, 1974, 196pp. An analysis of the thesis that soldiers can be used domestically in a police role. Concludes that they are not successful because internal constabulary functions require minimal not maximal use of force. Coincidentally examines characteristics of urban guerrillas.

178 GEORGE, A. L. , The Chinese communist army in action: The Korean war and its aftermath. New York, Columbia University Press, 1967, 255pp. A study of potential disintegration in the Chinese communist army after the promise of quick and easy victory was unfulfilled. Methodological weakness of study is reliance on prisoners of war as subjects.

179 GEORGE, G. , `Primary groups, organization and military performance', in: Little (ed.), Handbook of military institutions. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1971: 293-318. A succinct review of the relevant theory with particular attention paid to the practical difficulties which arise in attempts to use the primary group concept as a variable in research.

180 GERMANI, Gino , KOLMAN, Silbert , `Politics, social structure and military intervention in Latin America', Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 2, 1961: 62-81. Systematic comparative study of twenty Latin American countries in terms of civil-military relations, classifying the countries according to economic structure, stratification system, degree of cultural and economic homogeneity, identification with national symbols, and extent of regional differentiation in terms of economic and social variables. Six main stages of military relations are distinguished, and a typology of military-civil relations is suggested.

181 GINSBURY, Robert N. , `The challenge to military professionalism', Foreign Affairs, 42, 1964: 258-260. Discusses the problems which are faced in ensuring the development of military professionalism.

182 GIRADET, Raoul (ed.), La crise militaire francaise, 1945-1962: Aspects sociologiques et idéologiques. Paris, Armand Collin, 1964, 330pp. A classic study of the French armed forces which has served as the basis for further analyses.

183 GLICK, Edward B. , Soldiers, scholars and society. Pacific Palisades, Calif., Goodyear, 1971. A study of the efficacy of the military in education and training.

184 GOLDHAMER, Herbert , The Soviet soldier. New York, Crane, Russak, 1976, 350pp. Based almost exclusively on primary Soviet sources, this book examines the administrative and control system by which the day-to-day operations of the Soviet forces are regulated. Reproduces data for age, prior occupation and political activities of selected samples.

185 GOLDMAN, Nancy L. , `The changing role of women in the armed forces', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1973: 892-911. A report which concentrates on the changing roles of servicewomen in the male-dominated armed forces from both an historical and contemporary perspective. Anticipates gradual increase in number of active-duty women.

186 GOLDMAN, Nancy L. , `The utilization of women in the armed forces of industrialized nations', Sociological Symposium, 18, Spring 1977: 1-23. An essay which examines on a comparative basis trends and organizational aspects of the role of women in armed forces. Main theme is the identification of the variables which affect the utilization of women in the military.

187 GOLDMAN, Nancy L. , SEGAL, David R. (eds), The social psychology of military service. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1976, 303pp. Fourteen essays which consider topics as diverse as military socialization, the impact of military combat, reactions to the organizational environment, the military family, transition to the civilian community and patterns of civil-military relations. Supported by an extensive original bibliography.

188 GOMEZ, R. A. , Government and politics in Latin America. New York, Random House, 1960. The meaning of revolutions in the specific social context of Latin America, with discussion of some of the structural and social characteristics of the army and the cult of violence.

189 GOTTLIEB, David , Babes in arms: Youth in the army. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1980, 168pp. A study of young soldiers in America's all-volunteer army. Looks at the recruitment process, the rigours of basic training, the varieties of military work, the social aspects of army life and combat training.

190 GRACZYK, Jozef , `Social promotion in the Polish people's army' in: 532: 82-93. One of the few studies from a sociological perspective of the Polish Army.

191 GRACZYK, Jozef , Problemy Socjologiczne Ludowego Wojska Polskiego (Sociological problems of the Polish people's army). Warsaw, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1972. An approach which stresses the importance of collected empirical data as the basis of research. Looks at a random sample of students at Poland's three advanced military training schools in 1969-71. Uses an informational, socio-technical and ideological approach to the problems of military sociology.

192 GREENWOOD, David , `Constraints and choices in the transformation of Britain's defence effort since 1945', British Journal of International Studies, 2, 1976: 5-26. A critical analysis of the premise that economic factors have been decisive in shaping Britain's military stature, power and influence.

193 GREGORY, Stanford W. , `Towards a situated description of cohesion and disintegration in the American army', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1977: 463-473. A highly critical analysis of Savage and Gabriel's `Cohesion and disintegration in the American army' (466) which rejects the absolutist approach of the latter. An analysis which adopts a phenomenological approach that stresses the importance of the linkage between the military and the parent society.

194 GRUSKY, O. , `The effects of succession', in: 246. Documents the development of military-civilian congruence in the division of labour through a comparative analysis of business and military organizations. Uses a sample of 556 officers at USAF Academy.

195 GUTTERIDGE, William , Armed forces in new states. New York, Oxford University Press, 1962. Brief general introductory discussion of the functions of armed forces in new states, and a more specific survey of the problems of the public's attitudes and the recruitment to the armed forces in the states of Commonwealth Africa.

196 GUTTERIDGE, W. F. , The military in African politics. London, Methuen, 1969, 166pp. A definitive account of the role of military élites in the government and administration of third-world countries in Africa.

197 HACKETT, Sir John , The profession of arms. London, The Times Publishing Co., 1962, 68pp. A reprint of the three 1962 Lees Knowles lectures given at Trinity College, Cambridge.

198 HALL, E. T., Jnr. , `Race prejudice and negro-white relations in the army', American Journal of Sociology, 52, 1947: 401-409. A pioneer study which expands upon the findings of The American soldier (506).

199 HALL, R. L. , `Military sociology', in: H. L. Zetterberg (ed.), Sociology in the United States of America. Paris, UNESCO, 1956: 59-62. One of the earlier reviews of the state of the field which treats the military as a self-contained organizational entity.

200 HALPERN, Ben , `The role of the military in Israel', in: 266: 317-358. A critical inquiry into the origins of military organization and ideology which looks specifically at the contemporary role of the military in Israel.

201 HALPERN, Manfred , The politics of social change in the Middle East and North Africa. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1963. Comparative study of military roles in Middle-Eastern countries with analysis of the change in the army's traditional role. Analyzes the special characteristics of the military as a political instrument and the circumstances of intervention.

202 HALPERN, Manfred , `The Middle Eastern armies and the new middle class', in: 266: 277-316. A comparative study of military roles in Middle-Eastern countries. Stresses the significance of the change in the army's traditional role in terms of social changes in the Middle East. Special emphasis on problem of change from praetorian guard to an advance guard.

203 HALTINER, Karl , MEYER, Ruth , `Aspects of the relationship between military and society in Switzerland', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1979: 49-81. One of the few sociological studies of civil-military relationships in Switzerland. Utilizes the framework of a `crisis of legitimacy' to review contemporary attitudes in Switzerland to traditional army values, affective content of national symbols, efficiency of the military and the integration effects of a military system.

204 HAMER, W. S. , The British army: Civil-military relations, 1885-1905. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1970. A comprehensive analysis of civil-military relationships in Britain. Makes considerable use of public records and contemporary publications.

205 HANSEN, R. A. , `Career motivation and military ideology', in: 257: 119-136. An examination of civil-military relations in terms of the interphase of military régimes with civilian structures.

206 HANSEN, Roy A. , `Public orientations to the military in Chile', Pacific Sociological Review, 16, 1973: 192-207. An empirical investigation into the orientations of the Chilean public to military roles in defence, development and internal order. Based on data collected from 175 residents of the greater Santiago area. Rejects conclusions which argue that military in Latin America serve no legitimate military function.

207 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `Professionals in organizations', in: J. A. Jackson (ed.), Professions and professionalization. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970: 51-103. A review of the theory of profession which uses the Royal Air Force as a case study to evidence the postulated conclusions.

208 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `Dysfunctional consequences of military professionalization', in: 257: 139-166. Argues that aspects of ascriptive professionalization are dysfunctional in that expectations are not set within the military organization.

209 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `Trade unions in armed forces', in: 513: 54-73. A comparative analysis of two union models: the continental model where the military sub-culture is seen to be `entitled' to certain basic, if not material, rights and an insular model. Here, the civil élite is presumed to provide for the needs of the military.

210 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `From conscription to volunteer armies', in: Force in modern societies: The military profession. Adelphi Paper 103. London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1973: 1-13. A review of structural changes within British armed forces consequent upon the introduction of the all-volunteer force.

211 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `The development of professionalism in the Victorian army', Armed Forces and Society, 1975: 472-489. A survey of the origins and development of professionalism in the British armed forces by referring back to the example of the Victorian army. Argues that emergent professionalism originated earlier than is normally accepted.

212 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , VAN DOORN, J. , The military and the problem of legitimacy. London, Sage, 1976: 217pp. A collection of ten essays which look at such aspects of civil-military relationships as the theme of legitimacy, the search for legitimacy and the integration of armed forces in the parent society.

213 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , The army in Victorian society. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977, 320pp. A study which combines historical and sociological approaches in the examination of the relationship between armed forces and the host society. Argues that the former is materially affected by societal preferences.

214 HARRIES-JENKINS, G. , `The British experience with the all-volunteer force', in John B. Keeley (ed.), The all-volunteer force and American society. Charlottesville, Va., University Press of Virginia, 1978: 81-149. A study of the social, political and economic costs of the contemporary British all-volunteer force.

215 HARROD, Frederick S. , Manning the new navy: The development of a modern naval enlisted force, 1899-1940. Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1978, 171pp. A scholarly study of naval enlistment which tests commonly held assumptions. Argues that the manpower needs and policies of the US Navy may well be more akin to those of civilian industry than to the US Army.

216 HAUSER, W. L. , America's army in crisis. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973, 242pp. Advocates a division of US Army officer corps along heroic US managerial dimensions. Highly critical of `generalist' and `command' ideal-types.

217 HELMER, J. , Bringing the war home. New York, Free Press, 1974, 346pp. A lengthy and complex evaluation of Vietnam which, on the basis of sociological theory, looks critically at their attitudual differences. Uses the primary group concept in an analysis of alienation and subjective disaffection. Stresses the significance of the process of ideological mobilization and the preconditions of radical activism.

218 HENNEMAN, John Bell , `The military class and the French monarchy in the late middle ages', American Historical Review, 83, 1978: 946-965. A critical examination of civil-military relationships in France which argues that the prototype of modern military professionalization was apparent in France in the 1450s.

219 HENRY, A. F. , BORGATHS, E. F. , STOUFFER, S. A. , `Role conflict as a factor in organizational effectiveness', in R. V. Bouver (ed.), Studies in organizational effectiveness. Washington DC, Air Office in Scientific Research, 1962: 5-27. Argues that in the US Air Force dependence on highly technical knowledge among enlisted men moves technical staff officers into a trouble-shooting role.

220 HERSPRING, Dale , East German civil-military relations: The impact of technology, 1949-72. New York, Praeger, 1973, 216pp. Creates an original methodology by establishing a number of indicators for `technology' and for `political control'. Examines five sub-periods in evaluating the extent to which the increasing politicization of officers was paralleled by providing them with technical training.

221 HERSPRING, Dale R. , VOLGYES, Ivan (eds), Civil-military relations in communist systems. Boulder, Colo., West View, 1978. A collection of essays which examines such issues as interest groups in Soviet politics, the relationship between the Soviet military and the Communist Party, and the opportunity of the military to participate in politics.

222 HERWIG, Holgar H. , The German naval officer corps: A social and political history 1890-1918. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973, 298pp. The first part of the book is devoted to presenting social profiles of the three groups of executive, engineer and deck officers. The second part looks at the extent to which the events of the first world war led the executive officers into politics, defined here as attempts to influence war policy decisions.

223 HIGGOT, R. , FINGLESTAD, Finn , `The 1974 coup d'etat in Niger: Towards an explanation', Journal of Modern African Studies, 13, 1975: 383-398. A review of the causes of a coup d'etat which seeks to establish a comprehensive framework for explanatory analysis.

224 HIGHAM, Robin , KIPPS, Jacob W. (eds), International Commission for Military History: Acta no. 2. Manhatten, Kansas, Military Affairs/Aerospace Historian Publishing, 1977, 198pp. A varied collection of papers, some of which focus on the relationship of social science theory and historiography to military history.

225 HOIBERG, Anne , `Women in the navy: Morale and attrition', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 659-671. Compares attitudes of 3,327 men and women towards feelings of satisfaction with school assignments, occupational specialities and life in the navy. Concludes that women were more satisfied than men and had on average higher effectiveness rates.

226 HOLBROOK, James R. , `Volunteer army: Military caste?' Military Review, August 1971: 91-95. A review of the postulated effects of introducing the all-volunteer force structure into the armed forces of the United States.

227 HOMANS, G. C. , `The small warship', American Sociological Review, 11, 1946: 294-230. One of a limited number of studies of lower-ranking servicemen which are concerned with the analysis of sailors.

228 HOPKINS, Keith , `Civil-military relations in developing countries', British Journal of Sociology, 17, 1966: 165-182. A relatively early analysis of these relations which in terms of theory and conceptualization underpins many subsequent developments.

229 HOROWITZ, V. L. (ed.), The rise and fall of project Camelot. Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1967. A critical evaluation of attempts made to control civil-military relationships through organized research and development strategies.

230 HUNTER, E. J. , ROSE, S. J. , HAMLIN, J. B. , `Women in the military: An annotated bibliography', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 695-716. Annotates fifty-six bibliographic references to field of study. Earliest reference was published in 1971. Majority are later than 1976.

231 HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. , `Civilian control of the military: A theoretical statement', in: Heinz Enlan , Samuel Eldersveld , and Morris Janowitz (eds), Political behaviour: A reader in theory and research. Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1956: 380-385. A preliminary statement on civil-military relationships which concentrates on the issue of political control over the military.

232 HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. , The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil-military relations. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1957, 534pp. A comparative, historical and theoretical analysis of the relationship between the military and the state. Uses case studies of the armed forces in the United States, Germany and Japan to exemplify propositions.

233 HUNTINGTON, S. P. , `Strategic planning and the political process', Foreign Affairs, 38, 1960: 285-299. A sometimes overlooked analysis of the relationship between the military and the civil power which emphasizes the importance of institutional consensus.

234 HUNTINGTON, S. P. , `Interservice competition and the political roles of armed services', American Political Science Review, 55, 1961: 40-52. Argues that conflicts between various parts of the military establishment ensure the continuing dominance of the civilian executive.

235 HUNTINGTON, S. P. (ed.), Changing patterns of military politics. New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1962. A collection of essays covering a wide range of topics from patterns of violence in world politics with special reference to revolutionary wars, to the links between the social composition of the officer corps and its political role.

236 HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. , `Patterns of violence in world politics', in: 235: 11-50. Discusses place of violence in world politics with special reference to revolutionary wars and to coups d'etat.

237 HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. , Political order in changing societies. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1968, 488pp. A classic statement of praetorianism which looks critically at the reasons for military intervention in the domain of the civil power.

238 HUTCHINSON, C. E. , `The meaning of military sociology', Sociological Research, 41, 1957: 427-433. One of the early reviews of military sociology which concentrates on the position of the military as a bureaucratic organization.

239 HUZAR, E. , The purse and the sword. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1950, 250pp. An evaluation of the means whereby a legislature effects control over defence budgets.

240 JACKMAN, R. W. , `Politicians in uniform', American Political Science Review, 70, 1976: 1078-1097. A crucial study of military régimes which concludes that such rule has had no major effects either positive or negative on domestic social change or economic growth.

241 JACKSON, J. A. , `The Irish Army and the development of the constabulary concept', in: 531: 109-126. Extends the constabulary concept (244) on the grounds that it is an inadequate description of participation in international peace-keeping operations. Argues in favour of the `fire-brigade' concept to reflect impartial, non-coercive and independent nature of peace-keeping forces.

242 JACOBS, Ruth , `American sociology and the ostrich approach to war', presented to the Eastern Sociological Society meetings in Boston, April 1972, 10pp. A review of the attitudes of sociologists to the study of conflict, the role of the military in society and the legitimacy of research into armed forces.

243 JANOWITZ, Morris , `Changing patterns of organizational authority in the military establishment', Administrative Science Quarterly, III, 1959: 474-493. A preliminary statement of the changes taking place in military organizations. Oriented towards the study of armed forces as bureaucratic organizations within contemporary society.

244 JANOWITZ, Morris , The professional soldier. New York, Free Press, 1960 & 1971, 464pp. The classic study of armed forces and society which established a new area of research, stimulated the formation of research groups and generated a whole range of subsequent studies. Lays down very clearly a conceptual and methodological framework.

245 JANOWITZ, Morris , The military in the political development of new nations. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1964, 130pp. An original monograph which examines through comparative analysis the link between military institutions and political development in new nations. [Subsequently expanded as Military institutions and coercion in the developing nations (254).]

246 JANOWITZ, Morris (ed.), The new military. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1964, 369pp. A wide-ranging selection of ten essays organized around the central theme of study of military institutions. Primarily concerned with the changing nature in the 1960s of military organizations.

247 JANOWITZ, Morris , `Military organization', in: 342: 13-51. An analytic review of military organization as a comprehensive system using institutional and social-psychological categories as basis of enquiry.

248 JANOWITZ, Morris , `The emergent military', in: 398: 255-270. A review of the military profession in the post-1970s with particular reference to the impact of the all-volunteer force upon the profession.

249 JANOWITZ, Morris , `National service: A third alternative', Teachers College Record, 73, 1971: 13-26. An essay which sets out to reformulate the conventional debate of the 1970s about the legitimacy of conscription, by advocating the merits of a mixed system of voluntary national and community service.

250 JANOWITZ, Morris , `The decline of the mass-army', Military Review, 50, February 1972: 10-16. An original analysis of the problems inherent in the transition from the mass army to the all-volunteer force.

251 JANOWITZ, Morris , The U.S. forces and the zero draft. Adelphi Papers, no. 94. London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1973. A comprehensive analysis of the postulated problems of introducing all-volunteer forces into modern society. Thesis is based on an awareness of the difficulties of ensuring a viable civil-military relationship in the face of contemporary developments.

252 JANOWITZ, Morris , `Toward a redefinition of military strategy in international relations', World Politics, 26, 1974: 471-508. A more recent statement on the constabulary concept. See also 244.

253 JANOWITZ, Morris , `Armed forces and society', in: 531: 15-38. A further and refined statement on the original constabulary concept presented as part of a general sociological analysis of the military.

254 JANOWITZ, Morris , Military institutions and coercion in the developing nations. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1977, 211pp. An expanded version of the original study, The military in the political development of new nations (245). The extended book looks at the changing patterns of coercion in nation-states by considering the role of paramilitary forces which play an increasing part in any drift towards increased authoritarian rule.

255 JANOWITZ, Morris , `From institutional to occupational: The need for conceptual continuity', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 51-54. A reply to Moskos (396) and the hypothesis that there is evidence of an occupational model of armed forces. Argues vehemently that the professional model continues to be valid representation of position of armed forces.

256 JANOWITZ, Morris , `On the current state of the sociology of military institutions', in: Ekkehard Lippert , Tjarck Rössler , Siegfried Schneider , Ralf Zoll (eds), International symposium on armed forces and society. Munchen, SOWI, 1979: 9-25. A cogent review of the state of military sociology at the end of the 1970s. A study which develops further the initial hypotheses of The professional soldier (244) by urging the further analysis of armed forces and society.

257 JANOWITZ, Morris , VAN DOORN, J. (eds), On military ideology. Rotterdam, Rotterdam University Press, 1971. 272pp. A collection of twelve essays on such themes as the history of military ideology, politics and ideology, recruitment and career and United Nations forces.

258 JANOWITZ, Morris , VAN DOORN, J. (eds), On military intervention. Rotterdam, Rotterdam University Press, 1971, 520pp. A collection of essays which complements Janowitz and van Doorn On military ideology (257).

259 JANOWITZ, Morris , LITTLE, R. W. , Sociology and the military establishment. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1974, 159pp. An important study which concentrates on both the theoretical and empirical facets of utilizing sociological constructs in an analysis of the military establishment. The basic issue is whether it is possible to move towards a more comprehensive analysis of the military's socio-political role.

260 JANOWITZ, Morris , MOSKOS, Charles C., Jnr. , `Racial composition in the all-volunteer force', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1974: 109-123. A policy paper which not only looks at the implications of the over-representation of blacks in the US armed forces, but also considers more general organizational and educational issues. Also see Schexnider and Butler (472), for a critique of the postulated thesis.

261 JOFFE, Ellis , Party and army: Professionalism and political control in the Chinese officer corps. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1967, 198pp. An analysis of changes within the Chinese officer corps which argues that after the Korean war, the development of military professionalism encouraged a shift from purely `political' officers to a mix in which education, training and political loyalty were necessary qualifications.

262 JOHNSON, Chalmers , `Civilian loyalties and guerilla conflict', World Politics, 14, 1962: 646-661. An evaluation in depth of the literature dealing with various forms of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla warfare.

263 JOHNSON, Chalmers , Revolution and the social system. Hoover Institution Studies 3. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1964. Develops sociological concept of `great revolutions' to form broad typology of all revolutions.

264 JOHNSON, Chalmers , Autopsy on people's war. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973, 118pp. An expanded essay which argues that the concept of revolutionary war is now anachronistic and that the effort to export `people's wars' from China to other countries had virtually come to an end by the early 1970s. Analyzes the origins of the Chinese doctrine and traces its growth during the 1960s.

265 JOHNSON, John J. , Political change in Latin America: The emergence of the middle sectors. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1958. A comparative study of the emergence of the middle class in Latin America which discusses in this context new position of the officer corps in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uraguay.

266 JOHNSON, John J. (ed.), The role of the military in underdeveloped countries. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1962. 427pp. A classic collection of essays which is the basis of much later research. Individual papers deal with broad aspects of the manner in which armies of the third world can be seen as instruments of a new middle class which serves as the vanguard of nationalism and social reform.

267 JOHNSON, John J. `The Latin American military as a politically competing group in transitional society', in: 266: 91-130. Historical survey of civil-military relations in Latin America focusing on the social organization of the military. Analysis of armed forces as an instrument of modernity, particularly in the economic/industrial field.

268 JOHNSON, John J. , The military and society in Latin America. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1964, 308pp. A significant survey of military-civil relations in Latin America which develops Johnson, `The Latin American military as a politically competing group in transitional society' (267).

269 JONES, R. A. , KRONUS, S. , `A note on the future importance of sub-fields in sociology: A survey of recent opinion', paper presented at Midwest Sociological Association Meeting in Chicago, April 1975. Survey of a random sample of ASA members which showed that 72 percent of respondents were neutral to sociology of the military. Only naval sociology had a more negative rating.

270 JORDAN, Amos A. , `Officer education', in: 342: 211-245. An analysis of military education which discusses the contemporary (prior to 1971) pattern of officer education in the United States. Argues that further military education must be more responsive to environmental changes.

271 JORDAN, Amos A. , TAYLOR, William J., Jnr. , `The military man in academia', Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 406, 1973: 129-146. A reasoned analysis of the relationship between armed forces and society in the context of academic life.

272 JORDON, Marcellite C. , `Utilization of women in air force industrial career fields', Proceedings of 5th Symposium on Psychology in the Air Force, Colorado Springs, Co., USAF Academy, April 1976: 91-94. Examines effectiveness of women in various air force careers.

273 KALIM, George M. , Nationalism and revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1952. An examination of the role of the military in the internal politics of the Revolution after 1945 and in the internal struggle for power from Renville through the communist rebellion.

274 KARSTEN, Peter , `Professional and citizen officers. A comparison of academy and ROTC Officer Candidates', in: 398: 37-62. A well argued investigation of the relationship between different categories of officers, grouped according to their functional origins. Looks favourably at the performance of the ROTC Officer Candidate.

275 KARSTEN, Peter , The naval aristocracy. New York, Free Press, 1972, 462pp. A detailed and sophisticated evaluation of the social background of the naval élite in the nineteenth century which is a model of socio-historical analysis.

276 KASFIR N. , `Civilian participation under military rule in Uganda and Sudan', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 344-363. A straightforward analysis of the opportunity within a military régime for participation in politics and government. Examines critically the kind of political participation which occurs in a military régime.

277 KAU, Ying-mao , The People's Liberation Army and China's nation-building. White Plains, NY, International Arts and Sciences Press, 1973, 407pp. Contains number of Chinese statements, in translation, about the PLA's role. Editorial introduction suggests a basis for evolving a theory derived from the categorical distinctions postulated as dominant variables in analyses of PLA. Uses term `reactive militarism' to describe recruitment by politicians of military to help in solving of social problems.

278 KAUFMAN, Arnold S. , `Selective objection to war', Dissent, 15, 1968: 306-313. A reasoned reaction to the perceived legitimacy of the draft which focuses on individual reaction to the utilization of conscription as a means of achieving manpower targets.

279 KAUFMAN, Joyce P. , The social consequences of war: The impact of war on the social development of four nations. Presented to Inter-University Seminar Conference, Chicago, October 1980, 12pp. An investigation of the extent to which war has an impact on expenditures in health, welfare and education. Based on analysis of data for Britain, France, Japan and Sweden for the period 1870-1970.

280 KEEGAN, John , The face of battle. New York, Viking Press, 1976, 354pp. A major contribution to the sociology of war based on a comparative analysis of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme. Argues that the risk to the battlefield soldier increased in terms of the length, objective changes, exposure and technical difficulty of changing modes of warfare. Concludes with a cogent argument that warfare has now reached such an extreme that man will be unable to endure it.

281 KELLEHER, Catherine (ed.), Political-military systems. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1974, 299pp. A collection of thirteen essays which represent a cross-national approach to civil-military relations in the third world and the socialist states. Concerned with the three themes of military organization, the military as responsive to tensions and conflicts in the host society.

282 KEMBLE, C. R. , The image of the army officer in America. Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1973, 289pp. An analysis based on the theme that the image of the American army officer is derived from the juxtaposition of the professional soldier and the citizen soldier. Also see Cunliffe (112).

283 KENNEDY, Gavin , The economics of defence. London, Faber and Faber, 1975, 275pp. A sophisticated analysis of the costs of defence which extends the area of discussion to include a detailed examination of policy issues in this field.

284 KENNEDY, Gavin , The military in the third world. New York, Scribner's, 1974, 368pp. A valuable commentary on the factors which motivate a military organization in its relationship with the civil power.

285 KENNET, Lee , `Military history in France', Military Affairs, 42, 1978: 144-154. An assessment of the French school of military history. The article stresses its association with the Annales school founded by Block, Febvre and others, as well as the Corvisier school.

286 KIM, Eugene C. I. , `Transition from military rule: The case of South Korea', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 302-316. A paper in a special issue devoted to the analysis of the transition from military to civilian rule. Argues that this has produced an increasingly centralistic, authoritarian tendency which can be explained in terms of low level of Korean political culture, the personalized notion of politics and the geophysical importance of Korea.

287 KIM, Jai-Hyup , The garrison state in pre-war Japan and post-war Korea. Washington DC, University Press of America, 1978, 312pp. A detailed painstaking account of Korea's military institutions and their political socialization processes. Argues that the decisional units involved in the garrison state are the state bureacuracies.

288 KIM, Se-Jin , The politics of military revolution in Korea. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 1971. 239pp. An analysis of the 1961 military coup which argues that the intervention of the armed forces in Korean politics was a reappearance of a traditional administrative authoritarian system.

289 KINKEAD, Eugene , In every war but one. New York, Norton, 1959. A review of the combat effectiveness of American servicemen in the Korean war which focuses on the effect of psychological variables.

290 KIMMERLING, Baruch , `Determination of the boundaries and framework of conscription: Two dimensions of civil-military relations in Israel', Studies in Comparative International Development, 14, 1979. An analysis of the limited political exchanges and interplays between the military and other social forces in Israel.

291 KIRALY, Beld , ROTHENBERG, Gunther , War and society in East Central Europe, vol. 1. New York, Columbia University Press, 1979, 325pp. The first volume of a series devoted to the study of social change as it is affected by relations between armed forces and society.

292 KITCHEN, Martin , The German officer corps, 1890-1914. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968. A sophisticated analysis of the selected subject which complements the earlier work of Demeter (119).

293 KITCHEN, M. , A military history of Germany. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1975, 384pp. A perceptive examination which employs a Marxist analysis to examine critically the genesis and praxis of militarism.

294 KLEIN, Paul , LIPPERT, Ekkehard and RÖSSLER, T. , Bibliographie Bundeswehr und Gesellschaft 1960-1975 (Bibliography of the German Army and society 1960-1975). Bonn, Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, 1976. [Schriftenreihe Innere Fuhrung, Reiche Ausbildung und Bildung, vol. 24, 114pp.] A bibliography of some 2,500 titles. Provides an indispensable guide to the study of social sciences and the military in West Germany. Also see 540.

295 KLICK, Jean E. , `Utilization of women in the NATO alliance', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 673-678. A short survey of the role of women in the armed forces of eleven NATO armed forces.

296 KOLKO, G. , The politics of war. New York, Random House, 1970. A study of the variables which determine the pattern of decision-making in contemporary political institutions. Relates this to the relationship between forces and society.

297 KOLKOWICZ, Roman , `Interest groups in Soviet politics: The case of the military', in: 221. An interesting study of an otherwise largely neglected subject area. Seeks to utilize an established theoretical concept in the analysis of a specific armed force.

298 KORB, Lawrence J. (ed.), The system for educating military officers in the U.S. Pittsburg, PA, University of Pittsburg Center for International Studies, 1976, 205pp. A scrutiny by eighteen authors of the military educational system in the USA. Examines such questions as educational philosophy, ideological orientation, cost-effectiveness, impact and the quality of students and faculty.

299 KOSSACK, M. , `Changes in the political and social functions of the armed forces in Latin America', in: 258. A Marxist critique of the role of the military in a specific region which provides valuable insights into these armed forces.

300 KOURVETARIS, George A. , `Professional self-image and political perspective in the Greek military', American Sociological Review, 1971: 104-157. A study which sets out to examine the Greek military against a model of professionalism. Based on the argument that the model of organizational and professional development of the military in Greece did not exactly follow general European patterns.

301 KOURVETARIS, George A. , `The role of the military in Greek politics', International Review of History and Political Science, 8, 1971: 91-114. A study which questions the applicability of conventional Western models of the political role of the armed forces in any analysis of Greek civil-military relationships.

302 KOURVETARIS, G. A. , `Greek service academies: Patterns of recruitment and organizational change', in: 212: 113-139. Sets up a typology to illustrate the diachronic patterns of recruitment and value orientation in the Greek service acadmies. Argues that these patterns parallel those in the emerging nations rather than the aristocratic model of Western European armies.

303 KOURVETARIS, G. A. , DOBRATZ, B. A. , Social origins and political orientations of officer corps in a world perspective. Denver, University of Denver Social Science Foundation, 1973, 116pp. An analysis of the relationship between changes in patterns of recruitment into the military and changing attitudes and behaviour through a secondary analysis of data from some hundred studies, focusing primarily on fourteen political systems (USA, West Germany, Great Britain, France, Greece, Sweden, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, India, Pakistan, Argentina, Egypt).

304 KOURVETARIS, G. A. , DOBRATZ, B. A. , `The present state and development of sociology of the military', Journal of Political Military Sociology, 4, 1976: 67-105. A valuable review of the state of the subject field as it was in 1976. Contains a useful, if highly selective, bibliography.

305 KRENDEL, Ezra S. , SAMOFF, Bernard L. (eds), Unionizing the armed forces. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977. A collection of essays concerned with the issue of introducing trade unions into contemporary armed forces to look after the interest of servicemen.

306 KUETHE, Allan J. , Military reform and society in New Granada, 1773-1808. Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1978. Suggests that military reform made privileges available to those who ordinarily would not have possessed them and by expanding the size of the armed forces, opened the officer corps to a selection of society not normally entitled to this status. The result was a tendency to blur traditional social distinctions.

307 LANDRUM, Cecile , `Women in the all-volunteer force', Armed Forces and society, 4, 1978: 689-694. Discusses the emerging problems of retention and attrition among women in the all-volunteer US military. Key issues are identified as combat roles, male attitudes, service family life and one parent families.

308 LANG, Kurt , `Technology and career management in the military', in: 246: 39-81. Emphasizes a growing militarycivilian congruence in the division of labour. This is attributed to the increasing technological sophistication of the contemporary armed forces.

309 LANG, K. , `Military organizations', in J. G. March (ed.), Handbook of Organizations. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1965: pp. 838-878. One of the first detailed analyses of the military as an organization. Uses sociological theory to investigate the role and status of armed forces.

310 LANG, Kurt , Military sociology: A preliminary report on a bibliographical survey. Presented at 1967 London Conference on Armed Forces and Society, 25pp. A provocative commentary on the bibliography of armed forces and society as at 1967. Creates a subject area classification which distinguishes (a) military systems, (b) the profession of arms, (c) civil-military relations, (d) military organization and (e) war and warfare.

311 LANG, Kurt , Military institutions and the sociology of war. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1972, 337pp. A substantial analysis of the sociology of the military which includes an impressive bibliography. A book which serves as a recognized text in the field.

312 LANG, Kurt , `Trends in military occupational structure and their political implications', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 1, 1973: 1-18. Links technological change to the occupational structure of the US military and notes a shift from combat orientation to resource management.

313 LAPP, R. E. , The weapons culture. New York, Norton, 1968. A critical study of the role of the military in contemporary American society which stresses the part played by armed forces as an element in the military-industrial complex.

314 LARSON, Arthur D. , Civil-military relations and militarism: A classified bibliography covering the United States and other nations of the world: with introductory notes. Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University Library, 1971. A most valuable bibliography which provides an introduction to the study of civil-military relationships.

315 LARSON, Arthur D. , `Military professionalism and civil control: A comparative analysis of two interpretations', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 2, 1974: 57-72. A well argued and perceptive analysis of different interpretations of military professionalism. A valuable review of postulated theories which concentrates on the two approaches of Huntington (232) and Janowitz (244).

316 LASKI, Harold , A grammer of politics. London, Allen and Unwin, 1967. A classic study of political relationships within modern industrialized societies which looks critically at the role of the state.

317 LASSWELL, Harold, D. , `The garrison state', American Journal of Sociology, 46, 1941: 455-468. A classic statement which has formed the basis of countless research studies. Drew attention to the growing dominance of the military in society. The garrison state is seen as a developmental construct about the perceived future course of world politics. `The trend of the time is away from the dominance of the specialist on bargaining, who is the businessman, and toward the supremacy of the specialist on violence, the soldier.'

318 LASSWELL, Harold D. , `The garrison-state hypothesis today', in: Samuel P. Huntington (ed.), Changing patterns of military politics. New York, Free Press, 1962: 51-70. A further review of the original 1941 hypothesis.

.A perceptive review article which discusses inter alia Warner , The military in contemporary Soviet politics (548) and L. L. Whetton (ed.), The future of Soviet military power (New York, Crane, Russak, 1976, 190pp).

320 LEE, Gus C. , PARKER, Geoffrey Y. , Ending the draft: The story of the all-volunteer force. Alexandria, Va., Hum RRO Report FR-PO-77-1, April 1977. A comprehensive review of the problems of changing the established patterns of recruitment to the American armed forces, and a discussion of the adopted solutions to the perceived difficulties.

321 LEE, J. M. , African armies and civil order. New York, Praeger, 1969, 198pp. A survey of the role played by the military in African states in the maintenance of law and order.

322 LEED, Eric J. , No man's land: Combat and identity in World War I. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980, 257pp. A study by an American historian which embraces a wide-ranging theoretical framework. Looks specifically at the soldier's transformation of personality, or change of identity, during war. Also emphasizes the anomie experienced by `trend fighters'.

323 LEFEVER, E. W. , Spear and scepter. Washington DC, Brookings, 1970, 251pp. A study of the role of the military in effecting social change and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-title of `Army, police and politics in tropical Africa' summarizes area of interest.

324 LEMARCHAND, Rene , `The militarization of African politics', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 311-316. A review article of Michel Martin, La militarisation des systèmes politiques Africains (367). Looks critically at Huntington's explanation of military intervention arguing in favour of a thesis which recognizes importance of military variables.

325 LEGAULT, Albert , Peace-keeping operations; Bibliography. Paris, International Information Centre on Peace-Keeping Operations, 1967. A classified bibliography of the employment of armed forces in the non-traditional role of peace-keeping operations.

326 LENDEN, Carl , SCHMITT, K. M. , The politics of violence: Revolution in the modern world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1968. A comparative treatment of specific revolutions.

327 LERNER, D. , ROBINSON, R. D. , `Swords and plough-shares', World Politics, 13, 1960: 19-44. A study of military modernization in the Middle East which concentrates on the efficacy of the military role. Analyzes the role of the military in Turkey since the establishment of the republic and considers the function of the armed forces in initiating political, economic and educational reform.

328 LEVITAN, Sar A. , ALDERMAN, K. C. , Warriors at work: The volunteer armed force. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1977, 209pp. Reviews the means used by the military to attract the necessary manpower, the compensation it pays, the training and education it provides and the responsibilities the military assumes for those who leave the service.

329 LEVY, Marion J. , `Patterns (structures) of modernization and political development', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1965: 29-40. An analysis of institutional differentiation in modernization. Argues that developments necessitate creation of a social and economic infrastructure.

330 LEVY, Marion J. , Modernization and the structure of societies: A setting for international affairs. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966. A thesis that armies are the most effective agents of modernization. Expands the earlier work (329).

331 LEWIS, Michael , England's sea-officers. The story of the naval profession. London, Allen and Unwin, 1939, 300pp. A pioneering analysis of a military profession using a primarily social-history approach.

332 LEWIS, Michael , A social history of the navy, 1793-1815. London, Allen and Unwin, 1960, 350pp. One of the very few sophisticated histories of the Royal Navy. Concentrates on social factors rather than conventional military topics.

333 LIEBKNECHT, K. , Militarism and anti-militarism. New York, Dover, 1972, 176pp. One of the few studies to analyze relationship between the military and society from a Marxist perspective.

334 LIEUWEN, Edwin , Arms and politics in Latin America. New York, Praeger, 1960, 280pp. A comparative study of military functions and roles in Latin American societies which analyzes the changes of roles in the military following the collapse of the traditional order.

335 LIEUWEN, Edwin , `The military: A revolutionary force', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 334, 1961, 30-41. An examination of the history of Latin America in terms of military domination either directly or by assuming the role of arbiter between competing civilian groups.

336 LIEUWEN, Edwin , Generals vs presidents. New York, Praeger, 1964. 160pp. A study of military functions and roles in underdeveloped societies, which is a further development of Lieuwen's work of 1960 and 1961.

337 LISSAK, Moshe , `Selected literature of revolutions and coups d'etat in the developing nations', in: 246: 339-362. An extensive annotated bibliography of 132 entries representing a sample of studies published up to 1963.

338 LISSAK, Moshe , `Modernization and role-expansion of the military in developing countries: A comparative analysis', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9, 1967: 235-255. Considers the entrepreneurial qualities of armed forces in evaluating the character of the ruling military élite in developing countries.

339 LISSAK, Moshe , Military roles in modernization. Civil-military relations in Thailand and Burma. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1976, 255pp. A study which sets out to bridge the gap between empirical data on the one hand and theoretical and analytical conclusions on the other. An initial analytical framework is supplemented by the evaluation of two specific case studies.

340 LITTLE, Roger W. , `Buddy relations and combat role performance', in: 246: 195-224. A study based on participant observation in an infantry company during the war in Korea. Stresses that basic unit of social cohesion is two man relationship rather than membership of small group.

341 LITTLE, Roger W. , `Basic education and youth socialization in the armed forces', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 38, 1968: 869-876. An important study of the objectives of military education. The analysis stresses the two factors of basic education and the more complex issue of socialization.

342 LITTLE, Roger W. , Handbook of military institutions. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1971, 607pp. A collection of fifteen papers devised as a contribution to ongoing research on organizational structure, occupational socialization, organizational dynamics, and political military functions. Also includes a general bibliography and selected manpower statistics.

343 LLOYD, Christopher , The British seaman. London, Granada Publishing, 1970, 287pp. A social portrait of the sailor from 1200-1860. A definitive study of recruitment, pay, conditions of service and punishment.

344 LOCKWOOD, Robert S. , `Military unions: Regulation of bargaining and strikes', in: 513: 181-202. Presents a study designed to contrast actual and projected labour-management relations in the public sector with military union practices. Concludes that collective bargaining will not work for military unions and that industrial action is likely to follow.

345 LOFCHIE, Michael F. , `The Uganda coup: Class action by the military', Journal of Modern African Studies, 10, 1972: 19-36. A straightforward evaluation of military intervention in Ugandan politics.

346 LOFLAND, John , `Priority inversion in an army reserve company', Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 9, 1964: 1-15. One of a very limited number of sociological analyses of reserve forces.

347 LONG, M. , `Aspects particuliers de l'économie générale de la fonction militaire', Revue de défense nationale, 17, 1971: 365-374. Study of costs of military personnel and material with particular reference to problems of manpower retention and staff development.

348 LOVELL, D. P. , `The professional socialization of the West Point cadet', in: 246: 119-157. A study which concludes that professional self-definitions tend to be shaped by variables of social origins or background.

349 LOVELL, D. P. , `A comment on Warmsley's “Air Force Socialization” ', American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1973: 438-441. Part of a debate (see 547) about what methods and measurement techniques should be used in studies of military socialization.

350 LOVEMAN, Brian , DAVIES, Thomas M., Jnr. (eds), The politics of anti-politics: The military in Latin America. Lincoln, Neb., Nebraska University Press, 1977. A collection of readings on the military in Latin America ranging from historical studies to case studies. Postulated underlying similarities between Latin American military governments and traces these similarities back to an Hispanic military tradition.

351 LUCAS, William , `Anticipatory socialization and the ROTC', in: Charles C. Moskos (ed.), Public opinion and the military establishment. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1971: 99-134. A carefully researched study of ROTC cadets at four universities which concludes that self-selection and anticipatory socialization are more prone to ensure commitment to military values than formal socialization within ROTC curriculum.

352 LUCKHAM, R. , The Nigerian military. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971, 376pp. A classic analysis of a nation's armed forces and one which has served as a model for subsequent empirical research. Looks critically at issues of authority and revolt in Nigerian military from a sociological standpoint.

353 LUMSDEN, Malvern , `Research on international peace-keeping forces: A scanning of institutions', Journal of Peace Research, 2, 1966: 194-196. A review of the literature on peace-keeping. Complementary to Legault, Peace-keeping operations (325).

354 LUTTWAK, Edward , Coup d'etat, a practical handbook. London, Allen Lane, 1968, 189pp. A guide to coups d'etat which analyzes the political, military and intelligence techniques which make the coup possible. Includes an economic and a tactical appendix which covers the practical issues that arise.

355 LYONS, G. , MASLAND, J. , Education and military leadership. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1959, 283pp. An assumption that ROTC represented a beneficial infusion of citizen soldiers into the armed forces. A valuable analysis of the broad issue of military socialization and of the parameters of officer training.

356 MACK, R. W. , `The prestige system of an air base', American Sociological Review, 19, 1954: 281-287. One of the few sociological studies which is concerned with enlisted men rather than the officer corps.

357 McGIBBIN, H. I. , DAHL, B. B. , HUNTER, E. J. (eds), Families in the military system. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1976, 350pp. Explores in ten essays the history of military provision for families, the military family under stress, the present effects of families on the all-volunteer army, and the probable future both for officers and enlisted personnel. Contains an overview of research into the military family and provides an annotated bibliography.

358 McDONAGH, E. C. , `Military social distance', Sociology and Social Research, 29, 1945: 289-296. A study, derived from personal experience in wartime, of the social distance between the perceived caste system of the rank structure.

359 McKAIN, J. L. , `Relocation in the military: Alienation and family problems', Journal of Marriage and Family, 35, 1973: 205-209. An analysis of the specific problems caused by the relocation of military personnel. Draws attention to the effect upon the family of `turbulence'.

360 MAHONEY, Shane E. , `Military decisionmaking in the USSR', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1977: 271-294. An analysis employing original Russian references of the process of decision-making in a highly bureaucratized military organization.

361 MANDEVILLE, Lucien , `Syndicalism and the French military system', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 539-552. A review of the social, political and legal consequences of introducing unions into a military organization. Emphasizes the importance of attitudes within French society towards military unions.

362 MANS, Jan H. , `United Nations forces: The strain between proposal and reality', International Spectator, 24, 1970: 1949-1973. A study (written in Dutch) of the strains experienced by soldiers on peace-keeping operations.

363 MARGIOTTA, Franklin D. (ed.), The changing world of the American military. Boulder, Col., Westview Press, 1979, 472pp. A comprehensive survey of the role of American armed forces in a changing domestic and international environment.

364 MARGIOTTA, F. D. , `A comment on Taylor and Bletz's, “A case for officer graduate education” ', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 2, 1974: 269-271. Questions the logic of Taylor and Bletz's proposed policy and the belief that civilian education is a panacea to internal problems of effective military leadership.

365 MARMION, H. A. , Selection service. New York, Wiley, 1968, 168pp. One of a number of studies published in the 1960s which sought to examine the equitability, reformability and very purpose of the draft in the United States. Relates conceptual issues and empirical findings to the sociology of the citizen soldier.

366 MARSHALL, S. Z. A. , Men against fire. New York, William Morrow, 1947. A classic study which stresses that cohesion in the small combat unit is markedly dependent on the near presence or presumed presence of a comrade.

367 MARTIN, Michel L. , La militarisation des systèmes politiques Africains (1960-1972). Québec, Editions Naaman, 1976, 197pp. Argues that the defence of strengthening the corporate interests of African armies is the single most important element in the `militarization' of African states.

368 MARTIN, Michel L. , `Conscription and the decline of the mass army in France, 1960-1975', Armed Forces and Society, 3, 1977: 355-406. A paper which attempts to elucidate some of the factors which have aided the preservation of conscription in France. Stresses the importance of political factors as determinants of rejection of voluntarization as French system of manpower recruitment.

369 MASLAND, John, W. , RADWAY, Lawrence I. , Soldiers and scholars. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1957, 360pp. A major study of the objectives and purpose of military education. Strongly emphasizes the characteristics of professional education in the armed forces.

370 MASSEY, H. J. (ed.), The Canadian military. Toronto, Copp Clark, 1972. A collection of essays which consider, inter alia, military influence on the development of Canada, military education, and the social and cultural composition of the Canadian armed forces.

371 MAZRUI, Ali A. , `Soldiers as traditionalizers', World Politics, 28, 1976: 246-272. An analysis of civil-military relations in the third world which examines the thesis that military régimes interphase with civilian structures.

372 MAZRUI, Ali A. , Soldiers and kinsmen in Uganda: The making of a military ethnocracy. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1975, 336pp. A critical in-depth analysis of military rule in Uganda which explores the influence of culture upon military behaviour.

373 MELMAN, S. , Pentagon capitalism. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1970, 290pp. Argues that the dominant group in the military-industrial complex is composed of autonomous bureaucrats who can be distinguished from an economic élite.

374 MERTON, R. K. , LAZARSFELD, P. F. (eds), Continuities in social research. Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1950, 255pp. A set of essays which contains Speier's review of the original research published in The American soldier (506).

375 MICHELAT, G. , THOMAS, J. P. H. , `Contribution à l'étude du recrutement des écoles d'officiers de marine (1945-1960)', Revue francaise de sociologie, 9, 1968: 51-76. Study of the social background of naval officers which stresses importance of auto-recruitment and previous experience at `des etablissements scolaires confessionnels' as characteristics of recruits.

376 MICHALIK, Mieczyslav , `Normative linkages between civilian and military sectors of Polish society', in: 212: 159-174. An examination of the integration between armed forces and society from both an ideological and sociological standpoint. Emphasizes the importance of the social moral climate and ethical tenets of social education as integrating factors.

377 MIDDLEBROOK, Kevin J. , SCOTT PALMER, David , Military government and political development: Lessons from Peru. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1975, 60pp. A cogently argued monograph which looks at the performance of the military régime in Peru after 1968. Examines this against corporatist model of political participation.

378 MIEWALD, R. D. , `Weberian bureaucracy and the military model', Public Administration, 30, 1970: 129-133. A careful analysis of the characteristics of the military as an ideal-type bureaucratic organization.

379 MILLER, James C. , TOLLINSON, Robert , `The implicit tax on reluctant military recuits', Social Science Quarterly, 51, 1971: 924-931. A study of the impact of military service on the income of individuals. Argues that service in the armed forces leads to a loss in lifetime earnings. Implicitly rejects thesis that income increments do result from military service, among veterans with marginal occupational, educational and social skills.

380 MILLIS, W. , Arms and men. New York, Putnam's, 1956, 382pp. Published in the same year as Mills' The power elite (381) and Ekrich's The civilian and the military (133), this study also emphasizes the dangers of growing military dominance in the United States.

381 MILLS, C. W. , The power elite. New York, Oxford University Press, 1956, 423pp. A classic and most influential thesis which argued that military officers were an integral part of a power élite. A book which was novel in that it preferred the term `power élite' to the more conventional and classical Marxian concept of the `ruling class'.

382 MISRA, K. P. , `Paramilitary forces in India', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1980: 371-388. A review of the role of those paramilitary forces which are maintained by the Ministry of Home Affairs and not the Ministry of Defence in the Indian state.

383 MOELLERING, J. H. , `The army turns inward', Military Review, 53, 1973, 68-83. A critical assessment of the attitudes of officers and enlisted men in the United States army in the post-Vietnam period.

384 MOREHOUSE, David C. , `Legal aspects of unions in the military', in: 513: 203-216. Argues for legal structure to accommodate role and function of military trade unions. Basic issue is the potential effects of military unionization on national security and whether these effects validate the prohibition of unionization in armed forces.

385 MORRIS-JONES, W. H. , `Armed forces and the state', Public Administration, 35, 1957: 411-416. A critical review of The soldier and the state (232) which argues that the postulated concept is too abstract and is unrelated to reality.

386 MOSCA, Gaetano , The ruling class. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1939. [Translated by H. D. Kahn, and edited and revised by A. Livingston. ] A classic investigation into the theory and praxis of the ruling class within modern society. Argues, inter alia, that army officers retain close ties with the minority which by birth, culture and wealth stand at the top of the social pyramid (p. 233).

387 MOSKOS, Charles, C. , `Racial integration in the armed forces', American Journal of Sociology, 72, 1966: 132-148. A preliminary survey of the issue of racial integration within a military organization. Argues that the degree and quality of such integration stood in marked and favourable contrast in the 1960s to that of civilian society.

388 MOSKOS, Charles C. , The American enlisted man: The rank and file in today's military. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1970, 274pp. One of the very few studies which considers the position of the enlisted man in armed forces. Emphasizes the importance of the `enlisted culture'. Suggests that the primary source of soldier polarity was the distinction between single-term and career servicemen.

389 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `Armed forces and American society: Convergence or divergence?', in: 398: 271-294. A review of the extent to which armed forces are experiencing a long-term transformation with civilian structures and norms.

390 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `The emergent military', Pacific Sociological Review, 16, 1973: 255-280. Raises the argument that a `plural military' was emerging in the 1970s with a structure and value-system that would dialectically accommodate both civilianized and traditional military professionalism.

391 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `The American dilemma in uniform', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 406, 1973: 94-106. A study which argues that in the Vietnam period, race relations within the army were characterized by polarization with some attendant violence within the context of formal integration.

392 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `The concept of the military-industrial complex', Social Problems, 21, 1974: 498-512. A critical assessment of those arguments which attribute a primary role to armed forces in the military-industrial complex.

393 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `The military', Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 1976: 55-77. A comprehensive review of the trends in the sociological study of military phenomena. Presents a heuristic division of the extant literature by discrete topical constructs: the power-élite soldier, the professional soldier, the common soldier, the citizen soldier and the third world soldier.

394 MOSKOS, Charles C. , Peace soldiers: The sociology of a United Nations military force. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, 171pp. A detailed analysis of the operation of a UN peace-keeping force using sociological data to develop the concept of the peace soldier. Extensive bibliography.

395 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `The enlisted ranks in the all-volunteer army', in: 214: 39-80. An examination of demographic trends within the US Army utilizing comparable data from the 1960s and 1970s. The study also includes a conceptual overview of organizational trends and a look at contemporary enlisted culture.

396 MOSKOS, Charles, C. , `From institution to occupation: Trends in military organization', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 41-50. Argues that there is evidence of an organizational trend whereby the military has moved from a vocational through a professional to an occupational model.

397 MOSKOS, Charles C. , `Surviving the war in Vietnam', in C. R. Fingley and Seymour Leventman (eds), Strangers at home: Vietnam veterans since the war. New York, Praeger, 1980: 71-85. A sociological assessment of the morale of the American army in Vietnam over three distinct and successive periods of 1965-67; 68-69 and 70-72. Uses available data and relevant theoretical considerations to analyze cohesion and demoralization of American forces.

398 MOSKOS, Charles C. (ed.), Public opinion and the military establishment. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1971, 294pp. A collection of ten essays on the three themes of military education and civilian values, the civilian response to military roles and the emergence military establishment.

399 MYLANDER, Maureen , The generals: Making it, military style. New York, Dial Press, 1974, 397pp. A perceptive study of military leadership in the US Army. Contains a well-documented profile of the 491 generals on active duty in August 1973. Argues that general officers are a predictable result of values fostered by the military schools, by the officer-evaluation system, by assignment priorities and by the promotion practices. This, it is argued, constrains change and favours retention of status quo.

400 NAGY, Emile , `Way of life of today's soldiers in the Hungarian People's Army'. Monograph prepared for IXth World Congress of Sociology, Uppsala, 1978, 89pp. A critical review of the application of military sociological models in the study of armed forces. One of the few sociological studies of the Hungarian military which is readily available.

401 NEEDLER, Martin C. , `Political development and military intervention in Latin America', American Political Science Review, 60, 1966: 616-626. Critical examination of coups in Latin America. Identifies officer corps as a primarily conservative force. Also see 402.

402 NEEDLER, M. C. , Political development in Latin America: Instability, violence and evolutionary change. New York, Random House, 1968. Argues that the Latin American coup d'etat has characteristically signified the conservative military's intervention in an institutionally weak political process to preserve the status quo.

403 NELSON, G. , ARMINGTON, C. , Military and civilian earnings alternatives for enlisted men in the army. Arlington, Va., Institute of Defence Analysis, 1970, 46pp. A carefully argued analysis of the probable problems associated with the introduction of the all-volunteer force in the United States. Holds that the probable social composition of such a force would be less than representative of the parent society.

404 NEWMAN, B. , YOUNG, D. , `The British Army'. Presented at meeting of Research Committee on Armed Forces and Society at ISA at Amsterdam, March 1973, 23pp. One of the few academic analyses of the British Army which adopts a Marxist perspective of civil-military relationships.

405 BORUP-NIELSON, Stein , KOUSGAARD, Erik , RIENECK, Bent , Measurement of attitudes within the Danish armed forces. Copenhagen, Danish Armed Forces Psychological Service, August 1974. Based on the measurement of what military personnel think and feel about various factors and conditions of military service. Effort made to identify similarities between human behaviour in military and civilian life.

406 NORDLIE, P. G. , Black and white perceptions of the army's equal opportunity and treatment programs. Mclean, Va., Human Scientific Research, 1973, 207pp. A report of an attitude survey which finds that black and white soldiers consistently held conflicting views on race matters within the armed forces of the United States.

407 NORDLINGER, E. A. , `Soldiers in mufti', American Political Science Review, 64, 1970: 1131-1148. An important analysis of the role of the military in modernization. Argues inter alia that military rule negatively affects both domestic social change and economic modernization, thereby rejecting arguments that armed forces would be significant agents of modernization.

408 NORDLINGER, E. A. , Soldiers in politics: Military coups and government. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1977. An expansion of the earlier (1970) study. An important contribution to the study of military régimes which is already a classic work in this field.

409 NOTOSUSANTO, N. , `Indonesia: armed forces and society into the 1980s', in: 281: 39-53. A perceptive analysis of the relationship between armed forces and the civil power which emphasizes the interdependency of the military régime and civilian structures.

410 NUNN, Frederick M. , The Military in Chilean history: Essays in civil-military relations 1810-1973. Alburquerque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico Press, 1976, 343pp. A well-documented history which focuses on Chilean state and society and how they have affected and been affected by the armed forces.

411 O'BRIEN, William V. , U.S. military intervention: Law and morality. London, Sage, 1979, 88pp. A short monograph which considers the ethical issues associated with the use of force within modern society.

412 ODOM, William E. , `The Soviet military: The Party connection', Problems of Communism, 22, 1973. An institutional convergence model of Soviet civil-military relationships. Based on Russian historical experience.

413 OI, W. Y. , `The economic cost of the draft', American Economic Review, 57, 1967: 39-62. A sophisticated analysis of the economic consequences of using conscription as a means of obtaining a required level of military manpower.

414 OSANKA, F. M. (ed.), Modern guerrilla warfare. New York, Free Press, 1962. Collection of papers dealing with modern guerrilla warfare, primarily concerned with the military and political aspects of the guerrilla warfare. Contains a comprehensive bibliography.

415 OSANKA, F. M. , `Social dynamics of revolutionary guerrilla warfare', in: 342: 399-416. A significant paper which looks critically at guerrilla warfare in the context of its relationship with the host society. By utilizing a social science approach, the study concentrates on the issue of social dynamics.

416 OSMOND, J. S. , Parliament and the army, 1642-1904. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1933. A comprehensive and detailed survey of civil-military relations in the United Kingdom. Stresses the manner in which Parliament controlled the armed forces and thereby establishes a foundation for subsequent and more recent research.

417 OTLEY, C. B. , `Militarism and the social affiliations of the British army élite', in: 531: 84-108. A paper which sets out to analyze the social affiliations of the British army officer corps by reviewing the social origins, schooling and family connections of the British army élite from 1870-1959. Subsequently reviews Mosca's thesis (386).

418 OTLEY, C. B. , `The social origins of British army officers', Sociological Review, 18, 1970: 213-239. A complementary study which emphasizes the social exclusiveness of the British army whilst recognizing the changes which have taken place over time.

419 PALEN, I. S. , `The education of the senior military decisionmaker', Sociological Quarterly, 13, 1972: 147-160. A study of military education which concurs that professional self-definitions are much more shaped by anticipatory and concurrent socialization than by variables in the social background of officers.

420 PARET, Peter , SHY, John W. , Guerrillas in the 1960s. New York, Praeger, 1962. Comparative study of guerrilla warfare theory with data based on guerrilla warfare in China, Algeria, Cuba, Indochina, and so on, concentrating on communism and insurrection, the integration of political and military leadership, and the tasks of counter-guerrilla actions.

421 PARKER, Geoffrey , The army of Flanders and the Spanish road, 1567-1619. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972. An excellent synthesis of the social, economic, political and demographic data pertaining to the role and nature of this armed force.

422 PASQUINO, Gianfranco , `The Italian army: Some notes on recruitment', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 205-217. A critical analysis of the social background of 4,465 cadets admitted to the Military Academy at Modena in 1972. Argues that interesting correlations may be found between social and regional origins.

423 PAUKER, Guy J. , `Southeast Asia as a problem area in the next decade', World Politics, 11, 1959: 325-345. Discussion of the prospect of political, economic, and social progress in Southeast Asia, of the problem of synchronization among social, economic, and political forms of changes. Analysis of the role of the military as an alternative élite and as a force for political and economic stability.

424 PAUKER, Guy J. , `The role of political organizations in Indonesia', Far Eastern Survey, 27, 1958: 129-142. Discussion and analysis of the failure to integrate Indonesians' political organization into one national movement, highlighting the neglect of organizational efforts to reach the intermediate stratum of society as the main cause. Discussion of the role and the prospect of the army to overcome this obstacle.

425 PEREZ, Louis A., Jnr. , Army politics in Cuba, 1898-1958. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976, 240pp. A study of civil-military relationships and of the role of the armed forces in Cuba which serves as a commentary on the institutionalization of a political order.

426 PERLMUTTER, Amos , `Egypt and the myth of the new middle class: A comparative analysis', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 10, 1967: 46-65. A critical analysis of the extent to which military officers are qualified to represent and to realize what are deemed to be the central values of the middle class.

427 PERLMUTTER, Amos , The military and politics in modern times. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1977, 355pp. A comprehensive general framework for the analysis of modern civil-military relations. Distinguishes three types of relations — the professional, the praetorian and the professional revolutionary — which either singly or in combination explain what happens in practice. Concentrates on political scientist's rather than sociologist's explanations of military intervention and military rule.

428 PERLMUTTER, Amos , BENNETT, V. P. (eds), The political influence of the military. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1980, 500pp. A collection of readings designed to illustrate the role of the military in politics. Employs a model of civil-military relationships first used by Perlmutter in The military and politics in modern times (427). The anthology complements this earlier work.

429 PERSELAY, Gerald , `The realities of military unions', in: 513: 172-180. Compares European and American experience, concluding that the very nature of the military union will ultimately secure for it a role in decision-making within armed forces.

430 PILISUK, M. , HAYDEN, T. , `Is there a military industrial complex which prevents peace? Consensus and counteracting power in pluralistic systems', Journal of Social Issues, 21, 1965: 67-117. A thesis that on the basis of evidence contained in a number of relevant studies, it is clear that a loose formation of military-civil relations is evolving. This informal structure can be termed a `civilian-executive complex'.

431 PINKNEY, Robert , Ghana under military rule, 1966-1969. London, Methuen, 1972, 182pp. A case study of Ghana's first military régime which draws attention to the problems which arose in the transfer of power from a military to a civilian government.

432 PLANCHAIS, Jean , `Crise de modernisme dans l'armée, Revue francaise de sociologie, 11, 1961: 118-123. A significant and original study of social change within the French armed forces.

433 PONCHAUD, François , Cambodia année zéro. Paris, Juillard, 1977. A critical survey of civil-military relations in Cambodia during the initial revolutionary period.

434 POLISENKSY, Josef , War and society in Europe 1618-1648. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978, 375pp. A Marxist approach to the central theme which draws heavily on Western European traditions.

435 PORCH, Douglas , Army and revolution: France 1815-1848. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974, 182pp. A study of politics in the French army during the Restoration and the July Monarchy which includes some significant observations on the civilian background of officers and non-commissioned officers. Includes data on civilian occupations, regional origins, age, and length of service.

436 PORCH, R. D. , Portuguese armed forces and the revolution. London, Croom Helm, 1977, 288pp. A study of the reasons underlying the involvement of the Portuguese armed forces in politics. Complements the earlier study of French civil-military relationships (435).

437 PRESTON, Adrian , `The profession of àrms in post-war Canada', World Politics, 23, 1971: 189-214. A general review of the development of the Canadian military organization after 1945. Stresses the importance of the professional model.

438 PRESTON, R. A. , WISE, S. F. WERNER, H. O. , Men in arms. New York, Praeger, 1962, 406pp. A study of the appearance and development of military professionalism. Although the main thesis has been subsequently revised by specific case studies, this continues to be an important theoretical analysis.

439 PRIEST, Robert F. , BITTERS, Alan G. , PRINCE, Howard T. , `Coeducation at West Point', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 589-606. Focuses on process of integrating the first group of women in US Military Academy on basis that West Point is primarily an educational institution rather than a vocational school. Emphasizes problems of co-education in a highly traditional institution.

440 PUTNAM, Robert D. , `Toward explaining military intervention in Latin American politics', World Politics, 20, 1967: 83-110. A detailed systematic analysis of political development and military intervention which concludes that there is very little evidence of direct correlation between frequency of military intervention and interest aggregation.

441 PYE, Lucian W. , Guerrilla communism in Malaya. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1956. Case study of the Malayan Communist Party, focusing on the relationships between the general experience of Malayan Chinese who became communists and their attitude toward what they considered the sphere of politics. Also analyzes the process of recruitment and indoctrination.

442 PYE, Lucian W. `Armies in the process of political modernization', in: 266: 69-70. A description of the leadership of the new military of the 1950s as dynamic, self-sacrificing and committed to employing armies as the most efficient way of combining maximum rates of modernization with maximum levels of stability and control.

443 QUINN, Kenneth M. , `Political change in wartime: The Khmer Krahom revolution in southern Cambodia, 1970-74', Naval War College Review, 28, 1976. An interesting study which looks carefully at the impact of war on the political role of a military organization.

444 RADWAY, Lawrence , `Recent trends in American service academies', in: 398: 3-36. A careful analysis of the shift in military education away from studying military problems to the study of the external environment of the place of research in military education programmes and of the problems of professionalization in the academies of the armed forces.

445 RAPOPORT, David C. , `The political dimensions of military usurpation', Political Science Quarterly, 83, 1968: 551-572. A classic study which established a conceptual framework for the analysis of military intervention in the domain of the civil power.

446 RAPOPORT, David , `A comparative theory of military and political types', in: 235. A sophisticated analysis of civilmilitary relations which in looking at the structural stages of military development, argues that military service was the vehicle for the attainment of citizenship until anti-democratic régimes abandoned the concept of the nation-in-arms and universal military training.

447 RAZZELL, P. E. `Social origins of officers in the Indian and British home army', British Journal of Sociology, 14, 1963: 240-249. A data based analysis of the class affiliations of British army officers which concludes that the gentry and aristocracy have been consistently over-represented in the higher ranks of the army.

448 REISNER, Ralph , `The conscientious objector exemption: Administrative procedures and judicial review', University of Chicago Law Review, 35, 1968: 286-320. A clear analysis of the administrative and legal procedures for claiming exemption from conscription on the grounds of conscientious objection. Includes a review of practice as well as discussion of the moral and ethical issues which are involved.

449 REMINGTON, Robin Alison , `Armed forces and society in Yugoslavia', in: 281: 163-190. A paper which concentrates on relationships between the military and the Communist Party. Concludes that by 1970 party-army relationships had moved from closeness of post-war years to an increasingly complex interaction characterized by recurring strain between party loyalists and expert military professionals.

450 REMINGTON, R. A. , `The military as an interest group in Yugoslav politics', in: 221. Questions the extent to which the political involvement of the military in the running of Yugoslavia after the creation of armed forces by the party, reflects the preoccupations of the military as an interest group. An unusual use of interest group theory in the analysis of party-army relationships.

451 ROGHMANN, Klaus , SODEUR, Wolfgang , `The impact of military service on authoritarian attitudes: evidence from West Germany', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1972: 418-433. Supports the proposition that among first-term military servicemen authoritarian attitudes decrease after twelve to eighteen months of military service.

452 ROSE, A. , `The social structure of the army', American Journal of Sociology, 51, 1946: 361-364. Part of a special issue of the American Journal of Sociology which was devoted to a study of Human Behaviour in Military Society. This particular article is one of the pioneer attempts to analyze the social structure of the military organization. Stresses the feudal-aristocratic legacy within the armed forces.

453 ROSS, L. , `The Pentagon: master or servant?', Monthly Review, 23, 1971: 62-74. A study of the status of armed forces which draws attention to the complexities of the relative position enjoyed by the military and by corporate organizations.

454 ROTHENBURG, Gunther E. , The army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976, 298pp. A masterly analysis of the institutional history of the Hapsburg army and its relationship to state and society in Austria-Hungary, with particular reference to the period 1848-1918.

455 ROUCEK, J. R. , `The trends in American military sociology and its educational implications', Duquesne Review, 8, 1962: 26-49. A critical analysis of the development of the sociology of armed forces within the United states. Considers the effect of these developments upon the more general study of sociology within academic institutions.

456 RUMSCHOTTEL, Herman , Das Bayerische Offizierkorps 1866-1914 (The Bavarian officer corps). Berlin, 1973. An analysis of the origins and development of the Bavarian officer corps. See also Demeter (119) and Kitchen (292).

457 RUSSELL, D. E. H. , Rebellion, revolution and armed forces: A comparative study of fifteen countries with special emphasis on Cuba and South Africa. New York, Academic Press, 1974, 210pp. An inquiry which distinguishes among the causes, the form and the consequences of rebellion and differentiates between the preconditions for rebellion and preconditions for a successful rebellion. Rejects thesis of a causal relationship between deprivation and/or oppression and the outbreak of rebellion.

458 RUSSELL, F. H. , The just war in the middle ages. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977. An important and scholarly contribution to mediaeval studies which discusses critically the morality of war.

459 RYABOV, V. , The Soviet armed forces yesterday and today. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1976, 164pp. An historical analysis of the origins, growth and contemporary role of the armed forces of the USSR. Concentrates on the period from the Civil War until the Great Patriotic War to illustrate the creation of a regular standing army.

460 SABROSKY, Alan Ned (ed.), Blue-Collar Soldiers. Philadelphia, Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1977, 150pp. A collection of essays which examines the arguments for and against military unionization and assesses the postulated impact of military unions on the functional effectiveness and political responsiveness of American armed forces.

461 SABROSKY, Alan Ned , Defense manpower policy: A critical reappraisal. Philadelphia, Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1978, 107pp. Considers the all-volunteer force debate, manning problems and choices in defence manpower policy. Argument supported by extensive data.

462 SARKESIAN, Sam C. , `Political soldiers: Perspective on professionalism in the U.S. military', Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16, 1973: 239-258. Calls for an expansion of military professional roles to include political skills because of the changing political environment at home and abroad.

463 SARKESIAN, Sam C. (ed.), The military-industrial complex. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1972, 340pp. A varied collection of perceptive essays which sets out to explore such issues as the workings of the budgetary process, arms limitation, the role of the retired military officer, national security management and the future relationship of the military to civilian society.

464 SARKESIAN, Sam C. (ed.), Combat effectiveness: Cohesion, stress and the volunteer military. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1980, 320pp. A collection of eight essays supplemented by an introduction and a comprehensive bibliography. Looks at the three areas of the dimensions of combat effectiveness, society and the professions and military leadership. Argues in general terms that combat effectiveness depends in no small measure on political and psychological factors.

465 SAUL, Norman E. , Sailors in revolt. The Russian Baltic fleet in 1917. Lawrence, Regents Press of Kansas, 1978, 312pp. A balanced account of the rise of revolutionary consciousness among Russian sailors. Concentrates on the relationship between war and social revolution through the use of archival collections. Stresses the role of the revolutionary crisis in developing an informal organization and leadership codes.

466 SAVAGE, Paul L. , GABRIEL, Richard A. , `Cohesion and disintegration in the American army: An alternative perspective', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 340-376. A controversial article which sets out to analyze critically the level of American combat effectiveness in Vietnam. Also see Gabriel and Savage, Managers and gladiators (168).

467 SAVELL, J. M. , BABIN, N. , `Research on race and ethnic relations in the army', Research Problem Review, 72-72. Arlington Va., Army Research Institute of Behaviour and Social Science, 1975, 14pp. A review of the efforts which were made in the early 1970s to provide extensive education in the field of race relations and to pursue vigorously equal opportunity programmes within the United States Army.

468 SAYEED, Khalid B. , `Martial law administration in Pakistan', Far Eastern Survey, 32, 1959: 72-79. Comparison of the structural and social features of the political parties, civil service, middle class, and the military.

469 SCHREIBER, E. M. , WOELFEL, John C. , `Women in men's boots: Performance and adjustment of women in the coed American army of the 1970s', paper presented to 1977 meeting of American Sociological Association. Comparative analysis of men's and women's views on effectiveness of integrated companies following a test of company performance in field exercises.

470 SCHREIBER, E. M. , `Authoritarian attitudes in the United States army', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1979: 122-131. Argues from a secondary analysis of data that for enlisted men with three years or less service, authoritarian attitudes decrease with length of army experience. For soldiers who had been in the army for three years or more, authoritarian attitudes increase with length of service.

471 SCHMITTER, Philippe C. (ed.) Military rule in Latin America. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1973, 322pp. A collection of five related essays. By using a variety of techniques ranging from case studies through cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations to empirical theorizing, the authors focus on aspects of military rule and military role. A particularly useful analysis of the causes of military rule is complemented by studies of the strategic military environment of Latin America.

472 SCHEXNIDER, Alvin J. , BUTLER, J. S. , `Race and the allvolunteer system: A reply to Janowitz and Moskos', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 421-432. A policy paper which sets out to develop the boundaries of the issue of black participation in the American all-volunteer army and, by way of a critique of the Janowitz-Moskos paper (260), to look more critically at the delicate issue of racial quotas in military organizations.

473 SCHWEISGUTH, Etienne , `Les attitudes envers le métier militaire chez les sous-officiers de l'armée de l'air', Revue francaise de sociologie, 16, 1975: 485-515. A survey of attitudes among junior air force non-commissioned officers to military life. Focuses on the `military spirit' and on military values.

474 SCHWEISGUTH, Etienne , SINEAU, Mariette , SUBITEAU, Françoise , Techniciens en uniforme. Paris, Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1979, 294pp. A survey of the social background and attitudes of non-commissioned officers in the French military. Presents extensive data to validate discussion.

475 SCOTT, S. F. , `The French revolution and the professionalization of the French officer corps, 1789-1793', in: 257: 3-56. A study which uses both sociological and historical analysis to look critically at the genesis of military professionalism in the French Army.

476 SEGAL, David R. , `Selective promotion in officer cohorts', Sociological Quarterly, 8, 1967: 199-206. Promotes the thesis that there was a reversal of the civilianizing trends of the past three decades within the United States military of the mid-1960s. Specifically argues that there was a return to the monopolization of élite military positions by academy graduates.

477 SEGAL, D. R. , SEGAL, M. W. , `Models of civil-military relationships at the élite level', in: M. R. van Gils (ed.), The perceived role of the military. Rotterdam, Rotterdam University Press, 1971: 279-292. A sophisticated model of civilmilitary relationships which identifies three phases of development: the pre-bureaucratic model; the bureaucratic model and the post-bureaucratic model.

478 SEGAL, David , ` “Worker Democracy”, in Military Organization', in: 513: 28-53. Empirically establishes the objectives of military personnel in comparison with those of their civilian counterparts. Uses reconnaissance research and comparative analysis based on standardized survey of organizations (see item 511).

479 SEGAL, David R. , `Civil-military relations in the mass public', in: 212: 143-158. An analysis of the social integration of the military by considering the linkages between civilian and military institutions and public attitudes toward the military. Uses data collected by the Detroit Area Study in 1973 from a sample of 849 households.

480 SEGAL, David R. , BLAIR, John , NEWPORT, Frank , STEPHENS, Susan , `Convergence, isomorphism, and interdependence at the civil-military interface', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 2, 1974: 157-172. One of the few studies of the relationship between civilian and military organizations which uses an open-systems perspective.

481 SHILS, Edward , `The military in the political development of the new nations', in: 266: 7-68. A consideration of the determinants of political development in new nations. Emphasizes gaps in social structure and stresses effect of internal cultural conflicts. Discusses alternative courses of political development of which one is the `modernizing military oligarchies'.

482 SHILS, E. A. , `Primary groups in the American army', in: 374: 16-39. A study which develops further the analysis of the importance of primary groups in the military organization.

483 SHILS, E. A. , JANOWITZ, M. , `Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II', Public Opinion Quarterly, 12, 1948: 280-315. The application of a social system perspective to the study of the contribution of the primary group to the maintenance of military cohesion. A classic and original study which has been the model for subsequent research in the field and which has served as the standard referent point for further discussion and analysis.

484 SHIROM, Arie , `Some correlates of combat performance', Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 1976: 419-432. An empirically based analysis of combat performance and combat motivation which complements earlier studies by Shils and Janowitz (483), Shils (482) and Little (340).

485 SKELLEY, Alan R. , The Victorian army at home. London, Croom Helm, 1977, 366pp. A definitive study of the life of other ranks in the Victorian army. Valuable bibliography and data, much of which is widely published for the first time. The study also makes full use of original and secondary sources.

486 SKELTON, W. B. , `Professionalization in the U.S. army officer corps during the age of Jackson', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 443-471. Argues that the appearance of a distinct military profession in the USA at the beginning of the nineteenth century merits further analysis. Advances thesis that professionalization meshed with personal aspirations and that the emerging professional spirit found institutional expression in the influence of West Point.

487 SOLAUN, M. , QUINN, Michael A. , Sinners and heretics: The politics of military intervention in Latin America. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1975. Analyzes critically the political role of the military in Latin America and examines the causes of intervention by armed forces in the domain of the civil power.

488 SOLOMON, D. N. , `The soldierly self and the peace-keeping role', in: 532: 52-69. An original study of the role strain experienced by soldiers employed in peace-keeping functions under international aegis.

489 SPEIER, Hans , Social order and the risks of war. New York, George W. Stewart, 1952. Discussion of social types of war, militarism in the eighteenth century and class structure as well as the complex issue of total war.

490 SPEIER, Hans , `The American soldier and the sociology of military organization', in: 374: 106-132. A review of the original conclusions of The American soldier (506) which continues to focus on the concepts of solidarity and social cohesion.

491 SPIERS, Edward M. , The army and society 1815-1914. London, Longman, 1980, 318pp. A perceptive analysis of civil military relationships in the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century. Contains a useful bibliography of less common historical sources.

492 SPINDLER, C. D. , `The military — A systematic analysis', Social Forces, 27, 1948: 83-88. A study which, following Max Weber, analyzes the military as a bureaucratic structure. One of the early attempts to apply more general theoretical concepts to a particular case.

493 SPINDLER, C. D. , `American character as revealed by the military', Psychiatry, 11, 1948: 275-281. Suggests that an individualist ethos could be found among American soldiers in the second world war, notwithstanding the more general acceptance of the primary group thesis as it was advocated in The American soldier (506).

494 STAHL, Michael J. , MANLEY, R. T. , McNICHOLS, C. W. , `Operationalizing the Moskos institution-occupation model: An application of Gouldner's cosmopolitan-local research', Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 1978: 422-427. A description of the development and validation of institution and occupation measures. Creates an institutional and an occupational scale each of which is composed of four questionnaire items. Also considers job satisfaction, career intent and perceived prestige within military organization.

495 STAHL, Michael J. , McNICHOLS, Charles W. , MANLEY, Roger T. , `An empirical examination of the Moskos institution-occupation model', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1980: 257-269. A review of nine research hypotheses associated with the Moskos model (396), based on a sample of 10,687 active duty USAF personnel. Concludes that institution and occupation should be viewed as independent dimensions rather than as a zero-sum relationship.

496 STANTON, D. M. , `The soldier', in D. Spiegel , and P. K. Spiegel (eds), Outsiders, USA. San Francisco, Rinehart, 1973: 470-502. A review of the status of armed forces in society. Implies that the military and civilian spheres are interactive and partially coterminous.

497 STANTON, Duncan M. , `The military family: Its future in the all-volunteer context', in: 187: 135-149. An example of a sub-area of research interest which has evolved around the theme of the military family. Reflects a concern with the extent to which military life affects the civilian sensibilities of servicemen in contemporary armed forces.

498 STEGENGA, James A. , `Peace keeping: Postmortems or previews', International Organization, 27, 1973: 373-385. A survey of the literature on peace-keeping operations. Complements 353.

499 STEPAN, Alfred , The military in politics: Changing patterns in Brazil. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1971, 309pp. A case study which examines critically the means whereby the Brazilian military assumed power. Argues that the propensity to overthrow the civilian government was not a function of the size of the armed forces but was part of the `moderating pattern of military intervention'. Demonstrates how this pattern broke down in the crisis of political mobilization in the 1960s, and how the officer corps had an established ideology which equipped it to take charge of national development in the name of national security.

500 STERN, Ellen (ed.), The limits of military intervention. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1977, 400pp. A collection of seventeen essays which analyze how the various dimensions of military intervention are conceptualized. Uses a framework which examines the interplay of technology, organization and the politico-military consequences of this relationship. Specifically considers seven topics of analytic dimensions, technology and control, changing military operations, politico-military affairs, professional dilemmas, domestic constraints and conceptual reformulation.

501 STEVENSON, Paul , `The military-industrial complex: An examination of the nature of corporate capitalism in America', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 1, 1973: 247-259. Maintains that military spending is profitable for large businesses, crucial to the maintenance of aggregate domestic demand and essential for defence of foreign interests abroad.

502 STEVENSON, Paul , `American capitalism and militarism: A critique of Lieberson', American Journal of Sociology, 77, 1971: 134-138. Part of the debate on the military-industrial complex which argues in favour of a holistic analysis of American capitalist economy vis-à-vis spending on the military.

503 STILLMAN, R. J. , `Negroes in the armed forces', Phylon, 30, 1969: 139-159. A review of the marked rise of race consciousness among black enlisted men and of their role within the United States armed forces.

504 STINCHCOMBE, Arthur , `Comment on “The impact of military service on authoritarian attitudes” ', American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1973: 157-159. Questions the explanation for the finding (relative deprivation rather than enforced solidarity) of Roghmann and Sodeur (451) that authoritarian attitudes decrease after twelve to eighteen months of military service.

505 STOKES, William S. , `Violence as a power in Latin American politics', Western Political Quarterly, 5, 1952: 445-468. Study of the nature of political power and the methods of achieving authority in Latin America.

506 STOUFFER, S. A. , et al. , The American soldier. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1949. [4 vols.] The classic study which was the inspiration for most subsequent research into questions of combat behaviour, reaction under stress, morale, and buddy relationships.

507 SUTHERLAND, T. B. , `Application of recent sociological surveys to personnel management aboard ship', Naval War College Review, 19, 1967: 8-50. One of the few studies of naval life aboard ship. Complements Homans (227) and Zurcher (576).

508 SZYMANSKI, Albert , `Military spending and economic stagnation', American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1973: 1-14. Challenges the view that the greater the military spending in a monopoly capitalist economy, the lower the rate of male unemployment and the greater the economic growth. Uses economic data from eighteen advanced societies to test hypotheses. This extension of the larger debate on the military-industrial complex can also be seen in Stevenson (502).

509 TAHIR-KHELI, Shirin , `The military in contemporary Pakistan', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1980: 639-653. An assessment of the role of the armed forces in Pakistan since 1971. After analyzing the formative phase of military power, the paper illustrates the means whereby civilian supremacy was established over the military in 1971 and how the armed forces returned to power in 1971. Questions whether the latter was a case of `reactive militarism'. Argues for the development of suitable civilian institutions.

510 TACKABERRY, T. H. , `Social science research: Aid to counter-insurgency', American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 27, 1968: 1-8. Examines the role of social science research in maintaining a conservative ideology which is distrustful of social and political change. Questions the function of the military as managers of the legitimate means of violence.

511 TAYLOR, J. C. , BOWERS, D. G. , Survey of organizations. Ann Arbor, Mich., Institute for Social Research, August 1971. A standardized survey instrument used widely in civilian organizations and in US military research (see, e.g., 478).

512 TAYLOR, William Jnr. , ARANGO, Robert J. , `Military effectiveness: The basic issues of military unionization', in: 513: 245-264. Argues that the potential impact of unionization on military effectiveness is a central issue. Identifies the political consequence of both the bargining process and its outcomes for military effectiveness.

513 TAYLOR, William J. , ARANGO, Robert J. , LOCKWOOD, Robert J. (eds), Military unions: U.S. trends and issues. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1977, 336pp. A collection of nineteen essays which analyze the debate about military personnel joining unions.

514 TAYLOR, William J. , BLETZ, D. F. , `A case for officer graduate education', Journal of Political Military Sociology, 2, 1974: 251-267. Argues for a new policy in which officer graduate education at civilian universities should be a prerequisite for military promotion above middle rank levels. Questioned by Margiotta (364).

515 TAX, Sol , (ed.), The draft. Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1967, 497pp. A collection of essays which questions the ethical, political and practical aspects of conscription. Reviews, in addition, the alternatives to the draft as a means of recruiting military manpower.

516 TEITLER, Ger , `Conscript unionism in the Dutch army', in: 212: 193-213. A study of the growth of conscript unionism as a symptom of a more general questioning of the legitimacy of armed forces in the Netherlands. Includes detailed information on the structure, function and objectives of these Dutch military unions before assessing their impact on traditional military forms.

517 TEITLER, G. , The professionalization of military leadership. Rotterdam, Rotterdam University Press, 1975, 320pp. An example of the processional approach to the professionalization of the officer corps. Depicts the military profession as both dynamic and reflecting societal change as it indicates how the military profession emerged. Concentrates on the position of the military élite in this process.

518 TEITLER, Ger. , `The successful case of military unionization in the Netherlands', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 517-528. A review of the process of military unionization in the Dutch armed forces which stresses how the military establishment adjusted to the demand for some form of group representation. Complements the earlier study of 1974 (516).

519 TEITLER, Ger , The genesis of the professional officer corps. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1977, 248pp. A study of the circumstances under which European military professionalization developed. Concentrates on the three issues of technical competence, esprit de corps and the rendition of service to the state. Argues that the professional military man emerged when the military problems and solutions could be standardized, when centralized states existed with a monopoly on armed violence and when social groups existed that were able to administer the elements of professionalism.

520 THOMAS, J. P. H. , `La fonction militaire', Projet, November 1973: 1090-1094. Argues that a sense of vocation is a central characteristic of the archetype French military image. Employs both sociological and historical concepts in the analysis of armed forces in France.

521 THOMAS, J. P. H. `La fonction militaire', Bulletin de la société francaise de sociologie, 1, 1974: 3-22. A critical study of military roles and function. Emphasizes links with sense of vocation. A classic analysis which is one of a limited number of sociological approaches to the study of the French military and one which expands the 1973 publication (520).

522 THOMPSON, William R. , `Organizational cohesion and military coup outcomes', Comparative Political Studies, 9, 1976: 255-276. A study of more than one hundred military coups. Identifies `corporate well-being' as a significant cause of military intervention.

523 TOTH, Michael A. , `The new draft lottery: Some research implications', American Sociologist, 6, 1971: 38-40. One of the many studies which focused on the inequities of the draft or selective service system. A short note which, nevertheless, drew attention to the need for further research and critical analysis in this field.

524 TURNER, E. S. , Gallant gentlemen: A portrait of the British officer 1660-1956. London, McLeod Joseph, 1956, 345 pp. A popular account with some interesting material but with very little analysis. Continues, however, to be one of the few comprehensive accounts of officership within the British armed forces.

525 TURNER, R. H. , `The naval disbursing officer as a bureaucrat', American Sociological Review, 12, 1947: 242-248. A pioneer study of servicemen as bureaucratic functionaries in a large organization. Looks critically at the role and function of the bureaucrat and draws attention to dysfunctional consequences of the officers' adherence to regulations.

526 UYECKI, Eugene S. , `Draftee behavior in the cold-war army', Social Problems, 8, 1960: 151-158. Argues that since primary group relationships were periodically disrupted by new duty assignments, enlisted men prepared for this by not committing themselves more than necessary to any group to which they were transferred. A valuable commentary on earlier research into primary group and small group behaviour.

527 VAN CREVELD, Martin , Supplying war. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977. A study of logistics from Wallenstein to Patton which relates a knowledge of logistics to an understanding of strategy. Emphasizes the organizational significance of logistics and considers the importance of resource management, thereby illustrating the relevance of organizational theory to the practical situation.

528 VAN DER MEHDEN, F. R. , ANDERSON, C. W. , `Political action by the military in developing areas', Sociological Research, 26, 1961: 459-479. Considers types of military régimes and causes of coups in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

529 VAN DOORN, J. A. A. , Sociologie van de organisatie: beschouwingen over organiseren in het bijzonder gebaseerd opeen onderzoek van het militaire system (Sociology of organization: Essays on the process of organization based in particular on an examination of the military system). Leiden, H. E. Stenfert Kroese, 1956. One of the first studies of the military as an organization which moved on from an examination of primary group behaviour and morale to consider armed forces as a prototype of bureaucratic organization with an emphasis on stratification and centralization of authority.

530 VAN DOORN, J. A. A. , `The officer corps: A fusion of profession and organization', European Journal of Sociology, 6, 1975: 262-282. Argues that professionalization of the military followed a different sequence from that of most other professions; first, commission, monopoly, a high social status and a code of ethics; then the establishment of training schools and finally the creation of professional associations which played only a minor role in development.

531 VAN DOORN, J. A. A. (ed.), Armed forces and society. The Hague, Mouton, 1968, 385 pp. A collection of essays arranged around the four themes of the military profession, military and societal change, the military in the developing nations and peace-keeping military forces.

532 VAN DOORN, J. (ed.), The military profession and military regimes. The Hague, Mouton, 1969, 304pp. A collection of papers which complements Armed forces and society (531) and which develops the study of the social structure and institutional change of the armed forces in modern society.

533 VAN DOORN, J. , `Provocatie en conflict: de Amsterdanse Provo-Affaire opnieuw bezien' (Provocation and conflict: the Amsterdam Provo-Affair re-examined), in: van Braam (ed.), Actuele Sociologie—Current Sociology. Assen, 1970. A review of the use of ridicule to undermine pretensions to legitimacy. Argues that this strategy generates an overreaction. See Teitler (516) for an expanded discussion.

534 VAN DOORN, J. , `Ideology and the military', in: 257: xvxxii. An important paper on military rationale and the ideology of intervention. A contribution to what is otherwise a largely neglected approach to the study of military coups and interventions, since a social structural approach is the most frequent form of explanatory propositions.

535 VAN DOORN, J. , The soldier and social change. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1975, 208pp. A collection of seven reprinted essays which discuss the early origins of modern Western military institutions, the decline of the mass army in modern society, the renewed emphasis on military professionalism and the effects on Western armed forces of the end of the age of colonialism.

536 VAN DOORN, J. , `The decline of the mass army in the west: General reflections', Armed Forces and Society, 1, 1975: 147-158. Discusses the decline of the mass army in the light of a move towards the adoption of all-volunteer forces in Western nations. Suggests that this will produce a decline in social representativeness and an increase in conservative outlook in the armed forces. Also reflects the thesis that the long term trend towards broadening the social base of recruitment is now facing a reversal and narrowing of the base.

537 VAN DOORN, J. , `The military and the crisis of legitimacy', in: 212: 17-40. An analysis of the theory underlying the question of military legitimacy which draws heavily on more general sociological and political theories of institutional legitimacy. Effectively relates the particular question of military legitimacy to these wider theories.

538 VAN DOORN, J. , MANS, J. H. , `United Nations forces', in: 531: 345-377. A study of the legitimacy and effectiveness of international military operations.

539 VATIKIOTIS, P. J. , The Egyptian army in politics. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1961. A critical assessment of the changing of the military group into a ruling élite. Postulates a general theory about the role of the military in the third world.

540 VON BREDOW, Wilfred , `Decreasing distance and growing curiosity: Social sciences and the military in West Germany. A survey of recent studies', Armed Forces and Society, 5, 1974: 669-689. A valuable account of recent research in West Germany. Includes a useful and comprehensive bibliography.

541 VON PRERADOVICH, Nikolaus , Die Führungsschichten in Österreich und Preussen (1804-1918) mit einem Ausblick bis zum Jahre 1945 (The leading classes in Austria and Prussia (1804-1918) with a consideration of the period to 1945). Wiesbaden, 1966. An analysis of the pattern of social recruitment into the Austrian officer corps, suggesting that this developed a structurally, not aristocratically-dominated model.

542 VIGNEAU, Jean , `The ideology of the Egyptian revolution', in: W. Laqueur (ed.), The Middle East in transition. New York, Praeger, 1958: 129-144. A study of the ideology of Egyptian military leaders and their application in the constitutional and political framework.

543 WAKIN, Manham M. (ed.), War, morality and the military profession. Boulder, Col., Westview Press, 1979, 300pp. A synthesis of comments on the ethical dimensions of the military profession and an analysis of the moral problems inherent in modern warfare.

544 WALTER, P. , `Military sociology', in: J. S. Roucek (ed.), Contemporary sociology. New York, Philosophical Library, 1958: 655-672. An original analysis of the boundaries of military sociology which moves away from an earlier applied social psychological orientation toward a broader theoretical structural and organizational approach. Also see Roucek, `The trends in American military sociology and its educational implications' (455).

545 WALZER, Michael , Just and unjust wars. New York, Basic Books, 1977, 361pp. An analysis, utilizing historical evidence and philosophical theory, of ends and means in warfare. Considers the moral reality of war, the theory of aggression, the rules of war, the dilemmas of war and issues of responsibility.

546 WAMSLEY, G. L. , `Contrasting institutions of air force socialization: Happenstance or bellwether', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1972: 399-417. The empirical testing of a `subculture hypothesis' which stresses the divergence of military institutions of socialization from civilian institutions. Suggests that certain traits such as acceptance of the hierarchy, deference patterns, honour and integrity are more fundamental than otherwise suggested.

547 WAMSLEY, G. L. , `Reply to Lovell', American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1973: 441-443. Part of a debate (see 349) about what basic attitudes should be measured in studies of military socialization. Reinforces Wamsley's earlier contention that much of the work on military socialization has been limited because it singled out only a few values or attitudes believed to be associated with socialization. Specifically argues that it may be questionable to identify the ROTC as a socialization agency comparable with the service military academies.

548 WARNER, Edward , The military in contemporary Soviet politics. New York, Praeger, 1977, 314pp. An analysis of the Soviet military by using a model which combines an interest group theory and bureaucratic politics theory. Covers Russian military ideology, the basic tenets of Soviet military strategy and military doctrine.

549 WARNKE, R. , `The problem of social integration in the armed forces as demonstrated in the Deutsche Bundeswehr', in: J. N. Wolfe and John Erickson (eds), The armed services and society. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1970: 43-68. A controversial analysis of the problems of integrating both officers and non-commissioned officers into the Germany Army. The author argues that adaptation inhibitors inherent in the system generate a shortage of noncommissioned officers. The isolation of the officer corps, conversely, is the result of excessive integration.

550 WATSON, Peter , War on the mind: The military uses and abuses of psychology. London, Hutchinson, 1978, 534pp. A highly critical analysis of the use of psychology by the armed forces. Concentrates on combat, stress, determinants of loyalty and treason, survival and the psychology of counterinsurgency. Raises several important questions about the potential legitimacy of an applied social studies perspective and about the role and use of research.

551 WEAVER, J. L. , `Assessing the impact of military rule', in: 471: 58-116. Questions whether military rule advances or hinders modernization and social change in Latin America.

552 WEBSTER, Evelyn G. , BOOTH, R. F. , `Success and failure among male and female navy paramedical specialists', Journal of Community Psychology, 4, 1976: 81-88. Examines quality of input and success rates among 3,301 naval corpsmen and 952 dental technicians. Concludes that women were as successful as men when success was defined as completion of service and remaining on active duty for one year.

553 WEIGHLEY, Russell F. , Towards an American army: Military thought from Washington to Marshall. New York, Columbia University Press, 1962, 280pp. An in-depth study of the development of military thought which identifies clearly the origins and continuity of the culture and ethos of armed forces.

554 WEIGHLEY, R. F. , History of the United States army. New York, Macmillan, 1967, 380pp. An historical study which, inter alia, shows the development of the relationship between the military and the host society.

555 WEIGHLEY, Russell F. (ed.), New dimensions in military history. San Rafael, Calif., Presidio Press, 1975, 419pp. An uneven collection of essays which first appeared as papers for an elective seminar at the US Army War College during 1971-74. The application of social science perspectives to military history is most marked in studies dealing with armed forces and society or the analysis of the armed forces in politics and diplomacy.

556 WELCH, Claude E. (ed.), Soldier and state in Africa. Evanston, Ill., Northwestern University Press, 1970, 320pp. An important collection of essays which suggest that military intervention is to be understood as a semi-permanent and regular feature of third-world societies rather than as a point on a move towards parliamentary and stable political institutions.

557 WELCH, Claude E. , SMITH, Arthur , Military role and rule. North Scituate, Mass., Duxbury Press, 1974. A major example of the attempt by both sociologists and political scientists to construct macro-comparative theories of military systems that generalize across a variety of societies.

558 WELLS, Alan , `The coup d'etat in theory and practice: Independent black Africa in the 1960s', American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1974: 871-887. A perceptive review of such general explanations of military intervention as conspirational and ideological factors and the contagion/reinforcement hypothesis which postulates that the occurrence of military intervention in one country increases the frequency of intervention in another country.

559 WERNER, Victor , `Syndicalism in the Belgian armed forces', Armed Forces and Society, 2, 1976: 477-494. An analysis of the theory and praxis of military unionization in Belgium which stresses the importance of a sense of relative deprivation as the motivation for accepting syndicalism.

560 WHEATLEY, C. W. , `Some international dimensions of the role of national military forces in internal political conflict'. Paper presented at 1965 meetings of the American Sociological Association, 12pp. Includes one of the most systematic developments of the relationship between internal role of military and institutional connections with other countries.

561 WHITSON, W. W. (ed.), The military and political power in China in the 1970s. New York, Praeger, 1972. A collection of nineteen essays which form a detailed analysis of the relationship between the People's Liberation Army and Chinese society. The general thesis that the PLA's major commitment is to domestic goals of policing and political management is exposed to critical assessment and evaluation in a volume which is arguably the most comprehensive study of civilmilitary relationships in China.

562 WHITTAM, John , Politics of the Italian army. London, Croom Helm, 1976, 224pp. An extended analysis of the early history of the Italian state with particular reference to the political contribution and involvement of the armed forces.

563 WIARDA, H. J. , `Towards a framework for the study of political change in the Iberic-Latin tradition: The corporative model', World Politics, 25, 1973: 206-235. Suggests that modernization is related to a created hierarchically and vertically segmented class structure.

564 WIATR, J. J. , `Military professionalism and transformation of class structure in Poland', in: 531: 229-239. A paper concerned with a specific case of changes in the social position of the professional soldier as it is affected by the historical process of national integration, the process of socialist revolution and industrialization. Argues that a decrease in the social prestige of the officer is the consequence of socialist transformations in the Polish class structure, broad upward mobility and economic growth.

565 WILNER, A. R. , `Perspective on military elites as rulers and wielders of power', Journal of Comparative Administration, 2, 1970: 271-272. A criticism of the predictive powers of `social origins' as an indicator of the inclination of officers toward modernization.

566 WILSON, Stephen , `For a socio-historical approach to the study of western military culture', Armed Forces and Society, 6, 1980: 527-552. An essay which advocates further research into the concept of military culture and into the development of military values in society at large.

567 WOLPIN, Miles D. , `Marx and radical militarism', Armed Forces and Society, 4, 1978: 245-264. An analysis of military interventions in civil affairs on the basis of a Marxist thesis. Reconciles military radicalism with historical materialism.

568 WOOL, H. , The military specialist. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968, 216pp. A comprehensive and detailed analysis of the emergence of new military skills in terms of military occupational requirements. Part II of the study concentrates on the supply of military manpower stressing the problems of the enlistment market, the retention of military personnel, the economics of military manpower supply and military manpower policies. Includes forty-six detailed tables of data.

569 WRIGHT, Quincy , The study of war. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1939. A classic review of the relationship between war and politics. Questions the extent to which they are inseparable in that strategy is inextricably linked to politics. Main thesis has been re-examined by Bernard Brodie in War and politics (New York, Macmillan, 1973, 514pp.).

570 YARMOLINSKY, Adam , The military establishment: Its impact on American society. New York, Harper and Row, 1971, 434pp. An analytical work about the United States military establishment which in its four sections and twenty-five essays, covers the principal areas of the social impact of the military establishment on contemporary society. This study presents a penetrating commentary on the relationship between armed forces and modern society.

571 YARMOLINSKY, Adam , `Military service and the social structure', in: 570. An analysis of the education and training role of the military.

572 ZASLOFF, Joseph J. , The Pathet Lao: Leadership and organization. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath, 1974, 192pp. A study of the social origins and development of the Pathet Lao from the beginning to the 1970s, as a revolutionary organization.

573 ZASLOFF, Joseph J. , BROWN, MacAlister (eds), Communism in Indo China: New perspectives. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath, 1975. A set of essays which present a critical analysis of social and military change in Indo-China.

574 ZHILIN, P. , `The armed forces of the Soviet state', in: 532: 157-174. A descriptive account of the relationship between the party, state and military in the Soviet Union. This is one of the few readily available studies by a socialist scholar writing on the armed forces of his home country.

575 ZOLBERGE, A. R. , `The structure of political conflict in the new states of tropical Africa', American Political Science Review, 62, 1968: 70-87. An analysis of the political role of the military in the third world countries. Concentrates on the issue of military intervention in the political process as a systematic characteristic of third world societies which tend towards praetorianism.

576 ZURCHER, L. A. , `The sailor aboard ship', Social Forces, 43, 1965: 389-400. One of a very limited number of analytical studies which concentrate on the role and status of enlisted personnel rather than officers.

577 ZURCHER, Louis A. , HARRIES-JENKINS, G. (eds), Supplementary military forces: Reserves, militias, auxiliaries. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage, 1978, 277pp. A collection of twelve essays which through the analysis of eighteen national studies considers issues such as the effectiveness of supplementary forces, the legitimacy of these forces, their relationship within civilian social institutions and the dimensions of their professionalism.