Bibliography

Arens, W. and Susan P. Montagne . The American Dimension: Cultural Myths and Social Realities. Port Washington, New York, Alfred, 1976. Analyses of various popular culture phenomena in the tradition of the structuralism of Lévi-Strauss. [1.2]

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Translated from the French by Annette Lavers. New York, Hill and Wang, 1975. Selected essays of Roland Barthes, giving a structuralist interpretation of items such as wrestling, soap powders and ornamental cookery.

Kress, G.R. 'Structuralism and Popular Culture', in Approaches to Popular Culture, edited by C.W.E. Bigsby. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1976: 85-105. Analysis of the work of Lévi-Strauss and others as it might apply to popular culture. [1.2]

Levi-Strauss, Claude , Structural Anthropology. New York, Basic Books 1963. The basic source for structural analysis. [3.1]

Levi-Strauss, Claude. Le Cru et le Cuit. Paris, Plon, 1964. Important statement of Lévi-Strauss' structural analysis of myth and its development as artifacts of popular culture [1.2]

Rhoads, Ellen. 'Little Orphan Annie and Lévi-Strauss: The Myth and the Method', Journal of American Folklore, 86, 1973: 345-357. Structural analysis of the daily comic strip from 1935 to 1945. [7.3]

Ronteau, Luc. 'Jacobs: Narration, Science-Fiction', Communications, 24, 1976 : 41-61. Structural analysis of E. Jacob's comic strips, that shows passage from bourgeois to capitalistic society reflected in them.

White, Hayden. 'Structuralism and Popular Culture', Journal of Popular Culture, 7, 1973: 759-775. Discussion of the applicability of structural analysis to the artifacts of contemporary popular culture. [3.1]

Wright, Will. Sixguns And Society: A Structural Study of the Western. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975. A structural study of American Western films from 1930 to 1972. The author identifies four basic plots, each following in an evolutionary sequence; classical, vengeance, transition, and professional. These he correlates with basic changes in American institutions, basically economic. Important model of adaptation of structuralism as a method of inquiry for sociology. [7.4]

Borque, José M. Diez. 'Literatura y Mass-Media', Revista Espanola de la Opinión Pública, 26, Oct. — Dec. 1971: 45-70. Literature is seen as communication, involving contact between writer and reader. The history of the perfecting of the media of literary expression is traced as it coincides with the history of perfecting the possibilities for the control of the individual by the group.

Hall, Stuart. 'Leisure, Entertainment and Mass Communication '. Society and Leisure, 2, 2, 1970: 28-47. It is concluded that not only do the media take up and make use of artistic production, but they also provide the subject matter of other media and art itself. Through art, the world of mass leisure and entertainment is taken back into fictional, formal and thematic structures in a process involving reversal, interaction and reciprocity.

Huizinga, Johan. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston, Beacon, 1955. A classic study presenting and developing the argument that types and forms of play serve important functions of cultural socialization in human society. [10.7]

Sypher, Wylie. Literature and Technology: The Alien View. New York: Random House, 1968, 257 pp. A discussion of the conflict between literary-aesthetic and scientific cultures that suggests important parallels between art and science.

Tokarev, L. , 'Moda na Bezvkusnitza, ili Triumf Kicha', Literaturnaya Gazeta, 50, December, 1973: 12-15. Kitsch, produced by mass culture, is an affirmation of its creative powerlessness: it creates the illusion of multiple experience but actually impoverishes life by rendering it culturally meaningless. This educates personalities into the value system of bourgeois society. [2.2, 7.1]

Ahtik, Miroslav. 'Pokvsaj Klasifikacijr I Pojmovnoterminoloske Rekonstrukcije Masovne, Narodne I Visoke Kulture', Socioliski Pregled, 3, 1968: 75-78. An attempt at the classification and conceptual-terminological reconstruction of mass, popular and high culture. [2.3]

Counihan, Mick. 'Reading Television: Notes on the Problem of Media Content', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology , 11, 2, June, 1975: 31-41. Television content should be subject to serious scrutiny. The problem of content is crucial to reconceptualization of media popular culture studies and to analysis of the mechanisms through which class structures of advanced capitalist societies are represented, reproduced and contested. [3.2, 7.5, 10.5]

Gans, Herbert J. 'Popular Culture in America', in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, edited by Howard S. Becker. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1967: 549-620. A major essay focusing upon life style by social class level in America. Differing cultural configurations, by social class level, are posited, and artifacts of popular culture are analyzed as to how well they reflect and reinforce cultural configurations of social class level. [9.1]

Gans, Herbert J. 'La Politique Culturelle aux Etats Unis', Communications, 14, 1969 : 162-171. An analysis of taste cultures in the United States that slows them to be in competition, as far as access to the mass media goes. Gans argues for cultural pluralism as a more viable option to the zero sum game he sees existing at the present time. [9.1]

Gans, Herbert .J. Popular Culture and High Culture. New York, Basic Books, 1974. A theoretical treatment of popular culture content and consumption by social class level. An expansion and elaboration on ideas first presented in Gans' 1967 'Popular Culture in America'. [9.1]

Maisel, R. 'The Decline of Mass Media', Public Opinion Quarterly , 37, 1973: 159-170. A study of general trends in media utilization that focuses on the rise of speciality organs directed toward taste audiences, as opposed to mass media directed toward the general mass audience. [9.1]

Murdock, Graham. 'The Sociology of Mass Communications Research and Sociological Theory', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 11, 2, June, 1975: 27-30. British sociology's attempts to link mass communication and social processes by focusing on the linkages between mass media and the class system is evaluated as a fruitful approach to building an integrated sociological analysis of mass communications.

Truzzi, Marcello. 'Towards a General Sociology of the Folk, Popular and Elite Arts' , in Robert Allun Jones (ed.), Research in Sociology of Knowledge, Sciences and Art. Greenwich, Ct., JAI Press, 1977. A brief essay considering the problems involved in developing an analytically meaningful sociological perspective. Focus is on cultural levels (elite, popular, folk), the art process (producer, product, audience) and art as a labeling process. [2,5.1]

Widmar, Kingsley. 'The Electric Aesthetic and the Short-Circuit Ethic', Arts In Society, 10, Summer, 1970: 87-104. Investigates the move of 1960s youth culture experimental materials into the mass culture of the United States to form a 'populist culture', rather than being short circuited into the arts of passivity and institutional submission.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 'Eléments d'une Théorie Sociologique de la Perception Artistique', Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales, 20, 4, 1968: 640-644. Theoretic position concerning modern cultural artifacts that proposes these have symbolic codes embedded in them that make 'sense' only to those socialized in these codes. To those in foreign cultures (or social strata in the same culture) objects are viewed through non-applicable, or misleading codes, and a confusion of interpretation ensues. [1.1.2,7.1]

Bourdieu, Pierre. 'Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction' , in R. Brown (ed.). Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change. London, Tavistock, 1973: 71-112. Development of the theory of codes and their existence in cultural artifacts. [1.1.2, 7.1]

Bourdieu, Pierre. 'Les Fractions de la Classe Dominante et les Modes d'Appropriation de l'Oeuvre d'Art', Social Science Information , 13, 3, 1974: 7-31. Application of the theory of cultural codes to the posited inverse relationships between economic and cultural capital in society.

Du Frontbare, Vicky and Philippe Sohet. 'Codes Culturels et Logique de Classe dans la Bande Dessinée', Communications , 24, 1976: 62-80. Analysis of French comic strip god-heroes reveals them oriented toward good, bigger than life, but not totally superhuman. Data analyzed by means of the theory of culture codes and posited to fit the French cultural pattern.

Craig, David. 'Marxism and Popular Culture', in Approaches to Popular Culture , edited by C.W.E. Bigsby. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1976: 129-149. Critical analysis of the way in which Marxists view popular culture.

Marcuse, Herbert. One Dimensional Man. New York, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964. Classic essay in critique of popular culture as produced by the elite to help control the masses. Imposed from above, this sort of culture does not reflect the lives, needs and desires of the people, but takes the place of such and thus blocks the development of true and reflective cultural forms.

Marcuse, Herbert. 'Repressive Tolerance', in A Critique of Pure Tolerance, by R. Wolff, Barrington Moore and Herbert Marcuse. Boston , Beacon Press, 1969. Corporate control of modern technology has led to a society in which popular culture makes people more comfortable with their life as it robs them of of their freedom to oppose an evil social system.

Zygnlski, Kazimierz. 'Popular Culture and Socialism', Cultures, 1, 2, 1974: 101-120. Evaluates the place of popular culture and its creation in Poland, and contrasts this generally with other Socialist nations, focusing on the place in the social structure the peasant class is at the initial stage of socialist construction as an important variable in determining the state of popular culture.

Dumazedier, Joffre. Toward a Society of Leisure, New York, Free Press, 1967. An analysis of leisure based on empirical studies. The book consists of two major sections, 'leisure and the social system' and 'leisure and culture'. There is a strong need for extensive sociological research into leisure. It is claimed that a vast convention of ideological forces concerned with mass leisure-time and cultural development might be the best bulwark against totalitarian propaganda and free-enterprise incoherence.

Lowenthal, Leo. Literature, Popular Culture, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961 . The author argues that much about a society and the personalities of those shaping and residing in it can be learned by a systematic study of the literature and popular culture produced and consumed by that society. [7.1]

Peterson. Richard A. The Production of Culture. Beverly Hills, Ca., Sage Publications, 1976. A collection of essays originally delivered in 1975 at the Vanderbilt Symposium on Culture. These papers focus on revitalizing the sociology of culture by asking how culture is deliberately produced. Numerous communalities in the production of art, popular culture, science and religion are described and tentatively explored. [5,6]

Schaeffner, André. 'Musique et Structures Sociales', Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 3, 4, 1962: 388-395. [9.6]

Seeger, Charles. 'Music and Class Structure in the United States' , American Quarterly, 9, 3, 1957: 281-295. [9.6]

Wilensky, Harold. 'Social Structure, Popular Culture and Mass Behavior', Studies in Public Communications, 3, Summer 1961: 15-22. The author argues against a single 'mass culture', but sees culture consumption and behavior to vary by one's position in the social structure. [2.2]

Ball-Rokeach, Sandra and Melvin DEFLEUR. 'A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects', Communication Research, 3, 1976 : 3-21. The authors review various theories of the impact of the mass media and sketch their own dependency model of reciprocal relations between media systems, audiences and larger societal systems.

Blumler, J.G. , J.R. Brown and D. Mcquail. 'The Social Origins of the Gratifications Associated with Television Viewing', mimeo, 1970. Empirical investigation of viewing gratification. Research conducted and reported in Great Britain.

Carey, James. 'Communication and Culture', Communication Research, 2, 2, April 1975: 176-189. A comparative analysis of communication research in the United States and Europe. American studies are more often oriented towards behavior modification and attitude change, while European studies centre around the interpretation of ritual and myth.

Katz, Elihu. 'The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on An Hypothesis', Public Opinion Quarterly, 21, 1, Spring 1957: 61-78. A report on research that suggested a movement of information flow from the media in two stages; from the media to relatively well-informed individuals, then from these persons through interpersonal channels to segments of the 'mass' audience. Research studies reported support for the Lazarsfeld 'two-step flow' hypothesis. [9.1, 10]

Katz, Elihu. 'Communications Research and the Image of Society: Convergence of Two Research Traditions', American Journal of Sociology, 65, 5, 1960: 435-443. An important article that pointed out the importance that informal social relationships among people in the 'mass' audience play in modifying the manner they will react to a message that comes to them via the mass media. [10]

Lewis, Jerry M. 'The Differentiation of Popular Culture Audiences' , Journal of Popular Culture (in press). Presentation of a model for viewing the internal differentiation of popular culture audiences based on the work of Talcott Parsons. The model is tested with data from movie use patterns of college students (n = 415) from Kent State University, collected in 1973. In general, the model was supported by the data. [9.4]

Loevinger, Lee. 'The Ambiguous Mirror: The Reflective-Projective Theory of Broadcasting and Mass Communications', Journal of Broadcasting, 12, Spring 1968: 43-51. An examination of the theory that popular culture broadcast by the media reflect cultural conditions or project the image of the audience held by media gatekeepers. [6.1]

Silberman, Alphous. 'La Sociologie des Communications de Masse', Current Sociology, 18, 3, 1970: 5-124. Overview of the field. The essential characteristics of mass communications is the fact it is organized. For this reason, sociological research in the field can only proceed with examination of the reciprocal relations between communication agents and their receivers.

Alberoni, Francesco. 'Society, Culture and Mass Communication Media' , Ikon, 19, 1966 : 29-62. An examination of the role of the mass media in culture and society. A world scheme of mass culture is offered: 1) a cultural epicentre—United States; 2) areas of high acculturation—like West Germany; 3) areas of partial acculturation—like Italy or Spain; 4) disintegration areas, in which mass culture is disruptive—Latin American countries; and 5) areas of new antithetical cultural syntheses—USSR in the past, China today.

Biobaku, Saburi. The Preservation of Culture as a Factor in Nation-Building. Ife', Nigeria, University of Ife' Press , 1974. A brief survey of the popular aspects of traditional West African culture, and how these artifacts can serve as symbols of identity in the cultural chaos of the diffusion of culture patterns associated with urban development and modernization.

Carpenter, Edmond , Oh, What A Blow That Phantom Gave Me! New York , Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973 . A qualitative analysis, based on anthropological field data, of how media and their transmission of Western popular culture have transformed the social and cultural structures of other groupings around the world. [1.3..3]

Day, Patrick A. 'Cultural Imperialism in New Zealand', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 11, 2, June, 1975: 43-45. The New Zealand mass media are examined and the imported nature of the large majority of their content is noted. The international mass media are firmly embedded in the national culture of a few industrial nations. This may change the possibly static cultural development in a small nation, but may also enfeeble the countervailing national culture of the smaller nation.

Grunig, James. Decline of the Global Village: How Specialization is Changing the Mass Media. New York, General Hall, 1976. The role of specialization in addressing social differentiated portions of the mass audience, rather than a common mass theme globally delivered, is the focus of this report.

Katz, Elihu. 'Can Authentic Cultures Survive New Media?' , Journal of Communication, 27, 2, Spring 1977: 113-121. The standardization of television around the world is reflected both in the format of the program schedules and in the proportional distribution of programs by category. Recognition of the promise of the media in connection with the problem of cultural identity leads to the conclusion that entertainment and popular culture are not neutral but an active force in the communication of values. [7.5]

Payne, David and Christy Peake. 'Cultural Diffusion: The Role of United States Television in Iceland', Journalism Quarterly , 54, 3, Autumn 1977: 523-553. Cultural imperialism hypothesis receives no substantively important support from analysis of data on American television exposure among Icelanders, but does suggest a tenacity with which people hold on to their own cultures and limit the effects of non-technological foreign influence upon them.

Sola Pool, Ithiel . 'The Changing Flow of Television', Journal of Communication, 27, 2, Spring 1977: 139-149. An assessment of the impact of new development suggests that a dispersal of production centres and the enrichment of viable culture may be the longrange result of the global flow of communications.

Innis, Harold , Empire and Communication. London, Clarendon Press, 1950. A technologically deterministic theory that attributes to the media technology prevailing in a society at a given point the prime influence in determining how the members of that society think and behave. An important influence on the thinking of Marshall McLuhan.

Mcluhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1964. McLuhan's central ideas concerning media and culture are presented in the longer first chapter. The remainder of the book consists of chapters each focused on a single element of media or culture, discussing it in light of the theoretical frame spelled out in the first chapter.

Roszak, Theodore. 'The Summa Populogica of Marshall McLuhan', New Politics, 5, Fall 1966: 257-269. An essay highly critical of McLuhan, his theory, and the lack of data extant to offer support for the theory.

Bauman, Zygmunt. 'Two Notes on Mass Culture', Polish Sociological Bulletin, 14, 1966: 58-74. The treatment of mass culture in (especially) American sociological literature is discussed. It is postulated that the media are not so much a cause of mass culture as a tool with which to shape it. They serve as channels to convey cultural contents which have, independently of the media, already formed the cells of a social structure with a mass character. [2.2]

Burrage, Michael. 'Two Approaches to the Study of Mass Media' , Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 10, 2,1969: 238-253. The perspectives of Marx and Tocqueville concerning the place of mass media in society are presented, analyzed and evaluated as complementary. [1.2.3]

Defleur, Melvin and Sandra Ball-Rokeach . Theories of Mass Communication. New York, David McKay, 1975. Focusing on mass media as social systems, the authors present the history and development of them, as well as a critical examination of the theories in the field and an integrated theory of mass media effects. [6.1, 10.1]

Friedman, Norman. 'Mass Communications and Popular Culture: Convergent Fields in the Study of Mass Media?', Mass Communications Review , 3, 1977: 237-246. A short history of the two fields as they relate to mass media, and speculation on how and why they may converge.

Jakande, L.K. The Role of the Mass Media in a Developing Country . Ife', Nigeria, University of Ife' Press, 1975. Traces the various functions of the media in Nigeria, including that of the transmission of popular culture.

Katz, Elihu and David Foulkes. 'The Use of Mass Media as "Escape": Clarification of a Concept', Public Opinion Quarterly, 26, 1969: 377-383. Discussion of the usage of the mass media to escape to a fantasy world, rather than to reinforce or question participation in everyday life. [2.3, 10]

Riley, Matilda and John W. Riley. 'A Sociological Approach to Communications Research', Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, Fall 1951: 445460. Classic paper analyzing the process and form of mass communication.

Wright, Charles. Mass Communication. 2nd ed. New York, Random House, 1975. Overview of theories of mass communication that includes material on popular culture in the sections on media content, impact, and audience studies. [7.1, 8.1, 10.1]

Barbu, Zev. 'Popular Culture: A Sociological Approach', in Approaches to Popular Culture, edited by C.W.E. Bigsby. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1976: 39-68. A survey of the area from a historical comparative point of view, with a focus on: the major types of popular culture in relation to their social framework; the specific nature of contemporary popular culture and the methodological problems raised by it. [2.3, 3.2]

Carey, James W. and Albert Kreiling . 'Popular Culture and Uses and Gratifications: Notes Toward an Accommodation', in Jay G. Blumler and Elihu Katz (eds.), The Uses of Mass Communication. Beverly Hills, Ca., Sage, 1974. Calls for an effective theory of popular culture that conceives of man, not as psychological or sociological, but as cultural in nature. [1.3]

Dimaggio, Paul. 'Market Structures, The Creative Process, and Popular Culture: Toward an Organizational Reinterpretation of Mass Culture Theory'. Journal of Popular Culture (in press). A recasting of the mass culture model to include culture industries as organizations. The author presents three ideal types of cultural production systems; 1) mass culture, 2) class culture, 3) pluralistic culture and posits a mix of these as applicable to the American case.

Edgar, Patricia. 'Directions in Mass Communications Research' , Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 11, 2, June 1975: 21-27. The application of phenomenological theory to communication research is discussed and studies based on this theoretical approach are described. The need to include a study of media organizations, content and audiences alongside one another is noted and a model described which would meet that purpose. [6.1]

Gryspeerdt, Avel. 'Directions Pour l'Investigation en Sociologie de la Télévision: Theories Problématiques et Techniques', Recherches Sociologiques, 2, 2, December 1971: 214-225. The reasons why a true sociology of television has not yet been developed are examined, and fruitful directions for development are indicated.

Kando, Thomas. Leisure and Popular Culture in Transition. St. Louis, Mo ., C.V. Mosby Company, 1975. A textual review of the history and current status of the various forms of high culture, mass culture, popular culture, participant and spectator sports in America. The author pays particular attention to variations in leisure time activities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, geography, religion, education, occupation and social class. [2, 3, 7.1, 9.1]

Merton, Robert K. and Paul F. Lazarsfeld . 'Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action' in Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas, New York, Harper Bros., 1948: 95-118. Early theoretical statement attempting to explain the effects of popular cultural material on social action, if these materials are adopted and adapted by those articulating social movements.

Real, Michael. Mass Mediated Culture. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1977. The development of a critical theory of culture by means of ethnographic case studies in the areas of education, sports, health, politics, religion and a cross-cultural study of fiestas in Ilave, Peru.

Rudikoff, Sonya. 'Popular Culture All Around Us', The American Scholar, 44, 4, Autumn 1975: 607-617. The possibility of something innovative and valuable emerging from mid-1970s popular culture is discussed. Synthesis of media forms may produce new cultural vehicles and the (reviewed) types of popular culture of the past thirty years may be of only historical interest.

Soriano, Marc. 'Popular Traditions and Consumer Society: The Situation in France', Cultures, 1, 2, 1974: 39-66. Evaluates the place of popular culture and folk traditions in contemporary France.

Willener, Alfred. 'Music and Sociology', Cultures , 1, 1, 1974: 233-249. A review of contemporary French thought in the area and a suggestion of the importance of 'musico-sociology' as a discipline, divided into three major areas: lives of musicians; musical creation; and targets of music. [5.7]

Bigsby, C.W. 'The Politics of Popular Culture', Cultures, 1, 2, 1973: 15-37. Hostility to the study of popular culture is examined in the light of the political ideology of those who link it to the problems of industrialization and urbanization. The article has an appendix of European and American institutions engaged in research into popular culture and the mass media [ 1.3 J

Cantrick, Robert. 'The Blind Men and the Elephant: Scholars on Popular Music', Ethnomusicology, 9, 2, May 1965 : 100-114. An attempt to point out and explain why scholars of contemporary music (and culture) tend to either overlook or dismiss popular music (and culture) as unimportant for study.

King, Margaret. 'Popular Culture In Cross-Cultural Perspective', in Richard W. Brislin and Michael P. Hamnett (eds.), Topics In Culture Learning, Volume 5. Honolulu, Hawaii, East West Culture Learning Institute, 1977: 83-91. The author makes a case for most popular culture study assuming the subject matter only of American popular culture, and argues for inclusion of popular culture of other countries, as the study as presently constituted is limited and laden with Western value assumptions.

Kumar, Krishan. 'Excellence and Anarchy', Indian Journal of Social Research, 12, 3, December 1971: 225-228. The tenet that the sociologist is not bothered by distinctions of 'high' or 'low' culture is explored by comparing high and low cultures as seen by the literary figure, the musician and the film director. Whereas the sociologist is populist, the literary person is not so democratic. Popular music and films, however, are seen to be distinctive contributors to culture.

Lowenthal, Leo. 'Historical Perspectives of Popular Culture' , American Journal of Sociology, 55, 1950: 323-332. Article presents the ways popular culture has been viewed, and attempts an historical explanation for the hostility expressed against it. [4.1]

Lowenthal, Leo and Marjorie Fiske. 'The Debate Over Art and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century England', in Common Frontiers of the Social Sciences , Mirra Komaravsky (ed.), Glencoe Ill., Free Press, 1957: 33-96. Traces elitist critiques of popular culture to ideologies of the eighteenth century. [4.1]

Peterson, Richard A. 'The Proper Study Is Popular Culture', Journal of Popular Culture (in press). The author presents arguments both as to why social scientists seem to be increasingly ignoring popular culture, and why this should not be the case.

Adorno, Theodor. 'Cultural Criticism and Society', Prisms, London , Spearman, 1967. The author attributes the development of false consciousness within post-industrial society not so much to the direct manipulations of a ruling elite but to social tendencies inherent within popular culture.

Ashin, G.K. 'Massovaya Kultura' I "Massovoye Obshchestvo" ', Filosofskiye Nauki, 14, 6, November-December 1971: 28-36. A survey and critique of Western writings on mass society. The view that 'mass culture' is not connected with the social structure, but rises globally from technological development, is rejected. Mass and elite culture are the two sides of bourgeois culture and the standard critique of the two is a false critique, as it does not include a class analysis of culture content. [1.2.3]

Bauer, Raymond and Alice Bauer. 'American Mass Society and Mass Media' , Journal of Social Issues, 16, 3, 1960: 3-66. Empirically based rebuttal of the charges against mass and popular culture. [9.1.1]

Bensman, Joseph and Bernard Rosenberg . 'Mass Media and Mass Culture', in Philip Olson (ed.), America as a Mass Society . New York, Free Press, 1963: 166-184. Analysis from the point of view that mass culture is dehumanizing and a severe social problem.

Y Gasset, Jose Ortega. Revolt of the Masses. New York, Norton, 1932. Classic statement of the dangerous consequences for society of the proliferation of mass and popular culture.

Glazychev, Vyacheslav Leonidovich. 'Problema "Massovio Kultury" ', Voprosy filosofiv, 24, 12, December 1970: 14-22. The idea that there is a 'mass culture' opposed to an elite (genuine) culture is challenged. Technical experts in society now design culture and cultural values. It is stressed that a detailed analysis of the interaction of mass culture with basic structural elements of the society—production, distribution, and management—should be made. [1.2.3.]

Javeau, Claude. 'Industrie Culturelle ou Culture de Masse'?' Revue de L'Institut de Sociologie, 4, 1967: 671-678. Mass Culture is not fundamentally depreciative, but contains positive values of its own. The concept of the elite 'conditioning' the masses via popular culture is rejected as false.

Petryszak, Nicholas. 'The Frankfurt School's Theory of Manipulation' , Journal of Communication, 27, 3, Summer 1977: 32-40. The argument is made that North American and orthodox Marxist theorists have failed where the Frankfurt School succeeded in elaborating the specific operations of ideological control via manipulation of popular culture. [1.3, 10]

Riesman, David , Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer. The Lonely Crowd. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1950. Chapters four and five especially contain a strong rebuttal to the traditional mass culture critique. [10.1]

Shils, Edward , 'Daydreams and Nightmares: Reflections on the Criticism of Mass Culture', Sewanee Review, 65, 1957: 587-608 A strong statement in defense of mass culture, issued in the thick of the mass-elite culture debate. [1.3,4.1]

Shils, Edward. 'The Mass Society and Its Culture', in Culture For The Millions ? Norman Jacobs (ed.), Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1961 . Strong statement in favor of the beneficial aspects of mass culture, and a rebuttal of the elitist position that is critical of such [4.1]

Toffler, Alvin. The Culture Consumers, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1964. An overview of culture consumption patterns in the United States. Elite culture is seen to be increasingly popular and to be supported by publics, thus refuting the charge that the popular arts expand at the expense of the elite arts. [9.1]

Van Den Haag, Ernest. 'A Dissent From the Consensual Society', in Culture for the Millions? Norman Jacobs (ed.), Princeton, N.J., Van Nustrand, 1961 . A strong statement of the mass culture critique, pointing out the dangers to both elite culture and the audience of popular and mass culture.

Wanderer, Jules. 'In Defence of Popular Taste: Film Ratings Among Professionals and Lay Audiences', American Journal of Sociology , 76, 2, September 1970: 262-272. This paper reports a secondary analysis of a direct measure of popular taste and contrasts it with professional evaluations of the same product ; 5, 644 motion pictures. Snobbism of critics is tested and refuted.

Elorza, Antońio. 'Notas Sobre la Ambigüedad de la Sociológia de la Cultura de Masas en Espana', Revista del Institute de Ciencias Sociales, 16, 1970: 127-143. Aspects of worldliness, the dialectic of work/leisure and freedom/ repression as related to mass communication in modern industrialized society are examined. Reference is made to various theories from Mannheim to Adorno on power, social reality and the culture industry. Using Spain as example, the limitations of theories that do not take into account the process of dialectical interaction between communication and the social system are pointed out. [1.2.3]

Escappet, Robert. 'The Concept of "Mass"', Journal of Communication, 27, 2, Spring 1977: 4447. The concept, born of the shock of rising numbers, is a double-edged creation obscuring emerging group identities and rights. The concept of 'group-set' is introduced. [1.2]

Friedman, Norman. 'Mass Communications and Popular Culture: Convergent Fields in the Study of Mass Media?', Mass Communication Review , 4, Winter 1977: 20-28. This paper traces aspects of the development of the social/behavioral science-oriented field of mass communications and the humanities-oriented field of popular culture. Despite their shared interest in media and the popular arts, there has been relatively little real convergence and cross-fertilization between the two.

Gillespie, David. 'Sociology of Popular Culture: The Other Side of a Definition', Journal of Popular Culture, 5, 2, Fall 1972: 292-299. This essay focuses upon the problem of interdisciplinary communication as it is related to the differing viewpoints contributing to explanations of popular culture. [2.1]

Hirsch, Paul M. 'Social Science Approaches to Popular Culture: A Review and Critique', Journal of Popular Culture (in press). An examination of the two major orientations to popular culture employed in social science research suggests a degree of complementarity seldom explored by either their proponents or practitioners. The social problem orientation sensitizes researchers to the broad institutional issues raised by a technological capacity to link together all sectors and members of the national population. The communication research approach contributes important findings on whether and how the images and content abstracted by the social or literary analyst relate to what audiences consciously perceive.

Kando, Thomas. 'Popular Culture and Its Sociology: Two Controversies' , Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 2, Fall 1975: 438-455. The author reviews the various concepts used in the field, and attempts a conceptual synthesis of these, as well as addressing the problem of ideological arguments against the study of popular culture and upon what they are based. [2.2]

King, Margaret. 'Popular Culture in Cross-Cultural Perspective', Topics In Culture Learning, 5, 1977: 83-91. A strong plea to extend the definition and study of popular culture beyond the limits of that produced by the American industrial complex, and to develop the field in a cross-cultural manner.

McCormack, Thelma. 'Folk Culture and the Mass Media', Archives Européennes de Sociologie. 10, 2, 1969: 220-237. Esthetic, sociological and cultural critiques of popular culture are examined. It is pointed out cach focus on a different variable; the esthetic on authority, the sociological on social change; the cultural on problems of identity. Three patterns of relationships between folk and popular cultures are examined: evolutionary; additive; conflict. In modern society the terms popular and folk have little value. and should be replaced with professional, applied and amateur.

Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1966. Sontag attacks the traditional value distinction between high and popular culture, asserting that transparence is the highest and most liberating value in art (even as it is the essential element in popular culture). She argues for the authenticity of immediate response and the validity of sensory experience.

Denisoff, R. Serge , 'Content Analysis: The Achilles Heel of Popular Culture?', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 2, Fall 1975: 456-460. An overemphasis on this one methodology has severe consequences for both the breadth of study possible and the sorts of conclusions that can (and are) drawn from analysis of content alone. [7.1, 8.1]

Denisoff, R. Serge and Mark H. Levine. 'The One Dimensional Approach to Popular Music: A Research Note', Journal of Popular Culture, 6, 1971: 91 11-919. The authors point out the narrow focus of most research in the area of the study of popular music by noting how much of it relies, not only on content analysis, but content analysis of song lyrics only, as the only methodology employed. [7.6, 8.5]

Denzin, Norman K. 'Problems in Analyzing Elements of Mass Culture: Notes on the Popular Song and Other Artistic Productions', American Journal of Sociology, 75, 6, May 1970: 1035-1038. A critique of the method of content analysis as applied to artifacts of popular culture. One cannot conclude anything about an audience by analyzing only the content of the artifact. Analyists must have evidence on attendance rates and preference patterns of audiences to whom they wish to generalize. [7.6]

Dunlop, Donald. 'Popular Culture and Methodology', in Ray Browne , Sam Grogg and Larry Lundrum (eds.), Theories & Methodologies in Popular Culture, Bowling Green, Ohio, Popular Press, 1976: 23-31. Development of a frame of analysis for popular culture, comprised of artist, artifact and audience and the relationships among these three: formulae, middlemen and medium. [1.4]

Hirsch, Paul. 'Sociological Approaches to the Pop Music Phenomenon' , American Behavioral Scientist, 14, 3, January-February 1971: 371-388. A discussion and evaluation of the three general research approaches: 1) content analysis, often coupled with speculation of the 'function' of mass culture; 2) audience surveys, where effects of messages on consumers are gauged; 3) institutional analyses of industries engaged in the production and distribution of popular culture. Too often studies are based on only one of the above. American popular music is discussed via all three approaches. [6.5, 9.6]

Lasswell, Harold D. 'Communications Research and Public Policy', Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 3, Fall 1972 : 301-310. Contains an overview of the development of techniques in surveying, depth interviewing, content analysis and other data gathering and processing methods of recent years that are applied in the study of the communication of popular culture.

Lewis, George H. 'Popular Music and Research Design: Methodological Alternatives', Popular Music and Society, 1, Winter 1972: 108-115. Drawing on Melvin DeFleurs's concept of the media as a social system, the author focuses on popular music and identifies several areas in which important research should be attempted, as well as suggestions as to research design and methodologies in these various areas. [6.5]

Merriam, Alan. 'The Use of Music as a Technique of Reconstructing Culture History in Africa' , in Reconstructing African Culture History, Creighton Gable and Norman Bennett (eds.), Boston, Boston University Press , 1967, 83-114. The use of popular folk music as a reflector of the culture history of a social group.

Metz, Christian. 'Propositions Methodologiques Pour L'Analyse Du Film', Social Science Information, 7, 4, August 1968: 107-120. A semantic analysis of the concepts in cinema, in particular its dichotomy of form and content. [7.4]

Brown, Roger. 'Approaches to the Historical Development of Mass Media Studies', in Jeremy Tunstall (ed.), Media Sociology, Urbana, Illinois, University of Illinois Press, 1970. A description of the approaches to mass media study of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.

Browne, Ray , Marshall Fishwick and Mike Marsden. Heroes of Popular Culture, Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1973. This book of essays examines the American hero since the 1950s. The field has become fluid instead of static, dominated by images rather than words.

Burner, David , Robert Marcus and Jori Tilson. America Through the Looking Class: A Historical Reader in Popular Culture, Volumes I and II, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1974 . A collection of readings from the colonial era to the present. The books attempts to provide insight into the popular mind as well as a broad view of the way Americans of the past and today really lived. No theoretical framework is in evidence.

Cantor, Norman and Michael Werthman. The History of Popular Culture to 1815 , New York, Macmillan, 1968. An edited collection of short descriptive pieces concerning popular culture of the times. Broken down to four main time periods ; the classical world, the medieval world, the early modern era and the era of enlightenment and revolution.

Cantor, Norman and Michael Werthman . The History of Popular Culture Since 1815, New York, Macmillan, 1968. An edited collection of short descriptive pieces concerning popular culture of the times. Broken down to three main time periods; the forming of an industrial society, the modern world and the contemporary world.

Flink, James. The Car Culture, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1975. A social history of the automobile in America, treating the car culture as a popular mass movement with serious and unanticipated consequences for American society.

Ford, Charles. Histoire du Western. Paris, Editions Pierre Horay, 1964. A history of the American western in all its forms.

Mandrou, Robert , De La Culture Populaire aus 17e et 18e Siècles , Paris, 1965. A study of the popular art forms of Europe during industrialization.

Nuttall, Jeff. Bomb Culture, New York, Delacorte Press, 1968. Examination of the British creative 'underground' (1945-65) and popular themes that were articulated by it and emerged from it into mass culture.

Nye, Russel. The Unembarrassed Muse: The Popular Arts in America, New York, Dial Press, 1970. A comprehensive history of the development and forms of the popular arts in America.

Daniels, Les. Comix: A History of Comic Books In America, New York, Outerbridge & Dienstfrey, 1971. An illustrated history of the American comic book.

Gordon, Michael. 'America's Two Poster Movements', Journal of Popular Culture, 3, 2, Fall 1969: 231-250. Gordon compares and contrasts poster art as popular culture in America in the 1890s and the 1960s, and distinguishes them both as different from the fine arts poster. [7.8]

Green, Theodore. America's Heroes: The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines, New York, Oxford University Press, 1970. A content analysis of American magazines, revealing shifts in the patterns of success reflected in them. From 1787-1820 the magazines reflected the upper class values of their readers. As mass magazines appeared, the hero (1894-1903) was more likely to be the powerful individualist who succeeded in laissez faire capitalism. Between two world wars the hero went through further changes. Two major types emerged ; the man with traditional virtues in an agrarian setting, and the organization man in an urban setting. [7.2]

Hart, James D. The Popular Book: A History of America's Literary Taste, Bcrkcley, University of California Press, 1950. Standard history of the popular book in America.

Hesse-Quack, Otto. 'Der Comic-Strip Als Soziales Und Sociologisches Phaenomen', Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozial- Psychologie, 21, 3, September 1969: 680-703. The history and development of the comic strip and its significance and role in modern society are examined. Earlier studies of the effects of comics are summarized.

Lantz, Herman , Eloise Snyder , Margaret Britton and Raymond Schmitt. 'Pre-Industrial Patterns in the Colonial Family in America: A Content Analysis of Colonial Magazines', American Sociological Review, 33, 3, June 1968: 413-426. A content analysis of 15 colonial magazines revealed that some family values conventionally attributed to industrialization (romantic love complex, personal happiness as motive for mate choice) were already prevalent in American magazines of the colonial period.

White, David Manning. The Funnies: An American Idiom, New York, Free Press, 1963. A qualitative examination of the American comic strip and the history of its development.

Armes, Roy. French Cinema Since 1946, London, Swemmer and Barnes, 1966. Contemporary history of the French film industry and product.

Bohn, Thomas and Rishcard Stromgren . Light and Shadows: A History of Motion Pictures , New York, Alfred Publishing Co ., 1975. A history of motion pictures, pointing up the industrial, technological, social, and aesthetic facets of the phenomenon, from the earliest beginnings of motion pictures through the establishment of a culture industry to the international significance of film in the 1970s. [6.3]

Cowie, Peter. The Swedish Cinema, New York, Barnes and Company, 1966. History and appraisal of Swedish film industry.

Durgnat, Raymond. The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image, Plymouth, Latimor Trend, 1969. A social history of American film comedy that examines the images of American society as reflected in over 500 films, dating from the early days of slapstick to the late 1960s.

Friedman, Norman. 'American Movies and the American Culture, 1946-1970' , Journal of Popular Culture, 3, 4, Spring 1970: 815-823. A focus on American films of this period both as conserving instruments of cultural transmission and as agents of cultural innovation. Of the two functions, cultural transmission is seen to be the more important. [7.4]

Fulton, A.R. Motion Pictures: The Development of an Art From Silent Films to the Age of Television, Norman, Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press, 1960. A definitive history of the development of the motion picture as a cultural form.

Jarratt, Vernon. The Italian Cinema, New York , Macmillan, 1951. A good history of Italian film and film making.

Jowett, Garth. Film: The Democratic Art, Boston, Little, Brown, 1976. A natural history of the film—the story of the innovation, diffusion, absorbtion, domestication and decline of a technology, as well as the social forces resisting institutionalization, the social conflicts raised, and the changes in leisure patterns produced by the cinema. [6.3]

Leyda, Jay. Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film, New York , Macmillan, 1960. A good history of Soviet film content and industry.

Low, Rachel and Roger Manvell. The History, of the British Film (3 Vols), London, Allen and Unwin , 1948-1950. A definitive history, up to 1950, of British film industry and cinema techniques and content.

Monaco, Paul. Cinema and Society: France and Germany During the Twenties, New York, Elsevier , 1976. This study attempts definition of the important relationships between popular films and society by analyzing the films of France and Germany in the 1920s. Topics covered include; film as business, film as national folklore, film as mass entertainment, film as collective psychology, and film as history.

Schickel, Richard. Movies: The History of an Art and an Institution , New York, Basic Books, 1964. The development and institutionalization of the film industry is traced and commented upon. [6.3]

Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America: A Social History of American Movies, New York, Random House, 1975. Sklar's thesis is that films are powerful social, cultural and economic artifacts that both reflect and mold mass society. In presenting this argument, he traces the social and financial background of the film industry as it evolved from the 1920s through the 1960s. [6.3]

Tyler, Parker. Underground Film: A Critical History, New York , Grove Press, 1969. History and critical analysis of the underground film on an international scale.

Barnouw, Erik. A Tower in Babel, New York , Oxford University Press, 1966 . The first volume of his history of broadcasting in America.

Barnouw, Erik. The Golden Web, New York , Oxford University Press, 1968 . The second volume of his history of broadcasting in America.

Barnouw, Erik. The Image Empire, New York , Oxford University Press, 1970 . The final volume of his history of broadcasting in America.

Barnouw, Erik. Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television , New York, Oxford University Press , 1975. A history of the evolution of network television and current broadcasting practices. Traces also the move of many radio programs into the television medium in the early days of network television.

Bogart, Leo. The Age of Television, New York, Frederick Ungar, 1972 . History and appraisal of the industry. [6.4]

Carney, George. 'Country Music and Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment', Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11, 2, April 1974: 19-32. The influence of stations transmitting from across the border in the 1930s, the pattern and increase of part and full-time country music stations.

Charters, Samuel. The Country Blues, New York , Rinehart, 1959. A detailed history of the evolution and development of this musical style.

Denisoff, R. Serge. Great Day Coming: Folk Music and the American Left, Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois Press, 1971. A detailed study of the American left, focusing on the period from 1930-1950, and tracing the evolution and impact of urban folk music in this socio-political arena. [7.6.3]

Denisoff, R. Serge. 'The Evolution of Pop Music Broadcasting: 1920-1972' , Popular Music and Society, 2, Spring 1973: 202-226. The author traces the developing styles of broadcasting throughout this period, and links them to the larger spheres of the changing industry and nature of the American mass audience. [6.2,6.5]

Gillett, Charlie. The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll, New York, Outerbridge and Dienstfrey, 1970. The definitive history of rock and roll, revealing the deep roots in other American popular musical forms. Careful attention is given various forms of black American music. [5.7]

Malone, Bill C. Country Music, U.S.A. Austin , University of Texas Press, 1968 . A history of the development of country music as an American art form, and a tracing of the various forms that emerged as well as an analysis of the most important artists in origination of the forms. [5.7.3]

Mooney, H.F. 'Popular Music Since the 1920s: The Significance of Shifting Taste', American Quarterly, 20, 1968: 67-85. The author traces the major shifts in form and content of American popular music from the 1920s to the 1960s, and attempts to link these shifts to changes in the music industry and in the socio-cultural milieu and composition of the listening audience.

Mooney, H.F. 'Just Before Rock: Pop Music 1950-1953 Reconsidered' , Popular Music and Society, 3, 2, 1974: 65-108. A focus on this music that shows it to be both relevant to the society of 1950 and also a potent lead into future trends of rock and roll and especially country-western.

Peterson. Richard A. and David G. Berger. 'Three Eras in the Manufacture of Popular Music Lyrics', in R. Serge Denisoff and Richard A. Peterson (eds.), The Sounds of Social Change. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1972: 282-303. The authors look at the lyrics of popular music and group them into three periods (1750-1890, 1890-1950, and 1950-1970), then speculate about changes from 1970 on. Throughout, they link changes in lyric type with changes in the music industry, demographics of the audiences, and changes in technology. [6.5]

Shaw. Arnold. The World of Soul: Black America's Contribution to the Pop Music Scene , New York, Cowles, 1970. A history and present day analysis of soul. Shaw is sensitive to sociological aspects of the development of the music.

Shelton, Robert. The Country Music Story, New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. A history of the development and flowering of country music in America.

Barnett, James. The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture, New York, Arno Press, 1954. Traces the rise of Christmas from a simple home ceremony to its late twentieth century commerical jamboree.

Edwards, Richard. Popular Amusements, New York , Arno Press, 1915. One of the earliest studies of leisure activities, surveying activities such as the taxi dance, amusements parks and organized athletics.

Gardner, Hugh. 'Bureaucracy at the Bridge Table', in Side-Saddle on the Golden Calf; George H. Lewis (ed.), Pacific Palisades, Ca., Goodyear Publishing Co., 1972: 138-153. History of the development of the game of bridge and analysis of it, linking it symbolically to upper social class levels and organizational activities. Bridge playing is viewed both as escape valve and tool of socialization. [10.7]

Roth, Walter. Games, Sports and Amusements, Brisbane, Australia , Arno Press, 1902. One of the most important early studies of games.

Alberoni, Francesco. 'L'Blite Irresponsable; Théorie Et Recherche Sociologique Sur Le Divismo', Ikon, 12, 1, 1962: 45-62. An interpretative framework within which the phenomenon of the pop cultural 'star' can be placed is worked out in this essay.

Brown, Roger. 'The Creative Process in the Popular Arts', International Social Science Journal, 20, 4, 1968: 613-624. The creative process may still be a traditional one, even though distribution of product is done via mass production techniques. Alienation may be a more grave problem for the 'serious' artist than the popular one, who many times is integrated more fully within the present day structure of cultural production.

Rudzínska, Hamila. 'Socjologia Literatury W Konteksćie Badán nad Kultura Masona (Spotkanie Robocze), Kultura i Spolećzenstwo , 11, 3, July-September 1967: 191-194. Report on a conference organized by the Institute for Research on Mass Culture and the Workshop for the Study of Contemporary Culture of the Polish Academy of Science. The conference focussed on the social factors which condition literary creativity and how they do so.

Van Dinh, Tran. 'Ho Chi Minh As Communicator', Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 142-148. Communication research in the Third World has tended to concentrate on the use of modern media by newly independent countries. This ignores the historical communication modes of Third World people. Meaningful research should take into account both continuity and revolution, traditional folk material and contemporarily created popular culture. Ho Chi Minh, a master of communication, is analyzed in this light. [1.3.2]

Willener, Alfred. L'Image-Action De La Socicété Ou La Politisation Culturelle, Paris, 1970. A phenomenological approach to the student uprising of May 1968 that proposes the uprising created a new type of popular culture that, beginning as an act of rebellion, is creative and more encompassing than the traditional types of popular culture.

Faulkner, Robert. 'Coming of Age in Occupations: A Comparative Study of Career Contingencies of Musicians and Hockey Players', in Donald Ball and John Loy (eds.), Sport and Social Order, New York, Addison-Wesley, 1975: 432-465. Analysis based on interview data of both professions reveals interesting similarities in occupational careers.

Riege , Mary Gray. 'The Call Girl and the Dance Teacher: A Comparative Analysis ', Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 4, 1, 1969: 58-70. Comparative role analysis of the two occupations.

Fine, Gary Alan. 'Popular Culture and Social Interaction: Production, Consumption and Usage', Journal of Popular Culture (in press). The author discusses interaction as a variable, most especially with respect to the creation and production of popular culture. [9.1.2]

Lukenbill, Bernard. 'Who Writes Children's Books?', Journal of Communication, 26, 1, Winter 1976: 97-100. A study of American authors' social characteristics shows a fairly homogeneous group: white, middle-class, mostly women.

Sanders, Clinton. 'Icons of the Alternate Culture: The Themes and Functions of Underground Comix', Journal of Popular Culture , 8, 4, Spring 1975: 836-852. A study of comix that focuses on the socially constructed definitions of reality that shape form and content. Art is shaped by the interaction of the artist, the public and the distribution network. Comix reflect the subcultural socialization of their creators. [7.3]

Soneschein, David. 'Process in the Production of Popular Culture: The Romance Magazines', Journal of Popular Culture , 5, 2, Fall 1972: 399-406. As part of a study for the US Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, publishers of 43 Romance magazines were given open-ended interviews concerning editorial work and philosophies. All of the publishers saw themselves putting out stories that contained very conservative and traditional American cultural values.

Rosten, Leo. Hollywood, New York, Harcourt, Brace , 1941. A study of a sample of 144 Hollywood film producers, examining their backgrounds and their ideas concerning film making and the impact of film on American life.

Schickel, Richard. The Disney Version, New York , Simon and Schuster, 1968. An informal content analysis of Disney products and account of the means by which these artifacts of popular culture were created and diffused through the mass media. [6.3]

Spoto, Donald. The Art of Alfred Hitchcock, New York, Hopkinson and Blake, 1977. A definitive history of Hitchcock and analysis of his work, as he shaped and developed it.

Peavy, Charles. 'The Black Art of Propaganda: The Cultural Arm of the Black Power Movement', Rocky Mountain Social Science Review, 1, April 1970: 9-16. The role of the Black Arts movement within the Black Power movement in the United States is analyzed, with focus on black drama presented in inner city ghetto areas by black actors. [10.7]

Young, Lung-chang. 'The Dynamics of Popular Culture: Regional Theatres In Kiangsu', Journal of Popular Culture, 7, 1, Summer 1973: 51-67. An essay focusing on Chinese drama, this paper examines fifteen types of theatre in Kiangsu and is primarily concerned with 1) the socio-historical factors that account for the variation in regional theatre, 2) the general pattern of change in the theatrical institution that can be abstracted from the life history of some typical theatres, and 3) the built-in mechanism of cultural metabolism that regulates the processes of theatrical change.

Boorstein, Daniel. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America , New York, Harper, 1961. An examination of the creation of reality by means of television.

Newcomb, Horace. TV: The Most Popular Art, New York. Anchor, 1974. A look at the creative process as it emerges in the television industry, and how product is shaped by the industry and audience expectations. [6.4]

Charters, Samuel. The Bluesmen, New York, Oak Publications, 1968. A study of the personal history of scvcral of the most important figures in American blues music.

Ferris, William R. 'Racial Repertoires Among Blues Performers ', Ethnomusicology, 24, 1970: 439-449. A study of the amount of race related material performed by blues artists in America.

Jones , LeRoi. Blues People . New York, Morrow, 1963. A study of the personal history of several of the most important figures in American blues music.

Keil, Charles. Urban Blues, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1966. A study of the function of urban blues music for the black community in which it developed. The author sketches a paradigm for the study of popular culture, and uses it as a frame for his analysis of black urban blues, and its creators. [1.2, 7.6]

Becker, Howard S. 'The Professional Dance Musician and his Audience ', American Journal of Sociology, 56, September 1951: 136-144. The classic study, focusing on the conceptions that musicians have of themselves and of the non-musicians for whom they work and the conflict they feel to be inherent in this relation, as well as the feelings of isolation musicians have from the larger society and the way they segregate themselves from audiences and community.

Peterson, Richard A. 'Artistic Creativity and Alienation: Jazz Musician Versus His Audience', Arts in Society, 3, 1965: 144-248. The author documents the alienation the jazz artist feels when pressed by his audience to perform familiar compositions, rather than experiment with new material.

Peterson, Richard A. 'Market and Moralist Censors of a Rising Art Form, Jazz', Arts In Society, 4, 2, 1967: 236-247. The author examines the impact that market popularity has upon shaping the artistic product of the jazz musician.

Stebbins, Robert. 'Class, Status and Power Among Jazz and Commercial Musicians', The Sociological Quarterly, 7, 2, 1966: 197 213. An analysis of the variables that seem to contribute to status rankings both within and without the 'profession'.

Stebbins, Robert. 'Role Distance, Role Distance Behavior and Jazz Musicians', British Journal of Sociology, 20, 4, 1969: 406-415.

Carney. George. 'Bluegrass Grows All Around: The Spatial Dimensions of a Country Music Style', Journal of Geography, 12, March 1974: 34-55. Traces origins of performers, places named in groups and songs, diffusion of styles, group tours and characteristics of changing audience. [9.6]

Patterson, Tim. 'Popular Culture and Organic Intellectuality' , The Insurgent Sociologist, 5, 1, Fall 1974: 67-72. A radical examination of the history of American country music is used as an illustration of the fate of organic intellectuals in the working class. Folk musicians, becoming commercialized country musicians, were returned to the people by the corporate recording companies in a dehumanized and impoverished form. [1.2.3]

Lewis, George H. 'The Pop Artist and His Product: Mixed-up Confusion', Journal of Popular Culture, 4, 2, Fall 1970 : 327-338. Using the musical output of Bob Dylan as case study material, this study focuses on the question of whether the artist sets trends or capitalizes on the tentative explorations of others and coopts and consolidates this material as mass product. Evidence points to the latter as being more the rule.

McGregor, Craig. Bob Dylan: A Retrospective. New York, William Morrow, 1972. Exhaustive collection of essays concerning Dylan and his career through 1971. All the important pieces are reproduced in this volume.

Rodnitzky, Jerome. Minstrels of the Dawn: The Folk-Protest As A Cultural Hero, New York, Nelson-Hall , 1976. A focus of the careers and images of folk singers. Emphasis of the analysis is on the American singer of the 1960s.

Sanders, Clinton. 'Psyching Out the Crowd: Folk Performers and Their Audiences', Urban Life and Culture, 3, 3, October 1974: 264-282. Performers tend to be entertainers (foster audience interaction) or musicians (expect audience to relate to music) who develop strategies for coping with the problems of performance. A participant observation study.

Belz, Carl. The Story of Rock. New York, Orford University Press, 1969. An attempt to develop a 'folk art—fine art' continuum and apply it to rock music as it developed from the 1950s into the late 1960s. [1.4]

Coffman, James. 'Everybody Knows This is Nowhere: Role Conflict and the Rock Musician', Popular Music and Society, 1, Fall 1971: 20-32. A study of the cunflict that rock musicians feel between creativity and the need to perform familiar material in familiar styles to retain their popular audience.

Goldrosen, John. Buddy Holly: His Life and Music. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1975. Detailed history of an important pupular artist that shows how his cultural pruduct was shaped by the music industry.

Faulkner, Robert. Hollywood Studio Musicians. Chicago, Aldine-Atherton, 1971. Results of a carefully conducted interview survey of studio musicians, examining the creative process and the compromises taken to produce this type of popular culture. [6.5]

Adorno, Theodor. 'Culture Industry Reconsidered', New German Critique, 6, Fall 1975 : 12-19. The 'Culture Industry' controls, manipulates, and directs the masses toward consumption of various forms of culture, while duplicating, reinforcing and strengthening the mass mentality through culture commodities.

Cochran, Thomas. 'Media As Business: A Brief History', Journal of Communication, 25, 4, Autumn 1975: 155-165. Technological advances and rising costs placed control of American media in the hands of large centralized organizations whose values are those of the market place.

D, Paul and Paul Hirsch. 'Production Organizations in the Arts', in The Production of Culture, Richard A. Peterson (ed.), Beverly Hills, Ca., Sage, 1976: 73-90. Three organizational approaches to the study of artistic production systems are sketched: 1) functions, roles and careers ; 2) the interorganizational approach; 3) the total systems approach.

Gerbner, George. Mass Media Policies In Changing Cultures, New York , Wiley-Interscience, 1977. An edited book of comparative studies that focuses on industry policies as variable between media content and national cultures. [1.3.2]

de Guise, Jacques. 'L'Entreprise de Communication de Masse ', Recherches Sociographiques, 12, 1, January-April 1971: 99-103. The only way to understand the actions of a private enterprise in mass communication is not to consider it as an enterprise which buys and sells information, but as one which buys and sells an audience.

Hirsch, Paul M. 'Processing Fads and Fashions: An Organization Set Analysis of Cultural Industry Systems', American Journal of Sociology, 77, January 1972: 639-659. The author analyzes three culture industries; recordings, films and books. In each case, the mechanisms for dealing with a high risk product reveal similarities in the organization of the industry and its distribution system.

Hirsch, Paul M. 'Occupational, Organizational and Instituttional Models In Mass Media Research: Towards an Integrated Framework', in P. Hirsch , P. Miller and F.G. Kline (eds.), Strategies for Mass Communication Research, Beverly Hills, Ca., Sage, 1978. The author compares occupational, organizational and institutional models of the mass media, suggests several commonalities among them, and proposes they be linked more closely in empirical studies as well as in theories of popular culture and mass communication.

McPhee, William. 'When Culture Becomes a Business', in Joseph Berger , Morris Zelditch, Jr. , and Bo Anderson (eds.), Sociological Theories in Progress. New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1966: 227-243. The author examines the fate of cultural 'products' as they become the mass produced material of culture industries.

Adhikarya, Ronny. Broadcasting in Peninsular Malaysia. Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Case study of broadcasting industry, sponsored by the International Institute of Communication .

Hallman, E.S. Broadcasting in Canada. Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Case study of broadcasting industry, sponsored by the International Institute of Communication .

Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Frank Stanton. Radio Research: 1942-1943. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. A classic collection of theoretical and research essays from the 'Columbia School' that defined the field for many years. [9.3, 10.3]

Ploman, Edward. Broadcasting In Sweden. Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Case study of broadcasting industry, sponsored by the International Institute of Communication.

Anderson, Joseph and Donald RICHIE. The Japanese Film: Art and Industry. New York, Grove Press, 1960. Presentation of the Japanese film industry and how the industry shapes the cultural product.

Barnouw, Erik and S. Krishnaswamy. Indian Film. New York, Columbia University Press, 1963. History and current appraisal of Indian film industry, techniques, and cultural consent.

Bluem, William and Jason Squire. The Movie Business: American Film Industry Practice. New York, Hastings House , 1972. A collection of pieces written about the industry by industry personnel, writers, agents, unit managers, producers, directors, distributors and publicity persons. [5.4]

Galli, Giorgio and Franco ROSITI. Cultura di Massa e Comportamento Collecttivo. Bologna, Il Mulino, 1967. A study of Italian mass culture with special attention given to popular film.

Guback, Thomas. The International Film Industry: Western Europe and America Since 1954. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1969. A description of the international film industry and critical analysis of its operation.

Huaco, George. The Sociology of Film Art. New York, Basic Books, 1965. Study of the development of styles and their audience appeal. [9.4]

Jarvie, I.C. 'Film and the Communication of Values', Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 10, 2, 1969: 205-219. A discussion of the argument that movies corrupt and debase public taste, that they are an incitation to violence and are a form of propaganda. After reviewing values of the movie industry, values of the audience created by movies and experiences of the audience, the study concludes with rejection of the argument. [10.4]

Jarvie, I.C. Movies and Society, New York, Basic Books, 1970. An examination of film making, the film industry and film audiences in terms of roles and role conflict. [9.4]

Lynch, William. The Image Industries: A Constructive Analysis of Films and Television. New York, Shead and Ward, 1959. An analysis of broadcast media in the 1950s.

Powdermaker, Hortense. Hollywood: The Dream Factory. New York, Grosset and Dunlop, 1950. An anthropological study of the film industry. Although controversial, considered a classic and pioneering work.

Brown, Les. Television: The Business Behind the Box. New York , Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971 . An important account of the television industry and how it is structured.

Cantor, Muriel. The Hollywood TV Producer. New York, Basic Books, 1971. A study of this facet of the television industry, linked into the larger organizational picture.

Elliott, Philip and David CHANEY. 'A Sociological Framework for the Study of Televison Production ', Sociological Review, 17, 3, November 1969: 355-376. An analysis of structure and process of media production in an attempt to establish how the audience is provided with one type of media output rather than another. Development of systems of classification for different forms of industry production is discussed.

Hirsch, Paul M. 'Television as a National Medium: Its Cultural and Political Role in American Society', in David Street (ed.), Handbook of Urban Life. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1978 . A detailed study of the television industry that focuses on the economics and organization of broadcasting, and television's impact on the political process and the larger arena of American culture.

Hood, Stuart. 'The Politics of Television', in Sociology, of Mass Communications , Denis McQuail (ed.), Baltimore, Maryland, Penguin, 1972 : 406-434. Study of the television industry and its interactions with the political structure of society. Emphasis and focus is on the BBC.

Johnson, Nicholas. 'Television and Violence: Perspectives and Proposals' , Television Quarrerly, 8, 1: 169-195. Based on testimony before the Presidential Commission on Violence. Television industry is accused of negligence in coming to grips with the social problems that foster violence. Alternative directions for development for the industry are suggested. [7.5, 10.5]

Marty, Rudolph. La TV et Son Aspect Culturel et Sociologique . Paris, Editions du Tembourinaire , 1958. An essay advancing the proposition that television is more a vehicle for transmission than it is an art form or shaper of culture. [1.3.3]

O'Kelly, Charlotte and Linda Bloomquist. 'Women and Blacks on TV' , Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 179-184. A 1973 study of American television showed high numerical representation of women and negligible representation of minorities in television commercials, as compared with television programming. It was hypothesized that this may reflect the perception of these groups in their role as consumer by those in the television industry. [7.5]

Roti-Ia, Paul. Television in the Making. London, The Focal Press, 1956. Selected critical essays concerning the television industry and its influence in shaping the cultural product.

Whitfield, Stephen and Gene RODDENBERRY. The Making of Star Trek. New York , Ballantine Books, 1968. A narrative account of the interaction of various factions in the television industry, and how the cultural product is shaped by the outcomes of these interactions. A case study of the series Star Trek.

D, Michel. Le Disque, Art Ou Affaires?Analyse Sociologique D'Une Industrie Culturelle . Grenoble, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1976. A study of the recording industry from an organizational/industrial point of view.

Denisoff, R. Serge. Solid Gold: The Popular Record Industry. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Books, 1975 . A detailed study of all facets of the popular recording industry, distribution networks, cultural gatekeepers and taste leaders in the mass audience. [1.3.1, 5.7, 6.5.2, 9.6]

Gillett, Charlie. Making Tracks. New York , Dutton, 1974. A case study of the development of Atlantic Records from a small independent company specializing in rhythm and blues in the 1950s, to a huge corporate industry by the end of the 1960s.

Hirsch, Paul M. The Structure of the Popular Music Industry . Ann Arbor, Michigan, Survey Research Center, 1969. An examination of the filtering process by which recordings are preselected for public consumption. [9.6]

Hirsch, Paul. 'Organizational Effectiveness and the Institutional Environment'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, September 1975: 327-344. A comparative study of the drug and recording industries that looks at three aspects of the environment—pricing and distribution, patent and copyright law and external opinion leaders—as factors in industry effectiveness.

Luthe, Heinz Otto , 'Recorded Music and the Record Industry: A Sector Neglected By Sociological Research', International Social Science Journal, 20, 3, 1968: 656-666. A look at the record industry in the 1960s.

Schicke, C.A. Revolution In Sound: A Biography of the Recording Industry. Boston, Little Brown 1974. Presentation and critical examination of the recording industry in America.

Shemel, Sidney and M. William Krasilovsky. This Business of Music . New York, Billboard 1971. A book written to assist participants in the music business to understand the workings of the business and their rights and obligations. It is important sociologically in sketching the organizational and legal framework of a culture industry.

Wale, Michael. Voxpop: Profiles of the Pop Process. London, Harrap, 1972. How the music industry functions in Great Britain. Interviews cover the range from composers to disk jockies. [6.5.2]

Hesbacher, Peter. 'Sound Exposure In Radio: The Misleading Nature of the Station Playlist', Popular Music and Society, 3, 3, 1974: 189-202. The organizational structure of station playlists and subsequent and consequent exposure of recordings is focused on. The playlist, as presently arrived at, is seen as misleading as to its supposed reflection of the 'popularity' of a recording.

Hesbacher, Peter , Robert DOWNING and David BERGER. 'Record Roulette: What Makes It Spin?', Journal of Communication, Summer 1975: 74-85. Analysis of procedures used to compile Billboard popularity charts, together with a description of marketing systems.

Hirsch, Paul M. The Role of Commercial Radio and Recording Companies in the Diffusion of New Music in America. Ann Arbor, Michigan , Survey Research Center, 1970. An analysis of these organizations as agents of diffusion of musical product, and an examination of the selectivity of this diffusion process.

Passman, Arnold. The Deejays. New York, MacMillan, 1971. Radio and popular music from the perspective of the disk jockey as industry gatekeeper.

Ambrozic, Paié. 'Mass Media and Pop Groups in Yugoslavia', in New Patterns of Musical Behavior, Irmgard Bontinck (ed.), Vienna, Universal Edition, 1974: 119-128. Analysis of patterns of utilization of various media in Yugoslavia available to pop music groups.

Daufouy, Phillippe and Jean-Pierre Sarton. Pop Music/ Rock , Paris , Editions Champ Libre, 1972. A Marxist analysis of American popular music, 1955-1970. Emphasis is on the economic aspects of rock and roll. [1.2.3]

Mabey, Richard. The Pop Process. London , Hutchinson Educational, 1969. A study of how a product is made to be popular a focus on the culture industry, in this case that of music.

Peterson, Richard A. and David G. Berger. 'Entrepreneurship in Organizations: Evidence from the Popular Music Industry', Administrative Science Quarterly , 27, March 1971 : 97-106. This paper identifies the leadership style of entrepreneurship as a strategy employed by large organizations to cope with turbulent market environments, and uses the popular music industry as a case study of such.

Peterson, Richard A. and David G. Berger. 'Cycles In Symbol Production: The Case of Popular Music', American Sociological Review, 40, 2, April 1975: 158-173. A productive approach to the sociology of culture lies in a market for symbol systems. This model is applied to the popular record industry. Long periods of increasing concentration and decreasing consumer satisfaction are followed by brief spurts of intense innovation with market structure change preceding musical change.

Reilly, April. 'The Impact of Technology on Rhythm n' Blues' , The Black Perspective In Music, 1, Fall 1973. 136-146. Traces changes in the form that are a product of developing technology that Black artists have been both made aware of and can increasingly afford to obtain.

Rieger, Jon. 'The Coming Crisis in the Young Music Market' , Popular Music and Society, 4, 1, Spring 1975: 19-35. The influence of the declining prominence of youth and the corresponding necessity of the record industry to merchandise to a broader, older clientele is traced as to its negative effects on vitality and innovative character of American popular music. As well, a re-enoligopolization of the music industry is predicted. [9.6]

Boas, Max. Big Mac: An Unauthorized Biography of McDonald's. New York , Mentor, 1977. A description of the fast food franchise industry, with particular focus on McDonald 's.

Glessing, Robert. The Underground Press in America. Indiana, Indiana University Press, 1970. A study of the development and spread of 'underground' newspapers in America in the 1960s, with a focus on several of the most popular of such.

Lewis, George H. 'Capitalism, Contra-Culture and the Head Shop: Explorations In Structural Change', Youth and Society, 4, 1, September 1972: 85-102. A participant observation field study of head shops on the American West Coast (San Francisco and 'Northwest City'). The study focuses on these shops as distribution centers for mass produced artifacts of youth popular culture and maps evolving changes in their organizational structure over time.

Nelson, John Wiley. Your God Is Alive and Well and Appearing in Popular Culture. Philadelphia, Westminster, 1977. Case study analysis of media, pointing out how they reflect central values of America. Chapters cover the western, country western music, popular magazines, television and detective fiction.

Rouick, Joseph , 'The Mythical Aspects of the 'Wild West' in American Mass Media of Communication'. Indian Journal of Social Research, 7, 2, August 1966: 137-144. A survey of the influence of mythology of the American western. The will to believe this mythology is related to aggressiveness, fantasy and insecurity, as well as freedom from conformity and confinement. It is concluded that American culture needs themes based on conflict between the individual and the environment, in which the individual triumphs.

Cawelti, John G. 'Myths of Violence in American Popular Culture' , Critical Inquiry, 1, 3, March 1975: 521-541. Patterns of violence in popular fiction and media are associated with five basic American myths.

Larson, Otto. Violence and the Mass Media. New York, Free Press, 1958. An early collection of articles examining the amount of violence in various American media and probable effects of this violence on the American audience. Most studies reported on are based on quantitative data. [10.1.1]

Otto, Herbert. 'Sex and Violence in Contemporary Media— Three Studies', Journal of Human Relations, 16, 4, 1968: 571-590. Content analyses of sex and violence in studies of American humor magazines (1963-1966), televised cartoons (1963-1966), articles on wife swapping (1964-1965), and men's physique magazines (1966). In all cases, there was bolder inference over time.

Adorno, T.W. 'The Stars Down To Earth', Telos, 6, Spring 1974: 16-17. The author shows that the messages of the newspaper astrology column are characterized by a pseudo-rationality which rarely expresses social or psychological reality but instead manipulates the reader's ideas of such matters in definite directions.

Albrecht, M.C. 'Does Literature Reflect Common Values?', American Sociological Review, 21, 1956: 722-729. In many cases, literature is found to reflect common values in America.

Cawelti, John. The Six-Gun Mystique. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1971. An examination of the basic plots and general themes of the American western, with speculation as to why these ring such responsive chords in the American people, repeated as they are over and over again. [1.1.1]

Gerbner, George. 'The Social Anatomy of the Romance Conference Cover Girl', Journalism Quarterly, 35, Summer 1958: 299-306. A content analysis that concludes the image is intended to support traditional values of convention. [8.2.1]

Gerbner, George. 'The Social Role of the Confession Magazine' , Social Problems, 6, Summer 1958: 29-40. Content analysis of the content of the magazines reveals strong support for conventional rural American values. [8.2.1]

Holzer, Horst and Reinhard KRECKEL. 'Jugend und Massenmedien', Soziale Welt, 18, 2-3, 1967: 199-215. A qualitative and quantitative content analysis of two widely circulated West German youth magazines. It is concluded that the magazines do not contribute much to the socialization of youth into a realistically conceived model of society; rather they favor the initiation of the adolescent into a world of ideologically distorted appearances.

Johns-Heine, Patricke and Hans Gerth. 'Values in Mass Periodical Fiction, 1921-1940', Public Opinion Quarterly, 13, 1949: 105-113. A content analysis of values of American fiction in this twenty year period. Values in the fiction seemed to reflect the times, with a limited number of major common themes repeated over and over in the stories. [8.2]

Palmer, Jerry 'Thrillers: The Deviant Behind the Consensus' , in Politics and Deviance, Ian Taylor and Laurie Taylor (eds.), Middlesex, England, Penguin, 1973: 136-156. Qualitative analysis of spy and detective fiction, concentrating on the works of Ian Fleming and Mickey Spillane, that explains their contribution to ideology as the delineation of an isolated and competitive personality who wins because he is better adapted to the world than everyone else. This superiority is seen in acts that are deliberately deviant, yet socially justified.

Rockwell, Joan. 'Normative Attitudes of Spies of Fiction', in Mass Culture Revisited, Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White (eds.), New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1971: 325-340. The relationship between fictional spies and real world counterparts in Great Britain is examined. The image of the 'gentleman spy' has vanished from contemporary popular fiction.

Rosovll, Berit. 'Milj og Roller i Nosske Ukeblad', Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, 14, 4, 1973: 276-293. A content analysis of stories from nine Norwegian magazines is used to determine if content represents a distortion from real social life. Although divisive topics and characteristics which can offend readership are avoided, magazines are seen to reflect a realistic picture of ongoing social life.

Sonenschein, David. 'Love and Sex in the Romance Magazines' , in George H. Lewis (ed.), Side-Saddle on the Golden Calf: Social Structure and Popular Culture in America . Pacific Palisades, Ca., Goodyear Publishing, 1972: 66-74. A content analysis of 32 different romance and confession magazines that revealed the majority of themes to be highly conservative and in congruence with American middle class morality. [8.2.1 ]

Zureik, Elia and Alan Frizzell. 'Values in Canadian Fiction: A Test of the Social Control Thesis', Journal of Popular Culture , 10, 2, Fall 1976: 359-376. A content analysis of seven Canadian magazines over a thirty year period revealed the overall picture of Canadian value depicted to reinforce the dominant ethos of society. The magazines legitimated the social order, either through exercising a social-control function or through reflecting the dominant values in society. No evidence of a 'pluralist' culture was found. [9.1.1]

Gecas, Viktor. 'Motives and Aggressive Acts in Popular Fiction: Sex and Class Differences', American Journal of Sociology , 77, 4, January 1972: 680-696. The study examines depictions of aggressive acts and their motives for different social classes and the sexes, as these groups have been portrayed in American popular magazine fiction, 1925-1965 (N=311). Women were more likely to aggress verbally for affective and ethnical reasons, men to aggress physically for utilitarian or normatively acquired reasons. Lower class more frequently aggressed physically with affective motives, while middle class and upper class more frequently aggressed verbally with utilitarian and ethical motives. The general pattern remained relatively stable over the 40 year period of the study. [7.1.2]

Hirsch, Paul. 'An Analysis of Ebony: The Magazine and Its Readers', Journalism Quarterly, 45, 2, Summer 1968: 261-270. A content analysis casts light on the American black middle class. Ebony reflects, rather than leads the opinions of its readers. Ambivalent and contradictory editorials suggest important intra-class differences in black middle class America.

Levin, Jack and James SPATES. 'Hippie Values: An Analysis of the Underground Press', Youth and Society, 2, 1, September 1970: 59-73. A sample of 'underground' papers was content analyzed and compared with Readers Digest. Two separate and distinct value patterns were seen to be reflected in the content of the two types of literature.

Lewis, George H. 'Spy Fiction American Style', Journal of Communication, 25, 4, Autumn 1975: 132-137. A content analysis of American spy novels from 1950-1970 (n=111) that reveals class status and power relationships to be distinctly American and plots that follow national foreign policy lines.

Noe, F.P. 'Leisure Life Styles and Social Class: A Trend Analysis—1900-1960' , Sociology, and Social Research, 58, 3, April 1974: 286-294. A content analysis was conducted on four class related American magazines specifying type and kind of leisure activities published for their readers. Both trends across time within classes and between class differences were proved significant over the 60 year period.

Spates, James. 'Countercultural and Dominant Culture Values: A Cross-National Analysis of the Underground Press and Dominant Culture Magazines ', American Sociological Review, 41, October 1976: 868-883. A content analysis revealed significant differences, measured in this article along several dimensions.

Scott, Joseph and Jack Franklin. 'The Changing Nature of Sex References in Mass Circulation Magazines', Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 1, Spring 1972: 80-86. General American cultural changes re sex as portrayed in general public periodicals between 1950, 1960 and 1970 were studied via content analysis. Both the absolute number of references to sex and the number of liberal references increased with each subsequent decade. [4.2]

Smith, Don. 'The Social Content of Pornography', Journal of Cummunication, 26, 1, Winter 1976: 16-24. A content analysis of 'adults only' paperback fiction reveals a world of machismo unaffected by trends towards sexual equality.

Berger, Arthur Asa. Lil'l Abner: A Study in American Satire . New York, Twayne, 1970. An analysis of the comic strip Lil'l Abner, with major attention focused on how the comic reflects general cultural values of the American mass audience.

Dorfman, Ariel and Armand Mattelart. Para Leer al pato Donald: Communicacion de masa y Colonialisma. Bueno Aires, Siglo Veintuno Argentian Editores, 1972. A content analysis of Donald Duck comic books in Chile that points out their reinforcement of capitalist themes—ridicule of foreigners and the working class and the imperialistic pursuit of treasure and the economic rape of countries other than the United States.

Reitberger, R. and Wolfgang FUCHS. Comics: Anatomy of a Mass Medium. Boston , Little Brown 1972. An intensive analysis of American comics and their changing thematic content.

Stevens, John 'Reflections In A Dark Mirror: Comic Strips In Black Newspapers', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 1, Summer 1976: 239-244. An analysis of comic strips published in American black newspapers for fifty years reflects black aspirations and frustrations, drawn by blacks for blacks. With syndication of strips, there are dramatically fewer such strips today.

Woll, Allen. 'The Comic Book In A Socialist Society: Allende's Chile, 1970-1973' , Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 4, Spring 1976: 1039-1045. An informal content analysis of nationalist comic books of the Allende regime and a comparison of their message (which criticized American cultural forms) with that of pre-Allende American comics, highly popular in Chilean society.

Young, Jr., William. 'The Serious Funnies: Adventure Comics During the Depression, 1929-1938', Journal of Popular Culture , 3, 3, Winter 1969: 404-427. An examination of American adventure comics of the 1930s that reveals them to have been in reaction to the socio-economic facts of the depression by implying that economic upheavals are never endless via symbolic visual and narrative searches for order and stability. [4.2]

Bazin, Andre. 'Le Western.' Que'est-ce Que Le Cinema, Volume III, Cinema et Sociologie. Paris. Editions de Cerf, 1961. An examination of the themes of the American western, and attempts to show such themes as reflective of contemporary American culture.

Dengler, Ralph. 'The Language of Film Titles', Journal of Cummunication, 25 Summer 1975: 51-60. Application of The General Inquirer computer program to 7,590 film titles (1900-1968). Semantic clusters are isolated and interpreted as having relationship to the industry and the larger culture.

Gilbert, James. 'Wars of the Worlds', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 2, Fall 1976: 326-336. Qualitative analysis of the various versions of War of the Worlds, with emphasis on the film version that suggests the film reflects the interrelated major social problems of 1950s American life the Cold War and the crisis of American domestic relations.

Homans, Peter. 'Puritanism Revisited: An Analysis of the Contemporary Screen-Image Western', Studies In Public Communication, 3, Summer 1961: 73-84. An analysis of the American western, pointing up the centrality of Puritan ideology to the content of this form of popular culture.

Murphy, Brian. 'Monster Movies: They Came From Beneath the Fifties', Journal of Popular Film, 1, 1, Winter 1972: 31-44. An analysis of American 'B' horror films of the 1950s that attempts to show their cultural 'goodness of fit' in a symbolic manner to their times.

Nussbaum, Martin. 'Sociological Symbolism of the 'Adult Western ', Social Forces, 39, Fall 1960: 25-29. A content analysis of westerns that points out their symbolic correspondence with the socio-cultural milieu of the American mass audience.

Yanor, Alexander. 'The Cinema and the Scientific-Technical Revolution '. International Journal of Sociology, 6, 2-3, Summer-Fall 1976: 73-117. An intensive qualitative analysis of two Soviet films, one ten years old, one contemporary, It is concluded that films do exert social influence, and because of this, they should be 'sociologically monitored'.

Zygulski, Kazimierz. 'The Popular Hero On Film: A Sociological Essay', Cultures, 2, 1, 1975: 45-53. A focus on Joan of Arc and her treatment in films of various times and countries, 1900-1962. [8.3]

Berger, Arthur Asa. The Tl' Guided American. New York, Walker, 1975. Uneven collection of qualitative essays interpreting the content of television and its effects on the audience. [10.5]

Berk, Lynn. 'The Great Middle American Dream Machine', Journal of Communication, 27, 3, Summer 1977: 27-31. Network programming cultivates the myth of middle class America in which working class means the ignorance and bigotry of Archie Bunker. [8.4.2]

Brauhr, Ralph and Donna. The Horse, The Gun and the Piece of Property: Changing Images of the TV Western. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1975. An historical and content analysis that traces the changing themes in these programs and attempts to link these changes with those of the larger American society.

Cater, Douglass and Richard Adler. Television As A Social Force. New York , Praeger, 1975. Edited collection produced by the Aspen Institute that addresses the general question of whether television reflects American social structure as it is, as some would like to think it is, and/or whether television consciously or unconsciously seeks to shape American society. Companion piece to Television As A Cultural Force. [11]

Cater Douglass and Richard Adler. Television As A Cultural Force. New York, Praeger, 1976. Edited collection produced by Aspen Institute that addresses the general question of whether television reflects American culture as it is or whether it consciously or unconscioulsy seeks to shape it. Companion piece to Television As A Social Force. [11]

Dominick, Joseph. 'Crime and Law Enforcement on Television ', Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 2, Summer 1973: 241-250. A content analysis of one week of American prime time dramatic television shows indicated that crime is presented in such a way as to minimize its threat to society.

Franzblau, Susan , Joyce S. Prafkin and Eli Rubinstein. 'Sex On TV: A Content Analysis', Journal of Communication, 27, 2, Spring 1977: 164-170. Analysis of 61 programs of the American 1975-76 season showed that physical intimacy appeared most often in less sensuous forms than one would expect from public criticism of the portrayal of sexuality on television programming.

Goldstein, Bernice and Robert PERNICCI. 'The TV Western and the Modern American Spirit', Southewestern Social Science Quarterly, 43, 4, March 1963: 357-366. The eight most popular television westerns were content analyzed. Dominant appeals reflected were; a) a desire for freedom, b) escape from modern organization, c) escape from reality, d) nostalgia for direct action, e) escape from ambiguous sex roles, f) desire for self reliance and g) escape from moral vacuum of modern life.

Maykovich, Minako. 'Comparison of Soap Opera Families in Japan and the United States', International Journal of Sociology, of the Family, 2, Autumn 1975: 135-143. Eight American and seven Japanese programs were viewed for ten months in 1973-74, to provide 100 families for analysis. American families were based strongly on romantic love, Japanese on family continuity.

Merlman, Richard. 'Power and Community in Television', Journal of Pupular Culture, 2, 1, Summer 1968: 86-104. A content analysis of 89 programs drawn from 15 television western series of 1964 and 40 crime-spy programs drawn from 9 series of 1966. The programs were analyzed to determine what they revealed about the meaning of community and the problem of power in a developed society.

Carey, James. 'The Ideology of Autonomy in Popular Lyrics: A Content Analysis', Psychiatry, 32, 1969: 150-164. A content analysis of popular song lyrics in America, from the late 1950s, through the mid 1960s.

Carsch, Henry. 'Tlie Protestant Ethic and the Popular Idol in America: A Case Study', Social Compass, 15, 1, 1968: 45-69. A case study of Elvis Presley based on statements by Presley, song lyrics and interviews with audience. Egalitarianism and the ideals of the Protestant ethic, widely accepted value preferences of his audience, are those things that bind fans to Presley, rather than his qualities as a performer. [5.7.5]

D, Paul , Richard A. PETERSON and Jack ESCO, Jr. 'Country Music: Ballad of the Silent Majority ', in R. Serge Dcnisoff and Richard A. Peterson (eds.), The Sounds of Social Change. Chicago, Rand McNally , 1972: 38-55. A content analysis of country music lyrics, presenting their most often used themes. These themes are discussed with reference to the audience of this music, determined by radio and recording industry demographics.

Ekwueme, Laz. 'The Sociological Implications of a Contemporary Ibo Popular Song', Nigerian Music Review, 1, 1977: 39-74. A content analysis of the lyrics shows correspondence with traditional Ibo values.

Geijerstam, K. Popular Music in Mexico. Alberqurque, New Mexico, New Mexico University Press, 1975. A study of the origins and types of popular music in Mexico. [5.7, 6.5]

Henderson, Floyd. 'The Image of New York City in American Popular Music of 1890-1970', New York Folklore Quarterly, 30, 4, December 1974: 267-278. Statistical analysis of 112 popular songs with titles mentioning New York. Results form a mental map of the city over time.

Lee. Edward. Music of the People: A Study of Popular Music in Great Britain. London, Barrie and Jenkins, 1970 . Study of the content of popular music and why it appeals to the British people.

Lomax, Alan. Folk Song Style and Culture. Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1968 . A cross cultural study of major song styles of societies and the correlation of these styles with elements of the social and cultural structures of these societies. [1.2]

Simic, Andrei. 'Country 'N' Western Yugoslav Style: Contemporary Folk Music As A Mirror of Social Sentiment', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 1, Summer 1976: 156-166. A discussion of the socio-cultural context and content of popular south Slav commercial folk songs, and their role as acculturative and interpretative devices in a society in flux. A parallel is suggested to the American country-western tradition, in that both are a type of modern commercial fulklore with origins in earlier grass roots forms.

Carey, James. 'Changing Courtship Patterns in the Popular Song'. American Journal of Sociology, 74, 1969: 720-731. A content analysis of American popular songs from 1955 to 1966. The major difference is in the active character of the boy-girl relationship. The affair is created by the partners in the 1966 lyrics. One determines one's own choices, as opposed to being shaped by fate, as in the lyrics of 1955.

Cole, Richard. 'Top Songs in the Sixties: A Content Analysis of Popular Lyrics', American Behavioral Scientist. 14, 3, January-February 1971: 389 400. A content analysis of the 'top ten' songs in the United States during each year of the 1960s. The love-sex theme was the predominant one of the decade, with an upsurge in social protest near the close of the 1960s.

Gronow, Pekka. 'Muuttuvat Iskelmatestit', Sosiologia, 4, 1965: 156-161. A study of changes in sexual content of Finnish popular songs, 1900-1960. In 1900, popular music was divided into two traditions, folk (erotic realism) and bourgeoisie (idealistic). By 1920s, recorded popular music having to he acceptable to everyone — replaced folk and sexual realism disappeared. In the 1950s, when American songs with sexual content were translated into Finnish, sexual realism was dropped.

Horton, Donald. The Dialogue of Courtship in Popular Songs ', America Journal of Sociology, 62, May 1962: 569-578. A content analysis of popular songs in America in 1955. Only 12.8% of thc songs surveyed were not about love and cuurtsh ip.

Behague, Gerard. 'Bossa and Bossas: Recent Changes in Brazilian Urban Popular Music', Ethnomusicology, 17,2, May 1973 : 209-233. A content analysis of Brazilian popular music that shows it to be a reaction against unproductive nationalist bourgeois cultural values.

Carles, Phillippe and Jean-Louis Comolu. Free Jazz , Black Power. Paris, Champ Libre , 1971 . An analysis cf the social importance of jazz in affirming Black liberation.

d'ERAMO, Marco. 'The Rhetorics of Protest: Brassens and Dylan', Cultures. 2,4, 1975: 53-104. A comparative content analysis of the works of Dylan and Brassens that attempts to tie each with the values (and protests against such) of the large industrialized middle class audiences of their respective countries. [5.7.4]

Ferrandino, Joe. 'Rock Culture and the Development of Social Consciousness', Radical America, 3, November 1969: 11-34. Radical analysis of rock music as the vehicle for the development and diffusion of social consciousness even beyond the 'youth culture' of the 1960s.

Harmon. James. 'The New Music and Counter-Culture Values' , Youth and Society, 4, 1, September 1972: 61-83. This content analysis gives quantitive evidence of the nature of the dramatic shifts in value content that have occurred within popular music lyrics since 1955. Popular music rather suddenly became the medium that expressed the new kinds of concerns of many youth.

Nalven, Joseph. 'Some Notes on Chicano Music As A Pathway To Community Identity', The New Scholar, 5, 1, 1973: 73-93. A thematic approach, surveying Chicano artists and focusing on lyrics and explanations of Chicano sungwriters.

Rosenstone, Robert. "The Times They Are A-Changin": The Music of Protest', The Anuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 38, 1969: 131-144. A content analysis of American popular music of the 1960s, pointing to the themes of protest articulated by such music, and gathering them under two main headings, youth as victim and love relationships.

Seaton, Lee and Karen Ann Watson . 'Counter-Culture and Rock: A Cantometric Analysis of Retribalizatiun', Youth and Society, 4, 1, September 1972: 3-19, American rock music of the 1960s was examined as part of a test of McLuhan's retribalization hypothesis, using cantometric data. That hypothesis as an accomplished fact was rejected. An alternative hypothesis of horizontal stratification along generational lines was offered. [1.3.3]

Taylor, Clifford. 'Music: The Design of Culture and the Afro-Asian Revolution', Encounter, 31, 5, 1968: 41-48. Qualitative analysis of the ideological role of music and culture in third world countries.

Abel, Earnest and Barbara BUCKLEY. The Handwriting on the Wall: Toward A Sociology and Psychology of Graffiti. West-port, Ct., Greenwood , 1977. Attempt to develop theory from empirical material. Social psychological variables emphasized.

Sechrest, L. and L. Flores. 'Homosexuality in the Philippines and the United States: The Handwriting on the Wall', Journal of Social Psychology, 72, 1969: 3-12. A study of public restroom graffiti as indicator of attitudes toward homosexuality. Their non-existence in the Philippines correlated with the tolerant attitudes towards homosexuality found there.

Sechrest, L. and K. Olson. 'Graffiti in Four Types of institutions of Higher Education', Journal of Sex Research, 7. 1971: 62-71. Racial prejudice correlated highly with socio-economic background and education of those in the institution.

Stocher, Terrance , Linda DUTCHER, Stephen HARGROVE and Edwin COOK. 'Social Analysis of Graffiti ', Journal of American Folklore, 85, 1972: 356-366. Content analysis of restroom graffiti for two year period in three mid-western American universities, with results presented as reflecting the socialization patterns of restroom users.

Holscher, Louis. 'Artists and Murals in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights: A Sociological Observation', Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 3, 2, 1976: 25-29. Murals are functionally analyzed as; 1) search for identity; 2) form of protest; 3) cartharsis.

Kahn. David. 'Chicano Street Murals: People's Art in the East Los Angeles Barrio'. Aztlan International Journal of Chicano Studies Research. Vol. 6, 1, Spring 1975: 117-121. An analysis of Chicano street murals, describing how they combine images from ancient Mexican culture with contemporary social problems and angers.

Romotsky, James and Sally Romotsky. 'L.A. Human Scale: Street Art of Los Angeles', Journal of Pupular Culture, 10, 3, Winter 1976: 653-663. Street art is seen as lower class cultural expression, and is categorized as being of 15 different types, reflecting the cultural pluralism of Los Angeles.

Simson, Eve. 'Chicano Street Murals', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 3, Winter 1976: 642-652. Traces the evolution of this art and the forms it takes. Lends support to the arguments that the murals have improved the self-esteem and concept of those creating them. decreased deviant behavior and acted as a safety-valve for release of hostilities and frustrations - which in turn has generated opposition to the murals for the radical themes they many times depict. [5.2]

Bryle, R.H. Sport - Mirror of American Life. Boston, Little Brown, 1963. Viewing sport as popular cultural gaming, Bryle examines how various forms of sport popular in America reflect and reinforce cultural patterns of everyday life.

Cronin, Morton. 'Currier and Ives: A Content Analysis', American Quarterly, 4, 4, Winter 1952: 317-330. A content analysis of 205 Currier and Ives prints of the nineteenth century. Four groupings were examined: those depicting farm life, industry, the American Negro and the American Indian. In general, an idealized conception of American life was found reflected in the prints. Additionally, the American Negro was depicted mainly in terms of comedy and the Indian in terms of respect.

Oppitz, Michael. 'Shangri-la, le Panneau de Marque d'un Flipper. Analyse Semiologique d'un Mythe Visuel', L'Homme, 14, 3-4, July-December 1974: 59-83. The Tibetan concept of paradise, Shangri-la, is traced as it evolves from words to images to action as a Western cultural icon. Focus is on its translation into a panel for pinball machines.

Robinson, Dwight. 'Fashions in Shaving and Trimming of the Beard: The Men of the Illustrated London News; 1842-1972', American Journal of Sociology, 81, 5, March 1976: 1133-1141. A study of stylistic changes via content analysis that suggests fashion changes follow alternating directions over long periods and are regular in their recurrence. Data on beards correlated highly with that of Kroeber (1940) concerning women's dress fashions.

Warner, W.L. and W. Henry. 'The Radio Daytime Serial: A Symbolic Analysis', in Reader in Public Opinion and Communication, Bernard Berelson and Morris Janowitz (eds.). Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1953: 423-437. Early content analysis in the broadcast media.

Colle, Royal. 'Negro Image in the Mass Media: A Case Study in Social Change', Jouralism Quarterly, 45, 1968: 55-60. New marketing patterns and social pressures on commercial industries of the late 1960s prompted more representative and more favorable protrayals of black Americans in the mass media.

Culley, James and Rex Bennett. 'Selling Women, Selling Blacks' , Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 160-174. Updating to 1976 of benchmark studies of women and blacks in American mass media advertising shows that, in general, negative stereotyping still holds.

Flora, Cornelia Butler. 'The Passive Female: Her Comparative Image by Class and Culture in Women's Magazine Fiction', Journal of Marriage and the Family, 33, 3, August 1971: 435-444. Indicators of passivity drawn from a sample of 202 short stories published in the late 1960s in the United States and Latin American women's magazines appealing to working class and middle class audiences uphold and reinforce the image of female passivity across class and cultural boundaries.

Goffman, Erving. 'Gender Advertisements', Studies In The Anthropology of Visual Communication. Washington, D.C., SAVICOM, 1977. A study of 500 advertising photographs from American magazines, revealing how the United States portrays males and females in relation to one another.

Laner, Mary Riege. 'Make-Believe Mistresses: Photo-Essay Models in the Candy Sex Magazines', Sociological Symposium , 15, Spring 1976: 81-98. Essays tend to associate female attractiveness with low occupational status, exotic work, or a leisure-oriented life style, rather than with dynamic or socially effective roles.

Lazer, Charles and S. Dier. 'The Labor Force in Fiction', Journal of Commmunication, 28, 1, Winter 1978: 174-182. Application of smallest space analysis to occupational roles in fact and fiction from 1940 to 1970 shows a consistent discrepancy between real-life jobs and the glamorized heroines and heroes, as well as that the proportion of working women in fiction has not increased over time, as their proportion has in the American job market.

Mussell, Kay. 'Beautiful and Damned: The Sexual Woman in Gothic Fiction', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, Summer 1975: 84-89. Content analysis of gothic novels reveal they accept the double standard and divide women into two groups — heroines with traditional domestic roles and 'other women' who cannot attract and hold a man.

Perebinossov, Philippe. 'What Does A Kiss Mean? The Love Comic Formula and the Creation of the Ideal Teenage Girl', Journal of Popular Culture, 8, Spring 1975 : 825-835. The values of American culture as applied to teenage girls may be seen in love comics where male-female roles are clearly defined and marriage is represented as the final goal of the girl.

Ruggiero, Josephine and Louise Weston. 'Sex-Role Characterization of Women in "Modern Gothic" Novels', Pacific Sociological Review , 20, 2, April 1977: 279-300. A content analysis of 38 Gothic novels, randomly picked from those published from 1950 to 1974 in America. Analysis was of the heroine and the minor female actor. Heroines are not portrayed as submissive/dependent, whereas the minor female actors tended toward the traditional stereotype.

Smith, M. Duane and Marc Matre. 'Social Norms and Sex Roles In Romance and Adventure Magazines', Journalism Quarterly, 52, 2, Summer 1975 ; 309-315. A random sample (n=75) of stories from January 1973 editions was subjected to content analysis. Stories tend to support traditional American stereotypes about roles and dispositions of men and women.

Weitman, Lenore , Deborah Eifler , Elizabeth Hokada , Catherine Ross. 'Sex-Role Socialization in Picture Books for Preschool Children', American Journal of Sociology, 77, 6, 1972: 1125-1150. Content analysis of Caldecott Medal-winning books since 1938 and comparison with other children's books. Traditional American male-female sex-role stereotypes are reflected in both, though less extremely in the Caldecott books.

Berelson, Bernard and Patricia SALTER. 'Majority and Minority Americans: An Analysis of Magazine Fiction', Public Opinion Quarterly, 10, 1946: 168-197; White Anglo Saxon Americans were found to be heavily overrepresented in the fiction, with respect to their proportion in the total United States population. As well, they were found in most of the major roles in the stories.

Chung, Sue Fawn. 'From Fu Manchu, Evil Genius, To James Lee Wong, Popular Hero', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 3, Winter 1976: 534-547. A content analysis of the changing treatment of the Chinese-American in popular periodical fiction from 1920-1940, linking the image to prevailing social policy and legislation of the times.

Colfax, J. David and Susan Frankel Sternberg. 'The Perpetuation of Racial Stereotypes: Blacks in Mass Circulation Magazine Advertisements' , Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 1, Spring 1972: 8-18. An analysis of advertisements in four American mass circulation magazines between 1965 and 1970. Most ads tend to reinforce, rather than eradicate racial stereotypes and cast blacks in roles (entertainer, foreigner) that distort black realities.

Kotok, Alan. 'Foreign Nationals and Minority Americans in Magazine Fiction, 1946-1968' , in Mass Culture Revisited, Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White (eds.), New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1971: 249-265. A replication of Berelson and Saltcr's 1946 study. Even though white Anglo Americans still tend to be in charge, minority characters are more numerous and today play more important roles in the fiction.

Atkinson, Paul. 'Kind Hearts and Curettes', New Society, 21, 513, July 27, 1972: 178-180. The medical theme in popular romantic fiction in England is examined re its fit with reality. Character stereotypes and stock situations are deeply embedded in English popular mind. Even medical students felt real life medical men resembled the fictional stereotypes.

Yanov, Alexander. 'The Young Hero: Sociological Commentary on the Literary Prose of the Sixties', International Journal of Sociology, 6, 2-3, Summer-Fall 1976: 118-175. An intensive qualitative analysis of Soviet literary prose of the 1960s reveals the emergence of a new hero type — an alliance between the separate types of the young managerial executive and the intellectual.

Gerbner, George. The Film Hero: A Cross Cultural Study. Austin, Texas, Association for Education In Journalism , 1969. Cross national study of treatments of the hero in cinema.

Leab, Daniel. From Sambo To Superspade: The Black Experience In Motion Pictures. Boston, Houghton-Mifflin , 1975. Leab's thesis is that in evolving from the fumbling Sambo image of the early part of this century, to the flamboyant Superspade of the 1970s, the portrayal of the black in film essentially has changed little. Both stereotypes are condescending and demeaning, and American cinema has yet to portray honestly the humanity of black people.

Zygulski, Kazimierz. Bohater Filmowy, Studium Socjologiczne. Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1973. A sociological study of the film hero, utilizing selected case studies.

Levinson, Richard. 'From Olive Oyl to Sweet Polly Pure-bread: Sex Role Stereotypes and Televised Cartoons', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 3, Winter 1975: 561-572. A content analysis of sex role portrayal in Saturday morning cartoons on American television in 1973 revealed stereotyping and bias in favor of males in areas of occupational and social roles.

Long, Michele and Rita Simon. 'The Roles and Statuses of Women In Children and Family TV Programs', Journalism Quarterly , 51, 1, Spring 1974: 107-110. Content analysis of 22 shows in 1970-1973. Women were portrayed in comic roles or as wives and mothers. None worked outside the home. Emphasis placed on physical appearance.

O'Kelly, Charlotte. 'Sexism in Children's Television', Journalism Quarterly, 51, 4, Winter 1974: 722-724. An empirical verification of television's treatment of sex-roles in children's programs is produced by content analysis of a random sample of American television children's programs. Children's programs and their commercials have a strong masculine bias and purvey traditional sex-role images.

Northcott, Herbert , John Seggar and James Hinton. 'Trends In TV Portrayal of Blacks and Women', Journalism Quarterly, 52, 4, Winter 1975: 741-744. A comparative content analysis of 1971 and 1973 American programs. Blacks were less favorably portrayed in 1973 and there was an emphasis on the white woman in the same year. Authors conclude that television is responding to social pressures - in 1971 those of black civil rights, in 1973 those of women's liberation.

Wangermel, Robert. 'Television, Stereotypes et Préjugés', Etudes de Radio-Television, 15, 1969: 3-17. Television programs are analyzed to determine if the stereotypes seen reflect the prejudices of the small priviledged group that controls material power in the society. It is concluded this is not necessarily the case.

Lund, Jens. 'Fundamentalism, Racism and Political Reaction in Country Music', in The Sounds of Social Change. R. Serge Denisoff and Richard Peterson (eds.), New York, Rand McNally, 1972: 79-91. Qualitative content analysis of country music lyrics from 1920s to the 1970s that traces evidence of racism in the stereotyping found in these songs, as well as negative stereotypes of members of youth culture of the 1960s. [7.6.1]

Meade, Marion. 'The Degradation of Women', in The Sounds of Social Change, R. Serge Denisoff and Richard Peterson (eds.), New York, Rand McNally, 1972: 173-177. Qualitative content analysis of rock lyrics shows strong traditional stereotyping of women in many of them.

Craven, Gerald and Richard MOSELEY. 'Actors on the Canvas Stage: The Dramatic Conventions of Wrestling ', Journal of Popular Culture, 5, Fall 1972: 326-336. An analysis of professional wrestling, using the theatre as analog. The authors outline ten distinct dramatic conventions of action in wrestling, the first five of which stem from the tradition of treating the spectacle as sport, the second five from the identification of each wrestler as being either good or evil.

Martin, William C. 'Friday Night in the Coliseum', The A tlantic Monthly, March 1972: 83-87. Sociological analysis of wrestling that analyzes the stereotypes developed and acted out by the wrestlers. [10.7]

Glenn, Norval. 'Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys', Social forces, 46, 1967: 172-180. Data reported that indicate the existence of specialized taste cultures in the American audience — and not a single, mass, audience for popular culture.

Kaninski, Aleksander. 'Kultura Mas A Wczasy', Kultura i Spoleczenstwo, 8, 3, 1964: 95-110. An examination of the relations between mass culture and leisure in Poland through an analysis of statistical evidence on leisure activities and of the relevant literature.

Wilensky, Harold. 'Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence or Independence'?', American Sociological Review, 29, April 1964: 173-197. Analyzing data collected in America in the early 1960s, the author shows the persistence of a pluralistic society in the face of mass culuture.

Ahtik, Miroslav. 'Uslovi Za Vrsenje Kulturnih Aktivnosti U Slobodnom Vremenu', Socioloski Pregled, 4, 2-3, 1970: 230-238. The social psychological, social structure and political conditions necessary for one to perform cultural activities in one's leisure time are presented and discussed.

Firsov, B.M. and K. Nuzdybaev. 'Constructing A System of Indicators of the Mass Media Audience', Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia , 1, 1975: 113-120. Presents results of survey determining the composition of Leningrad radio and television audience on one weekday in 1974. In analyzing the results, the need for a theory of media usage is stressed, as the American model of the spread of the mass media in stages (two-step flow, etc.) is not valid within the Soviet social context, if the results of this survey are at all valid.

Meyersohn, Rolf. 'A Critical Examination of Commercial Entertainment', in Aging and Leisure, Robert Kleemeier (ed.), New York, Oxford University Press , 1961: 243-272. Implications of audience size in the mass audience are discussed.

Nawy, Harold. 'In the Pursuit of Happiness?: Consumers of Erotica in San Francisco', Journal of Social Issues, 29, 3, 1973: 147-161. Field studies in San Francisco that focused on the demographic characteristics and attitudes of consumers. Results supported the contention that consumers are not deviant demo-graphically nor in what they feel they get from exposure from such material, but are solid, middle class, male Americans.

Nordenstreng, K. 'Consumption of Mass Media In Finland', Gazette, 15, 4, 1969: 249-59. Reportage of survey data, broken down by demographics, on media usage.

LeBouef, Robert and Marc MATRE. 'How Different Readers Perceive Magazine Stories and Characters ', Journalism Quarterly, 54, 1, Spring 1977 : 50-57. Twenty-four stories were read by fifty subjects of differing social backgrounds. Differential reaction to the stories supports the social categories hypothesis. The complexity of the findings reflects interaction between types of fictional presentations, types of magazines and social categories of reading publics.

BUREAU OF APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH, Columbia University. The People Look At Radio. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1946. Sponsored by the National Association of Broadcasters, this work is a statistical overview of Americans' opinions of radio in the mid-1940s. [10.3]

Mendelsohn, H. 'Listening To Radio', in People, Society and Mass Communications, Louis Dexter and David Manning White (eds.), Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1964. Audience preferences and listening behavior, broken down by demographics.

Handel, Leo. Hollywood Looks At Its Audience. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois Press, 1950. Analysis of interviews with members of the film industry concerning film making, audience composition and reaction to product. [5.4]

Mayer, J.P. British Cinemas and Their Audiences. London, Dobson, 1948. Important early study of the demographics of film audiences.

Schramm, Wilbur. 'Reading and Listening Patterns of American University Students', Journalism Quarterly, 22, 1946: 22-33. Study of college students at the University of Iowa, which showed a far greater amount of film viewing in 1946 than exists today.

Bower, Robert. Television and the Public. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973. An analysis, using survey methodology, of the differences between the American television audience of the 1970s and that of the 1960s.

Carey, James. 'Variations In Negro-White Television Preferences' , Journal of Broadcasting, 10, Summer 1966: 199-203. An analysis of a 1963 national sample of American television preferences. Black-white family preferences were similar in fourteen of the top twenty-five shows on the air. Black families were more enthusiastic about conflict shows and those featuring violent comedy and less enthusiastic about family centered shows than were white families.

McQuail, Denis. 'The Audience for Television Plays', in Media Sociology , J. Tunstall (ed.), London, Constable , 1970: 335-50. An analysis of British television audiences. Survey data broken down and reported by standard demographics.

McQuail, Denis , Jay Blumler and J.R. Brown. 'The Television Audience: A Revised Perspective' , in Sociology of Mass Communications , Denis McQuail (ed.), Baltimore, Maryland, Penguin, 1972 : 135-165. A survey of audience reactions to three British quiz shows reveals that the simple theory of media usage for escape is in error. The programs are watched for varying reasons; moreover, what seems escape to one may well be viewed as reality by another. [1.4]

Meyerson, Rolf. 'Television and the Rest of Leisure', Public Opinion Quarterly, 32, 1, Spring 1968: 102-112. An analysis of 1961 NORC data that concludes there is no basis for the hypothesis that those with few resources for other leisure activities (poor, old, little-educated) watch more television than those with such resources. There seems to be no difference in television viewing with respect to having greater or fewer amounts of resource, except that in income groups under S3,000 per year, there is a positive correlation between ownership of other leisure resources and heavy television viewing.

Beaud, Paul. 'Musical Sub-Cultures In France', in New Patterns of Musical Behavior of the Young Generation in Industrial Societies , Irmgard Bontinck (ed.), Vienna, Universal Edition, 1974 : 212-218. A study of contemporary French musical tastes that uses region, rural-urban shifts, age and social status as variables in defining subcultures.

Denisoff, R. Serge and Mark H. Levine. 'Youth and Popular Music: A Test of the Taste Culture Hypothesis', Youth and Society, 4, 2, December 1972: 237-255. The relationship of popular music to a heterogeneous college student sample (N=919) was used to test Herbert Gans' theory of taste cultures. The massification hypothesis was not supported. The variable of race showed highest significance in musical preference, indicating the existence of taste cultures in the American collegiate audience. [1.2.1]

Denisoff, R. Serge. 'Massification and Popular Music: A Review', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 4, Spring 1976 : 886-894. A review of the empirical literature that concludes in favor of pluralism and taste cultures in the mass audience.

Fox, William and Michael WINCE. 'Musical Taste Cultures and Taste Publics', Youth and Society, 7, 2, December 1975: 198-224. An empirical examination of Gans' concepts of taste culture and taste public, among college students and with respect to musical tastes. A factor analysis of nine styles of music did not yield a strong common factor, but five distinct clusterings of styles - interpreted by the authors as taste cultures.

Gronow, Pekka. 'Popular Music in Finland: A Preliminary Survey' , Ethnomusicology, 17, 1, January 1973: 52-71. The author traces the major changes which have occurred in social behavior related to music in Finland during the last one hundred years, and correlates these changes with new popular musical forms that have appeared. There is also a discussion of musical taste and social groupings in present day (1970) Finland. [4.5]

Johnstone, Jay and Eli KATZ. 'Youth and Popular Music: A Study in the Sociology of Taste ', American Journal of Sociology, 62, May 1962: 563-568. A study of audience tastes revealed that popularity reflects the norms of adolescent peer groups and geographical propinquity.

Kamin, Jonathan. 'The White R&B Audience and the Music Industry, 1952-1956', Popular Music and Society, 4, 3, 1975: 170-187. Evidence is presented that the American audience in the 1950s for such material was a minority one, predominantly working class and, by middle class standards, 'quasi-deviant'. Rhythm and Blues began to be pitched into this minority audience in its developmental stages.

Kos, Koraljka. 'New Dimensions In Folk Music: A Contribution to the Study of Musical Tastes in Contemporary Yugoslav Society', International Journal of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, 3, 1, June 1972: 61-73; A study of contemporary 'composed' folk music and pop music in Yugoslavia, using diffusion of Western forms and the rural-urban shift as major variables in explaining its popularity.

Lewis, George H. 'Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society', International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, 8, 1, 1977: 3948. A case study of American popular music. The author argues that taste cultures are products of developing industrial societies and that in modern industrial systems culture class is a more relevant descriptive concept of the breakdown of the mass audience. [1.2.1]

Peterson, Richard A. and Paul DiMAGGIO. 'From Region to Class, The Changing Locus of Country Music', Social Forces, 53, March 1975: 497-506. An analysis of the diffusion patterns of country music in the United States leads the authors to formulate what they term culture class as an explanatory concept.

Skipper, James. 'Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses', Canadian Journal of Sociology, 1, June 1975: 49-59. Utilizing survey data on college students, the author found greater diversification of musical tastes among Canadians, although differences were somewhat less strongly related to social class among the Canadians than among their American counterparts.

Toiviainen, Seppo. 'Yhteiskunnalliset Ja Kulttuuriset Ristividat-Musikologisten Osakulttuurien Sosiologista Tarkastelvia', Acta Universitatis Tamperenisi, 39, Tampere, Tampereen Yliopisto, 1970. A national survey of musical subcultures in Finland. Those who like art music have high social status and urban backgrounds; those who like traditional folk have low social status and rural backgrounds and are older; those who like popular music are younger, urban and better educated.

Fox, William and James S. Williams. 'Political Orientation and Music Preferences Among College Students', Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, Fall 1974: 353-371. The socio-political implications of contemporary American music are investigated using survey data pertaining to the political orientations, music involvement, and musical preferences of college students. The analysis indicates that political orientation is associated with amount of music involvement and with preferences for particular styles.

Ford, Larry. 'Geographic Factors in the Origin, Evolution and Diffusion of Rock and Roll Music', Journal of Geography , 70, 1971: 455-464. Traces the development of the form from regional enclaves in America, to England and back. [5.7, 10.6]

Francariglia, Richard. 'Diffusion and Popular Culture: Comments on the Spatial Aspects of Rock Music', in David Lanegran and Risa Palm (eds.), An Invitation to Geography. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1973: 87-96. Traces the diffusion patterns of American rock music.

Peterson, Richard A. 'The Unnatural History of Rock Festivals: An Instance of Media Facilitation', Popular Music and Society , 2, 2, Winter 1973: 1-27. An analysis of American rock festivals of the 1960s that casts the data into a test of the traditional theory of the rise and fall of social movements, and suggests modification of the theory to include the important role of the media. [6.5]

SUPIćIć, Ivo. 'Music and the Mass Audience in Yugoslavia Today ', in Malcolm H. Brown (ed.), Papers of the Yugoslav-American Seminar on Music. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 1970: 67-72.

Cottle, Thomas. 'Social Class and Social Dancing', Sociological Quarterly, 32, Spring 1966: 179-196. The amount and types of dancing seem to correlate with social class of the dancers.

Pillsbury, Richard. 'Carolina Thunder: A Geography of Southern Stock Car Racing', Journal of Geography, 73, 1, January 1974: 3947. Examination of the origins and distribution of American stock car racing to determine if the sport has a Southern orientation as is commonly believed. The pattern uncovered has three main stages; initial period of nationally diffused interest; formative period of Southern regional identity; and modern period of decentralization, which is losing stock car racing its regional identity, albeit slowly.

Sutton-Smith, Brian. The Games of the Americas. New York, Arno Press, 1976. This anthology comprises a comprehensive collection of 34 articles on the games of North, Central and South America. [11]

Zurcher, Louis and Arnold Meadow. 'On Bullfights and Baseball: An Example of Interaction of Social Institutions', International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8, 1, 1967: 99-117. A role analysis and comparison of the two forms of sport and a psychoanalytical explanation of how they are symbolically tied to the familial forms of their parent cultures. [10.7]

Dassich, John. 'Violence and the Media', Criminology , 8, 1, May 1970: 80-94. Review of the research literature. The only common dominant theme found is that negative effects do occur more often than not; however, much more empirical research is needed.

Ferracuti, Franco and Renato Lazzari. La Violenza Mei Mezzi Di Communicazione Di Massa, Turino, Quaderni del Servizio Opinioni, 1968. A monograph aimed at systematization of basic concepts and relevant variables concerning whether violence in the mass media constitutes a clear danger for young audiences. Focus is on; a) demographics of the audience, b) content of programs, c) impact of programs, d) behavior induced. Results of studies so far done and analyzed here appear to be inconclusive as to the question of the criminogenetic influence of the media. [9.1]

Halloran, James. 'Los Effectos de la Presentacion Por los Medios, de la Violencia y de las Agresion', Revista Espanola de la Opinion Publica, 13, July -September 1968: 9-16. Several approaches to the study of mass media portrayals of violence and aggression are examined. The lack of an overall guiding theory in this area is pointed out, as well as the need to study the whole issue within a social context.

Howitt, Dennis and Guy CUMBERBATCH. Mass Media, Violence and Society. New York , Wiley, 1975. A comprehensive review of experimental and field studies on the possible effects of media violence that concludes that the media, from comics to television, have no significant effect on behavior in society.

Dienstbier, Richard. 'Sex and Violence: Can Research Have It Both Ways?'.Journal of Communication, 27, 3, Summer 1977: 176-188. A personality model approach helps sort out the apparent contradictions between the Pornography and Violence Commission findings. [10.1.1]

Fucho, Douglas and Jack Lyle. 'Mass Media Portrayal of Sex and Violence' , in Current Perspectives In Mass Communicattion Research, F.G. Kline and P.J. Tichenor (eds.), Beverly Hills, Ca., Sage, 1972; 235-284. An overview of research that has been conducted concludes that effects vary according to individual and environmental circumstances. Authors point out that violence and sex are not studied together, and suggest this is an important and overlooked focus. [10.1.1]

- - Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. Analysis of existing empirical studies and reports on others commissioned. Controversial conclusions that do not support linkages between psychological problems, violence or sex crimes, and exposure to pornographic materials.

Baldelli, Pio. Politica Culturale e Comunicazioni di Massa . Pisa, Nistri Lischi, 1968. A study of the social aspects of the mass media in Italy.

Comstock, George. 'The Effects of Television on Children and Adolescents: The Evidence So Far', Journal of Communication , 25, 8, Autumn 1975: 25-34. Summary of research. evidence grouped around four topics; young people's patterns of exposure to television; the nature of their viewing experience; the way they respond to television; and direct effects of values, attitudes and behavior.

Gilson, Etienne. La Société de Masse et Sa Culture. Paris, Vrin, 1967. A study of mass society with a focus on identification and effects of mass culture.

Harless, James. `The Impact of Adventure Fiction on Readers: The Tough Guy Type', Journalism Quarterly, 49, 1, Spring 1972: 65-73. Examination of the impact of the novel The Removers on college students suggests attitude change does not result from simply reading a piece of fiction but is the result of a particular kind of involvement with (cathexis for) story content.

Harless, James. `The Impact of Adventure Fiction on Readers: The Nice Guy Type', Journalism Quarterly, 49, 2, Summer 1972: 306-315. Examination of the impact of the novel A Sad Song Singing on college students suggests attitude change does not result from simply reading a piece of fiction but is the result of a particular kind of involvement with (cathexis for) story content.

Stauffer, John and Richard FROST. 'Male and Female Interest in Sexuality-Oriented Magazines', Journal of Communication, 26, 1, Winter 1976: 25-30. A comparison of responses to Playboy and Playgirl showed ambivalence among women in response to viewing male nudity.

Allport, Gordon , and Cantril, Hadley. The Psychology of Radio. New York, Peter Smith, 1941. A classic study of the broadcast medium and its social psychological impact.

Herzog, Herta. 'Motivations and Gratifications of Daily Serial Listeners', The Process and Effects of Mass Communications , Wilbur Schramm (ed.), Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1955: 50-55. A study of serial listeners showed utilization of media to gain temporary respite from daily life, which could be best done by exposure to fantasy.

Blumer, Herbert. 'Molding of Mass Behavior Through the Motion Picture', in James F. Short, Jr. (ed.), The Social Fabric of the Metropolis, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Gans, Herbert J. 'The Rise of the Problem Film', Social Problems, 11, 4, Spring 1964: 569-578. The author points to a new content area for films in America, and suggests the ways in which they reflect the mass audience perception of social problems. [7.4]

Glucksmann, A. Violence On The Screen. London , British Film Institute, 1971. The author juxtaposed the major theories and empirical studies of the effects on the audience of screen violence. Every imaginable hypothesis has been advanced at some time, and each adduces supporting evidence.

Hall, David Stewart. Film In The Third Reich. Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1969. A study of the means of use and effectiveness of German cinema in shaping German audience attitudes and behavior in the Third Reich.

Riesman, David and Evelyn RIESMAN. 'Movies and Audiences', in Individualism Reconsidered . Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press , 1954: 194-201. An examination of the ability of audiences to distinguish reality from fantasy.

Atkin, Charles K. , John P. Murray , and Oyuz Nayma. 'The Surgeon General's Research Program on Television and Social Behavior: A Review of Empirical Findings', Journal of Broadcasting, 16, 1, Winter 1971-72 : 21-35. This review contains 36 abstracts of the empirical investigations that led to the tentative conclusion that television violence is related casually to aggressive behavior. [13.1]

Baker, R.K. and S.J. Ball. Mass Media and Violence. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. The report of the Violence and the Media Task Force of the National Commission of the Causes and Prevention of Violence, this manuscript provides detailed examination of the research available on this issue in 1969.

Comstock, George. 'Types of Portrayal and Aggressive Behavior ', Journal of Communication, 27, 3, Summer 1977: 189-198. A review of the evidence shows that specific types and attributes of the portrayals and viewing situations of television play different roles in affecting aggressive acts.

Feshbach, Seymour and Robert SINGER. Television and Aggression. San Francisco , Jossey-Bass, 1971. Study, based on research in a natural field setting, that suggests media violence may help to reduce aggressive behavior.

Gerbner George , Larry Gross , Michael Eleey , Marilyn Jackson-Beeck , Suzanne Jeffries-Fox and Nancy Signorielli . Violence Profile No. 8: Trends In Network Television Drama and Viewer Conceptions of Reality. Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977; Study of the 1976-77 American television season shows sharp upturn of violence in all dramatic categories, including 'family viewing' and children's programs. [13.1]

Rubinstein, E. and G. Comstock. Television and Social Behavior (Vols. 1-5). Rockville, Md., National Institute of Mental Health, 1972. Reports of empirical research concerning the effects of television on the social behavior of its audience. A strong focus on television and violence and aggressive behavior.

Snow, Robert. 'How Children Interpret TV Violence in Play Context', Journalism Quarterly, 51, 1, Spring 1974: 13-21. Data from 50 interviews suggest preadolescent children associate what they define as make-believe television with play orientation and do not take make-believe behavior seriously. Violence of this sort is to be enjoyed and forgotten.

Television and Social Behavior: Reports and Papers. A Technical Report to the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. Edited by John P. MURRAY, Eli A. RUBINSTEIN, and George A. COMSTOCK. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. A five volume report to the Surgeon General: 1) Media Content and Control ; 2) Television and Social Learning: 3) Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness ; 4) Television in Day Life; 5) Television Effects — Further Explorations. The report generally reinforces the concept that there is a link between media violence and antisocial behavior in children; however, there is considerable controversy as to the validity of the studies conducted and the accuracy of conclusions drawn from the data.

Brigham, John and Linda Giesbrecht. "All in the Family": Racial Attitudes' , Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 69-74. Survey study suggests that, although racial attitudies are a major component in whites' reactions to the show and its characters, they are apparently not powerful determinants of blacks' reactions. [8.4]

Singer, Benjamin D. 'Mass Society, Mass Media and the Transformation of Minority Identity', British Journal of Sociology, 24, 2, June 1973: 140-150. Television seems to have a contrary effect to that of increased massification as predicted by classical theorists. New media technologies, in the case of the black, have seemed to heighten pluralism.

Surlin, Stuart. 'Five Years of "All in the Family": A Summary of Empirical Research Generated by the Program', Mass Comm Review, 3, 3, Summer 1976: 2-6. Most research leads one to accept the 'reinforcement' effect of the social issue programs; The 'marginal man', fatalistically/powerlessly alienated, and the high authoritarian viewer is reinforced in his prejudiced/stereotyped views. [8.4]

Vidmar, Neil and Milton ROKEACH. 'Archie Bunker's Bigotry', Journal of Communication , 24, 1, Winter 1974: 56-64. A test of the selective perception and selective exposure hypotheses on two samples of television viewers, one Canadian and one American. They conclude the program is more likely to be reinforcing prejudice than combatting it.

Wilhoit, Cleveland and Harold DE Bock. 'All in the Family In Holland' , Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 75-84. Dutch panel study of selectivity processes suggests the program is not likely to confirm viewer prejudice. [8.4]

Arcuri, Alan. 'You Can't Take Fingerprints Off Water: Police Officers' Views Toward "Cop" Television Shows', Human Relations , 30, 3, 1977: 237-247. A survey of 13 American police shows reveals that New Jersey policemen (n=816) view the most 'professional' shows with the most realism and accuracy the most favorably. The shows help the policeman's image, but ironically lead the public to expect too much.

Dominick, Joseph. 'Children's Viewing of Crime Shows and Attitudes On Law Enforcement', Journalism Quarterly, 51, 1, Spring 1974: 5-12. Viewing of crime shows correlated with identification with television characters but not with evaluation of police. The latter was influenced more by attitudes of friends and family.

Halloran, J.D. , R.L., Brown and D.C. Chaney. Television and Delinquency. London, Leicester University Press, 1970. Published by the Television Research Committee. The book reviews research into nature and causes of delinquency, examines mass communications research and reports on an exploratory study of television viewing habits of adolescents placed on probation.

Adorno, T.W. 'Television and the Patterns of Mass Culture', Quarterly of Film, Radio and Television, 8, 3, 1954: 239-256. An analysis of the psychological mechanisms utilized in teleision shows and the problems of stereotyping and audience identification.

Gerbner, George , Larry Gross , Michael F. Eleey , Marilyn Jackson-Beeck and Nancy Signorielli . Trends In Network Television Drama and Viewer Conception of Social Reality: 1967-1976. Philadelphia, Annenberg School Press, 1977. Part of the Annenberg School's cultural indicators project, this report critically examines the effects of television on viewers conception of reality, and summarizes the empirical work that has been done in this area from 1967-1976. [13.1]

Liebert, Robert. The Early Window: Effects of Television on Children and Youth. New York, Pergamon, 1973. A summary of research findings to this date.

Schramm, Wilbur. Television in the Lives of Our Children. Palo Alto, Ca., Stanford University Press , 1961. An early empirical study of television viewing and its effects on children in America.

Surlin, Stuart and Eugene Tate. 'All in the Family: Is Archie Funny?", Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 61-68. Study of two random samples of viewers — Canadian and American - revealed, via analysis of variance, that culture, sex and personality all affect audience perception of humor in the show.

'Television and Culture: Colloque International, Bruxelles, November 1969', Etudes de Radio-Television, 1970, 17, 306 pp. A study of television in Western Europe and its effects on culture in 29 chapters. Various European scholars review empirical studies and report results of current research projects of their own. [13.1]

Denisoff, R. Serge. Sing a Song of Social Significance. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1972. A study of American songs of persuasion, from urban folk through folk rock to rock and country music. Chapters focus on the styles and types of songs, audience analysis, and attempts to cast the problem in various theoretical frameworks of sociology. [5.7.4, 7.6.3]

Denisoff, R. Serge and Mark H. Levine. 'The Popular Protest Song: The Case of the "Eve of Destruction"' Public Opinion Quarterly, 35, 1, Spring 1971: 114-122. This study analyzes the impact of a popular protest song on a college audience. While 'top 40' play of a song provides exposure for political sentiments, it does not necessarily support the notion of 'brain-washing'. On the othcr hand, it is not total 'background noise' either. [7.6.3.]

Mashkin, K. and T. Volgy. 'Socio-political Attitudes and Musical Preference', Social Science Ouarterly, 56, 1975 : 450-459. The authors find a significant correlation between political attitudes and musical preferences in a 1973 survey of American college students.

Robinson, John , Robert Pilskaln and Paul Hirsch. 'Protest Rock and Drugs', Journal of Communication, 26, 4, Autumn 1976: 125-136. An American national panel study (1966-1970) of youth shows rock music helped to create, sustain and celebrate an atmosphere of social change through its legitimation of subcultural attitudes, though there was no evidence of a casual relationship between exposure to rock music and drug use.

Adorno, Theodor. 'A Social Critique of Radio Music', Kenyon Review, 7, Spring 1945. The author Outlines how popular music functions not as art but as commodity listening, the ideal of which is to dispense with any effort on the part of the listener.

Hirsch, Paul M. An Exploratory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industy. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Survey Research Center, 1971. A study of the popular music industry and surveys of the youth audience that examines the impact of popular music on American teenage culture. One general finding is that this impact is far less significant than many who cite antiestablishment musical lyrics feel it to be. [6.5]

Lewis, George H. 'Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes', Popular Music and Society, 4, 4, 1976: 226-241. Focus on the variable of socialization in the development of musical taste.

Pescatello, Ann. 'Music Festas and Their Social Role in Brazil: Carnaval In Rio', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 4, Spring 1976: 833-839. An analysis of Brazil's festas as sociological phenomena and as the important popular cultural form for that country.

Ridgeway, Cecilia and John Roberts. 'Urban Popular Music and Interaction: A Semantic Relationship', Ethnomusicology, 20, 2, May 1976: 233-251. Study of students (n=434) from a large, urban, American mid-western university. The most popular normative style of music was the style perceived as the most similar to a person's style of interaction in its internal pattern of emotional dimensions.

Crespi, Irving. 'The Social Significance of Card Playing as a Leisure Time Activity', American Sociological Review, 21, 1956: 717-721. An examination of card playing in American life, showing that it is one of the few leisure time activities that can compete successfully with the American mass media. Card playing allows groups in mass society to play at highly competitive situations that parallel the situations of their lives.

Cuipak, Zofia. 'Sport Spectators - An Attempt at a Sociological Analysis', International Review of Sport Sociology, 8, 2, 1973: 89-102. In Poland, popularization of physical culture and interest in sports are associated with the general transformation of contemporary social life. Propaganda turns sport into a social need, and competitors and spectators serve the function of raising the status of the city through victory.

Glassford, Robert. Application of a Theory of Games to the Transitional Eskimo Culture. New York, Arno Press , 1976. Innovative examination of the games played by members of Eskimo culture. Modern game theory is used to determine whether the nomadic and cooperative habit of Eskimo life affects the character of their games.

Jewett, Robert and John LAWRENCE. 'Norm Demolition Derbies: Rites of Reversal in Popular Culture ', Journal of Popular Culture, 9, 4, Spring 1976 : 976-982. The authors argue that many forms of American popular culture, like demolition derbies and television game shows, fit the role reversal pattern as defined in anthropology in their ritual form and function for participants.

Zurcher, Louis. 'The "Friendly" Poker Game: A Study of an Ephemeral Role', Social Forces, 49, 2, 1970: 173-186. An ethnography of poker playing describing and analyzing the structure and social psychological functions of the game.

Bigsby, C.W.E. Superculture: American Popular Culture and Europe. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1975. A collection of essays tracing various aspects of the impact of American popular culture on Europe. Although American popular culture necessarily carries the imprint of the society which produced it, its movement beyond the confines of America changes both meaning and structure. It becomes plastic, detached from its roots, and widely available for adaptation, absorbtion and mediation. [1]

Bigsby, C.W.E. Approaches to Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio, Popular Press, 1977. Collection of essays 1) outlining differing approaches to the study of popular culture and 2) critiquing artifacts of popular culture. [1]

Browne, Ray , Sam GROGG Jr. and Larry LANDRUM. Theories and Methodologies In Popular Culture . Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1975 . A collection of essays covering theory and methodology in American studies, sociology, folklore and the study of mass culture. Includes a bibliography of methodological studies.

Browne, Ray , Larry Landrum and William Bottorff . Challenges in American Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1970. Twenty five essays by scholars of the United States and Canada read at the second meeting of the American Studies Association on subjects such as the relationship between the artist and the government, and literature and popular culture.

Jacobs, Norman. Culture For The Millions? New York, Van Nostrand, 1961. Proceedings of the 1959 Tamiment Institute seminar on mass culture, during which the 'worth' and effects of mass culture were hotly debated by participating humanists and social scientists. Contains important articles by Hannah Arendt, Ernest van den Haag, Randall Jarrell and Edward Shils. [2]

Kato, Hidetoshi. Japanese Popular Culture. Tokyo, Charles E. Tuttle, 1959. A collection of essays describing and analyzing the indigenous culture of Japan.

Cater, Douglas and Richard ADLER. Television as a Social Force. New York, Praeger, 1975. Collected research essays concerning the impact of television on its audience.

Dexter, Lewis Anthony and David Manning WHITE. People, Society and Mass Communication . New York, Free Press, 1964. Collection of articles concerning the relationship between mass communication and social system. [1.3, 6.1]

McQuail, Denis. Sociology of Mass Communications. Baltimore, Maryland , Penguin Books, 1972. Collection of cssays by various authors, many published here for the first time. Subject areas of important essays include mass media and mass society, the audience of mass communication. mass communication organizations, and structural analysis of mass communications. [1,6.1,9.1]

Newcomb, Horace. Television: The Critical View. New York, Oxford, 1976. Twenty collected and reprinted essays concerning television, that seek to establish and define the role of this medium in American culture.

Denisoff, R. Serge and Richard A. Peterson. The Sounds of Social Change: Studies in Popular Culture. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1972. A collection of reprinted and original essays examining the place of popular music in the arena of American social change. [6.5, 7.6, 9.6]

Hammel, William. The Popular Arts In America: A Reader. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. A collection of reprinted essays that focuses on the movies, television and radio, popular music and magazines and popular reading.

Harris, Charles and John Williams. Amistad 1. New York , Random House, 1970. A collection of edited qualitative essays on American black history and popular culture. [4.1]

Harris, Charles and John Williams. Amistad 2. New York , Random House, 1970. A collection of edited qualitative essays on American black history and popular culture. [4.1]

Huebel, Harry R. Things in the Driver's Seat: Readings In Popular Culture. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1972. A collection of essays on popular culture, this book is divided into two major sections — 1865-1945 and 1945-1970. The reprinted essays are qualitative with respect to the data they present, and range from anthropology and social commentary to history and American Studies. [4.1]

Kato, Hidetoshi. Essays in Comparative Popular Culture: Coffee, Comics and Communication . Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Communication Institute , 1975. A series of essays, originally delivered as lectures at the East-West Communication Institute, concerning the comparative aspects of popular culture, including some observations of the signficance of popular culture in developing countries. [1.3.2.]

Lewis, George H. Side-Saddle on the Colden Calf: Social Structure and Popular Culture in America. Pacific Palisades, Ca. , Goodyear, 1972. An edited collection of articles with connecting materials by the author focused on the linkages between social and cultural structure in the United States. [1.2, 2]

Nanry, Charles , American Music : From Storyville to Wood-stock . New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 1971. A collection of essays focused on sociological aspects of various types and forms of American popular music and the music business.

Rosenberg, Bernard and David Manning White. Mass Culture: The Popular Arts In America. New York, Free Press, 1957. An edited collection of 49 essays, some appearing for the first time in this volume. A standard reference work today in the study of popular culture. [1,2]

Rosenberg, Bernard and David M. White. Mass Culture Revisited. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971. A collection of 29 essays that consider the spectrum of popular culture and its effects upon the lives of members of Western industrialized society. Limits itself to culture carried via traditional forms of the mass media.

Thompson, Denys. Discrimination and Popular Culture. Baltimore, Penguin, 1964. A collection of essays concerning popular culture in Great Britain.

Browne, Ray and Ronald AMBROSETTI. Popular Culture and Curricula. Bowling Green, Oliio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1970. Seven essays concerning the subject matter of popular culture in high school and college academic programs.

Helt, Richard. 'A German Bluegrass Festival: The "Country-Boom" and Some Notes on the History of American Popular Music in West Germany', Journal of Popular Culture, 10, 4, Spring 1977: 820-832. The author asserts that the spreading popularity of bluegrass music is a result of common taste preference in youth, as Germans under 25 years of age have grown up as an extension of the American market.

Hemphill, Paul. The Good Old Boys. New York , Simon & Schuster, 1974. Elequent essays evoke and celebrate the vanishing American South of country music, stock cars and moon-shine, and hard living and high-power evangelism . [9.1]

Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counter Culture. New York, Doubleday, 1969. A study of the youth counter culture of the 1960s in America. Roszak attempts to trace the emotional and intellectual roots of this movement and analyze the values inherent in this youthful opposition to the American technocratic society of the 1960s. [10.1]

Schroeder, Fred. 'A Bellyful of Coffee', Journal of Popular Culture, 2, Spring 1967: 679-686. A qualitative analysis of the long haul truck driver as an icon of American popular culture. 496 Wolfe, Tom , The Kandy Kolored Tangerine Flake Streamline Baby. New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1965. A collection of essays illustrating Wolfe's contention that America's post World War II affluence has allowed the development of artifacts of popular culture for subcultures that, prior to this time, had neither the money to purchase nor the leisure time to appreciate such artifacts. [9.1]

Wolfe, Tom. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968. An indepth qualitative study of the 1960s American youth culture. The study focuses on the West Coast and, specifically, on Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters. Wolfe traces the links between these persons and the beats of the 1950s, as well as chronicling the diffusion of their ideology and life style into the larger youth culture and the outlaw motorcycle subculture. [9.1]

Wolfe, Tom. The Pump House Gang. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968. A further collection of essays developed around the same theme as first articulated in The Kandy Kolored Tangerine Flake Streamline Baby. [9.1]

Wolfe, Tom. Mauve Gloves and Madmen, Clutter and Vine. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976. A collection of qualitative essays focusing on various aspects of popular culture in America of the early 1970s. [9.1]

Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy. Cambridge, 1971 . America is seen as a symbol of anarchy. Its culture, formed in the industrial age, takes on new modes that are brash, crude, unsubtle and destructive of taste and tradition. Democratic mediocrity will prevail in American cultural forms. [2.2]

DeMott, Benjamin. Supergrow. New York, E.P. Dutton, 1969. Collection of essays concerning American popular culture of the 1960s, based largely on the assumption that the troubles of that time were based on failures of imagination.

Fiedler, Leslie. An End to Innocence: Essays on Culture and Politics . Boston, Beacon Press , 1955. A focus on post World War II American culture and political forms in a series of collected essays.

Fishwick, Marshall. Parameters of Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1975. An examination of the electrified, computerized, synchronized and televised parameters of American popular culture.

Fishwick, Marshall and Ray Browne. Icons of Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green Popular Press, 1970. Informative essays on the importance as icons of such items of daily American life as the Coke bottle, the Volkswagen and the matchbook cover. [7.1]

Marcus, Greil. Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock 'N' Roll Music. New York, E.P. Dutton , 1975. Focusing on six American recording artists, Marcus captures the American images and archetypes of the jester and the guilty Puritan arguing over the stakes of life in America. This is a reservoir of information of the shaping and influences of rock and roll, set against a backdrop of American folkways.

Vogel, Amos. Film As A Subversive Art. New York, Random House, 1974. A focus on the use of film to subvert existing cultural values, institutions, mores and taboos — ideally in a more humanistic direction.

Warshow, Robert. 'The Gangster as Tragic Hero', Partisan Review, 15, 2, 1948: 240-244. An analysis of the stereotype of the gangster in American films that suggests the stereotype may reveal more about urban America's attitude toward individuality and the myth of the self-made man than it does about the reality of criminality. [7.4]

Warshow, Robert. The Immediate Experience. New York, Dial, 1964. A qualitative examination of American popular culture. Warshow is concerned with how to regain the use of experience in the world of mass culture, as popular culture not only ursurps the imagination, it relieves one of the necessity of experiencing one's life directly. Popular culture is the 'screen through which we see reality and the mirror in which we see ourselves' while its ultimate tendency is to supercede reality. [7.1]

Busby, Linda. 'Sex-role Research in the Mass Media', Journal of Communication, 24, August 1975: 107-131. Research in the field is summarized. Traditional stereotypes are furthered through portrayals. Contains an extensive bibliography. [8.1]

Dumazedier, Joffrc and Claire Guinchat. 'La Sociologic Du Loisir: Tendences Actuelles De La Recherche et Bibliographie (1945-1965)' , Current Sociology, 16, 1, 1968: 1-127. Trend report on the sociology of leisure with many references important to the sociology of popular culture.

Dyoniziak, Ryszard and Jerzy MIKULOWSKI-POMORSKI. 'Sociological Research on Mass Culture in Poland ', Polish Sociological Bulletin, 14, 1966: 116-123. A review of the amount and type of research conducted in Poland on mass culture since World War II.

Kassarjian, Waltraud M. 'Blacks as Communicators and Interpreters of Mass Communication', Journalism Quarterly, 50, 2, Summer 1973: 285-291 & 305. An overview of the literature on black media use patterns. [9.1 ]

Klapper, Joseph. The Effects of Mass Communication. Glencoe, Free Press, 1960. A summary of research through the late 1950s on the topic of to what extent do the mass media shape society. [1.3]

Kloskowska, Antonina. 'Ksztaltowanii Sie Kultury Masowej W Polsce Ludowej', Studia Socjologiczne, 18, 1965: 111-138. General report to the Polish Sociological Association, dealing with the formation and development of mass and popular culture in People's Poland. Followed by special reports and discussion.

Marsden, Michael. 'National Finding List of Popular Culture Holdings and Special Collections', Popular Culture Association Neivsletter , 6, 1, March 1977: 5-29. Extensive listing of American archives and their contents. Includes addresses and phone numbers.

Silberman, Alphonse. "La Sociologie Des Communications de Masse", Current Sociology, 18, 3, 1970. Trend report and bibliography on the area of mass communications. Many entries relevant for the study of popular culture, especially in the study of media organizations and effects of media. [6.1]

—— Mass Communication Research - Current Documentation. Krakow, Poland: Central European Mass Communication Research Documentation-Press Research Center, 1977. Current literature on mass communication research and propaganda in Central European Socialist countries, in abstract form. Contains material relevant to popular culture studies.

ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTRE. Mass Communication In Malaysia. Singapore, AMIC, 1975. One in a series of annotated bibliographies devoted to mass communications in Asia. Includes studies of popular culture.

ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTRE. Mass Communication In Hong Kong and Macao. Singapore, AMIC, 1976. One in a series of annotated bibliographies devoted to mass communications in Asia. Includes studies of popular culture.

ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTER. Mass Communication in India. Singapore, AMIC, 1976. One in a series of annotated bibliographies devoted to mass communications in Asia. Includes studies of popular culture.

ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTER. Mass Communication In The Philippines. Singapore, AMIC, 1976. One in a series of annotated bibliographies devoted to mass communication in Asia. Includes studies of popular culture.

ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTRE. Mass Communication In Taiwan. Singapore, AMIC, 1977. One in a series of annotated bibliographies devoted to mass communication in Asia. Includes studies of popular culture.

Blum, Eleanor. Catalog of the Communications Library, University of Illinois. Boston, G.K. Hall, 1976. Consisting of nearly 50,000 references, this is the largest and most comprehensive communications bibliography available. Includes an emphasis on popular culture.

Borque, Jose M. Diez and A.M. Angela Ena Bordonada. 'Bibliografia de Sociologia de la Literatura y Cultura de Masas', Revista Espanola de la Opinión Pública, 30, October—December 1972: 253-274. A critical bibliography of mass culture and literature, divided into two main sections; 'Sociology of Literature' and 'The Culture of the Masses'.

Buka Lski, Peter. Film Research: A Critical Bibliography With Annotations and Essay. Boston, G.K. Hall, 1972. A critical and annotated bibliography covering film research — mainly American.

Comstock. George and Marilyn Fisher. Television and Human Behavior: A Guide to the Pertinent Literature. Santa Monica, Ca., Rand Corp., 1975. Eleven specialized bibliographies and a master bibliography in which the 2,300 entries are briefly described. [10.5]

Denisoff, R. Serge. Songs of Protest, War and Peace: A Selected Bibliography and Discography. Santa Barbara, Ca., CLIO Press, 1973. This bibliography provides the sources and introductory comment necessary to assess the role of music in American anti-war movements from the Revolution to the 1970s. [7.6.3]

Gasca, Luis. 'Bibliografia Mundial Del Comic', Revista Espanola de la Opinión Pública, 14, October-December 1968 : 365-390. A bibliography of literature on the comic strip. 529 GASCA, Luis. 'Bibliografia Mendial Del Comic: II. Autores Extranjeros', Revista Espanola de la Opinion Pública, 17, July-September 1969: 431-576. Part two of an international bibliography of studies concerning comics and cartoons.

Heleszta, Sandor. 'Annotated Bibliography on Leisure: Hungary (1960-1969)', Society and Leisure, 1, 1970. Entries are listed under the following headings: Theoretical and General; Examination of the Leisure of Various Sections of Society; Leisure Activities; Work on Leisure by Authors Abroad. Many works cited have relevance for sociology of popular culture.

Institute Of Musiciology, Zagreb Academy Of Music. 'The Sociology of Music - A Selected Bibliography' , International Journal of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music. 7, 2, December 1976 and 8, 1, & 2, June, December 1977. An extensive bibliography extending over three issues of the Journal. A good deal of the material listed pertains to popular music and popular culture.

Saricky, Ivan. 'Annotated Bibliography on Leisure: Czechoslovakia ', Society and Leisure, 2, 1970. Entries are listed under the following headings: Theoretical and General; Leisure in Different Societies and Demographic Groups; Leisure Activities; Leisure Environment; Development of Society. Many works cited have relevance for sociology of popular culture.