This article aims to conceptualize the gendered interface between social capital and vulnerability. It emphasizes Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of social capital embedded in his Theory of Practice as a fruitful analytical device for this intersection. The authors’ conceptual thoughts are based on a review of the literature on the role of migration-related social networks from mainly diverse Asian contexts and empirical fieldwork in South and Central Asia.
Adkins, Lisa and Skeggs, Beverly (eds) (2004) Feminism after Bourdieu . Oxford: Blackwell.
2.
Agarwal, Bina ( 1997) ‘ "Bargaining" and Gender Relations - within and beyond the Household’, Feminist Economics3(1): 1-51.
3.
Agarwal, Bina ( 2000) ‘Conceptualising Environmental Collective Action - Why Gender Matters’, Cambridge Journal of Economics24(3): 282-310.
4.
Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon ( 1996) ‘ "You are not Excused from Cooking": Peasants and the Gender Division of Labour in Pakistan’, Feminist Economics2(2): 87-105.
5.
Alavi, Hamza ( 1991) ‘Pakistani Women in a Changing Society’ , in Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner (eds) Economy and Culture in Pakistan: Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society. London : Macmillan.
6.
Amnesty International (2005) Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries: Women Deserve Dignity and Respect . London: Amnesty International .
7.
Anderson, Joan, Reimer-Kirkham, Sheryl, Browne, Annette J. and Lynam, M. Judith ( 2007) ‘Continuing the Dialogue: Postcolonial Feminist Scholarship and Bourdieu: Discourses of Culture and Points of Connection’ , Nursing Inquiry14(3): 178-88.
8.
Benéria, Lourdes ( 1995) ‘Towards Greater Integration of Gender in Economics’ , World Development23(11): 1839-50.
9.
Bourdieu, Pierre ( 1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
10.
Bourdieu, Pierre ( 1986) ‘The Forms of Capital’, in John G. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press.
11.
Bourdieu, Pierre ( 1996) The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
12.
Bourdieu, Pierre ( 2001) Masculine Domination. Cambridge : Polity.
13.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loïc J. D. ( 1992) ‘The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The Chicago Workshop)’, in Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc J.D. Wacquant (eds) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
Boyd, Monica ( 1989) ‘Familial and Personal Networks in International Migration: Recent Development and New Agendas’, International Migration Review33(3): 638-70.
15.
Cassel-Gintz, Martin ( 2006) ‘Overview over Different Vulnerability Approaches and Definitions’, IP 1 Working Paper Series, NCCR North-South, Bern.
16.
Chambers, Robert ( 1989) ‘Vulnerability, Coping and Policy’ , IDS Bulletin20(2): 1-8.
17.
Chant, Sylvia and Radcliffe, Sarah A. ( 1992) ‘Migration and Development: The Importance of Gender’ , in Sylvia Chant (ed.) Gender and Migration in Developing Countries. London: Belhaven Press.
18.
Commonwealth Secretariat (ed.) (1989) Engendering Adjustment for the 1990s: Report of a Commonwealth Expert Group on Women and Structural Adjustment. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
19.
Curran, Sara R., Shafer, Steven, Donato, Katharine M. and Garip, Filiz ( 2006) ‘Mapping Gender and Migration in Sociological Scholarship: Is it Segregation or Integration?’, International Migration Review40(1): 199-223.
20.
Dannecker, Petra ( 2005) ‘Transnational Migration and the Transformation of Gender Relations: The Case of Bangladeshi Labour Migrants’, Current Sociology53(4): 655-74.
21.
Das, Raju J. ( 2004) ‘Social Capital and Poverty of the Wage-Labour Class: Problems with the Social Capital Theory’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers29(1): 27-45.
22.
De Haan, Arjan and Rogaly, Ben (eds) (2002) Special issue: ‘Labour Mobility and Rural Society’, The Journal of Development Studies38(5).
23.
De Haan, Leo and Zoomers, Annelies ( 2005) ‘Exploring the Frontier of Livelihoods Research’ , Development and Change36(1): 27-47.
24.
DFID (Department for International Development) ( 2002) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London, and Glasgow: DFID.
25.
Dillabough, Jo-Anne ( 2004) ‘Class, Culture and the "Predicaments of Masculine Domination": Encountering Pierre Bourdieu’, British Journal of Sociology of Education25(4): 489-506.
26.
Ellis, Frank ( 2003) A Livelihoods Approach to Migration and Poverty Reduction . London: DFID.
27.
Elson, Diane ( 1995) ‘Gender Awareness in Modelling Structural Adjustment’ , World Development23(11): 1851-68.
28.
Fawcett, James T. ( 1989) ‘Networks, Linkages, and Migration Systems’ , International Migration Review33(3): 671-80.
29.
Floro, Maria Sagrario ( 1995) ‘Economic Restructuring, Gender and the Allocation of Time’, World Development23(11): 1913-29.
30.
Fordham, Maureen ( 2003) ‘Gender, Disaster and Development: The Necessity for Integration’, in Mark Pelling (ed.) Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalising World. London: Routledge.
31.
Gazdar, Haris ( 2003) ‘A Review of Migration Issues in Pakistan’ , paper presented at the ‘Regional Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia’, Dhaka 22-24June.
32.
Gittell, Ross and Vidal, Avis ( 1998) Community Organizing: Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage .
33.
Grootaert, Christiaan ( 1998) ‘Social Capital: The Missing Link?’ , Social Capital Initiative Working Paper Series No. 3, World Bank , Washington, DC.
34.
Grootaert, Christiaan ( 2000) ‘Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia’, Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 2148, World Bank, Washington, DC.
35.
Gurak, Douglas T. and Caces, Fe ( 1992) ‘Migration Networks and the Shaping of Migration Systems’, in Mary M. Kritz, Lin Lean Lim and Hania Zlotnik (eds) International Migration Systems: A Global Approach . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
36.
Hagan, Jaqueline Maria ( 1998) ‘Social Networks, Gender, and Immigrant Incorporation: Resources and Constraints’, American Sociological Review63(1): 55-67.
37.
Harriss, John ( 2006) ‘Social Capital’, in K. S. Jomo and B. Fine (eds) The New Development Economics: After the Washington Consensus. London: Zed Books.
38.
Hart, Gillian ( 1991) ‘Engendering Everyday Resistance: Gender, Patronage and Production Politics in Rural Malaysia’, Journal of Peasant Studies19(1): 93-121.
39.
Kabeer, Naila ( 1994) Reversed Realities, Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso.
40.
Krais, Beate ( 2006) ‘Gender, Sociological Theory and Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice’, Theory, Culture and Society23(6): 119-34.
41.
Kuehnast, Kathleen ( 2002) ‘Poverty Shock: The Impact of Rapid Economic Change on Women of the Kyrgyz Republic’, in Nora Dudwick, Elizabeth Gomart, Alexandre Marc and Kathleen Kuehnast (eds) When Things Fall Apart: Qualitative Studies of Poverty in the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: World Bank.
42.
Lefebvre, A. ( 1999) Kinship, Honour and Money in Rural Pakistan: Subsistence Economy and the Effects of International Migration. London : Curzon.
43.
Livingston, Gretchen ( 2006) ‘Gender, Job Searching, and Employment Outcomes among Mexican Immigrants’, Population Research and Policy Review25(1): 43-66.
44.
Lomnitz, Larissa ( 1977) Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown . New York: Academic Press.
45.
McCall, Leslie ( 1992) ‘Does Gender Fit? Bourdieu, Feminism, and Conceptions of Social Order’, Theory and Society21(6): 837-67.
46.
McNay, Lois ( 1999) ‘Gender, Habitus and the Field: Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of reflexivity’, Theory, Culture and Society16(1): 95-117.
47.
Maluccio, John, Haddad, Lawrence and May, Julian ( 1999) Social Capital and Income Generation in South Africa, 1993-98. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI).
48.
Mayoux, Linda ( 2001) ‘Tackling the Down Side: Social Capital, Women’s Empowerment and Micro-Finance in Cameroon’, Development and Change32(3): 435-64.
49.
Molyneux, Maxime ( 2002) ‘Gender and the Silences of Social Capital: Lessons from Latin America’, Development and Change33(2): 167-88.
50.
Moser, Caroline O. N. ( 1998) ‘The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies’, World Development26(1): 1-19.
51.
Narayan, Deepa and Pritchett, Lant ( 1999) ‘Cents and Sociability: Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania’, Economic Development and Cultural Change47(4): 871-97.
52.
NIDS (Nepal Institute for Development Studies) ( 2003) Nepali Women Workers in Foreign Lands. Kathmandu: NIDS.
53.
Portes, Alejandro and Landolt, Patricia ( 2000) ‘Social Capital: Promise and Pitfalls of its Role in Development’, Journal of Latin American Studies32(2): 529-47.
54.
Portes, Alejandro and Sensenbrenner, Julia ( 1993) ‘Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action’, American Journal of Sociology98(6): 1320-49.
55.
Pries, Ludger ( 1999) Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Aldershot: Ashgate.
56.
Rakodi, Carole and Lloyd-Jones, Tony ( 2002) Urban Livelihoods: A People-Centred Approach to Reducing Poverty. London: Earthscan .
57.
Rankin, Katherine N. ( 2002) ‘Social Capital, Microfinance, and the Politics of Development’, Feminist Economics8(1): 1-24.
58.
Riddell, Sheila, Wilson, Alastair and Baron, Stephen ( 2001) ‘Gender, Social Capital and Lifelong Learning for People with Learning Disabilities’, International Studies in Sociology of Education11(1): 3-24.
59.
Risseeuw, Carla ( 1991) ‘Bourdieu, Power and Resistance: Gender Transformation in Sri Lanka’, in K. Davis, M. Leijenaar and J. Oldersma (eds) The Gender of Power. London : Sage.
60.
Saeed, Rana Riaz ( 2004) ‘Women Status in Pakistan under Customs and Values and the Controversial Hudood Ordinance 1979’, Development Advocates and Lobbyists Pakistan, Islamabad .
61.
Silvey, Rachel and Elmhirst, Rebecca ( 2003) ‘Engendering Social Capital: Women Workers and Rural-Urban Networks in Indonesia’s Crisis’, World Development31(5): 865-79.
62.
Thieme, Susan ( 2006) Social Networks and Migration: Far West Nepalese Labour Migrants in Delhi. Münster and London: LIT Publishing House.
63.
Thieme, Susan ( 2008) ‘Living in Transition: How Kyrgyz Women Juggle their Different Roles in a Multi-Local Setting’, Gender, Technology and Development12(3): 325-45.
64.
Thieme, Susan and Müller-Böker, Ulrike (2004) ‘Financial Self-Help Associations among Far West Nepalese Labor Migrants in Delhi, India’ , Asian and Pacific Migration Journal13(3): 339-61.
65.
Tilly, Charles and Brown, C. Harold ( 1967) ‘On Uprooting, Kinship, and Auspices of Migration’ , International Journal of Comparative Sociology8(2): 139-64.
66.
UN (2006) 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration. New York: United Nations.
67.
UNDP RBEC and CIS (United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States) ( 2005) Bringing down Barriers, Central Asia Human Development Report Series. Bratislava: UNDP .
68.
Van Staveren, Irene ( 2002) ‘Social Capital: What is in it for Feminist Economics’ , ISS Working Paper Series No. 368, The Hague.
69.
Van Staveren, Irene and Knorringa, Peter ( 2007) ‘Unpacking Social Capital in Economic Development: How Social Relations Matter’, Review of Social Economy65(1): 107-35.
70.
Watkins, Francis ( 2003) ‘"Save There, Eat Here": Migrants, Households and Community Identity among Pakhtuns in Northern Pakistan’, Contributions to Indian Sociology37(1 and 2): 59-81.
71.
Wacquant, Loïc J. D. ( 1992) ‘Towards a Social Praxeology: The Structure and Logic of Bourdieu’s Sociology’, in Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc J.D. Wacquant (eds) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
72.
Westermann, Olaf, Ashby, Jacqueline and Pretty, Jules ( 2005) ‘Gender and Social Capital: The Importance of Gender Differences for the Maturity and Effectiveness of Natural Resource Management Groups’, World Development33(11): 1783-99.
73.
Who, Unicef and Unfpa (2004) Maternal Mortality in 2000, Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, ed. Department of Reproductive Health and Research.Geneva: WHO.
74.
World Bank (2007) ‘Social Capital 2007’; at: www.worldbank.org/socialcapital (accessed July 2007).