Farming and ranching crocodiles has of late attracted much entrepreneural attention in Africa especially in the SADCC region of Southern Africa where crocodiles still occur in abundance. There are two main reasons for this sudden interest. 1) Crocodile farming and ranching is rewarding in both economic and commercial terms; and 2) the economic value of crocodiles provides a good argument in support of sustainable conservation of the crocodile.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BellairsA.d' A., The Crocodilia, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd., Chipping Norton, New South Wales, pp. 5–7, 1987.
2.
DasmanR. F., Life-styles and Nature Conservation, Oryx, 13: 3, pp. 281–286, 1976.
3.
Curry-LindahlK., Is Aid for Developing Countries Destroying Their Environment?Oryx, 15: 2, pp. 133–136, 1979.
4.
SimbotweM. P., Appraisal of Wildlife Management in Africa 1970–1987, A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, 20: 3, pp. 221–241, 1989.
5.
LanhupuyW., Australian Aboriginal Attitudes to Crocodile Management, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd., Chipping Norton, New South Wales, pp. 145–147, 1987.
6.
SinbaK., Village and Community Attitudes to the Management of Crocodiles in Papua New Guinea, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd., Chipping Norton, New South Wales, pp. 149–151, 1987.
7.
PiankaE. R., On r- and k- Selection, American Naturalist, 104, pp. 592–597, 1970.
8.
FergusonM. W., Embryological Studies of Alligator mississippiensis, ASRA, 2: 3, pp. 3–33, 1984.
9.
ChildG., The Management of Crocodiles in Zimbabwe, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd., Chipping Norton, New South Wales, pp. 49–62, 1987.
10.
Anonymous, Country Report and Amended CITES Quota Request: Zambia, in Management and Utilization of Crocodiles in the SADCC Region, report of the SADCC Crocodile Workshop, Kariba, July 2–6, 1987.
11.
Anonymous, Assistance to the Crocodile Skin Industry, Wildlife in Papua New Guinea, joint report of the Papua New Guinea Government Crocodile Management and Conservation Programme and UNDP/FAO Report, Publication of Wildlife Division Department of Lands and Environment, p. 25, 1978.
12.
The following list of references is an attempt to bring fifty-eight years of information on the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus and the Slender-snouted crocodile, Crocodylus cataphractus, biology into a single Bibliography for the very first time. This Bibliography is stored in form of a computer data base at the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Headquarters, Gaborone, Botswana, hence will be updated periodically. Hopefully this Bibliography will stimulate research on crocodiles in the SADCC region of Africa.
13.
In recent years, increasing attention has been given to studies of crocodile ecology, management and conservation so that information, once scanty, is made available in ever-increasing volume. I found four references for the period 1930 to 1949 and thirty-four titles from 1950 to 1969 and a large number of seventy-three titles from 1970 to 1989.
14.
AbercrombieC. L.: Notes on West African Crocodiles, Journal of Herpetology, v. 12n. 2, pp. 260–262, 1978.
15.
ANONYMOUS: Crocodile Farm in Natal, Oryx, v. 9n. 5, 1968, p. 324 (Ndumu Game Reserve).
16.
ANONYMOUS: Farming of Crocodiles—New Project in Uganda, African Wildlife News, v. 3n. 1, p. 9, 1968.
ANONYMOUS: Crocodile in Zambia: Status Report for 1980, Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia, Typescript p. 1, 1981.
19.
ANONYMOUS: Crocodile Workshop, Kwena Gardens, Sun City, Bophutatswana, December 19, 1986, p. 48 (Available from Kwena Gardens Bophutatswana (Pty) Ltd., P.O. Box 234, Sun City, Bophutatswana).
20.
ANONYMOUS: Management and Utilization of Crocodiles in the SADCC Region, SADCC Workshop on Management and Utilization of Crocodiles (Kariba, July 2–6, 1987), Document 6. 48.1., submitted to the 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CITES), Ottawa, Canada, 1987.
21.
ANONYMOUS: Crocodile Ranching in Relation to Appendix II of the Botswana Population of Crocodylus niloticus, (drafted by M.P. Simbotwe), submitted to the CITES Secretariat, 23 pp., 1989.
22.
ANONYMOUS: Crocodile Management and Utilization in the SADCC Region of Africa, Proceedings of the Workshop on Management and Utilization of Crocodiles, Kariba, July 2–6, 1987, sponsored by WWF/CIDA, 1989, in press.
23.
AshleyD. and DavidD. N.: Marketing Crocodile Skins, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 397–403, 1986.
24.
Astley-MaberlyC. T. A.: “Soda” Was Lazy Until it Rained. Observations on a Pet Crocodile, African Wildlife, v. 3n. 2, pp. 104–111, 1949 (crocodile in captivity for six years).
25.
AttwellR. I. G.: Crocodile Status Report for Rhodesia, Crocodile Specialist, Second Meeting paper A.4.2, pp. 41–43, 1973.
26.
BeukesC. J.: Luangwa Crocodile and Safaris Collection and Hatching, Report to the Director of National Parks and Wildlife Service, Chilanga, Zambia, 1985.
27.
BigalkeR.: Note on the Egg of the Nile Crocodile, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, v. 2, pp. 555–559, 1931.
28.
BillsI. D.: Circuit Safaris Collection and Nest Data, Report to the Director of National Parks and Wildlife Service, Chilanga, Zambia, 1985.
29.
BlakeD. K.: “Crocodile Farming in Rhodesia,” unpublished department report, 1970.
30.
BlakeD. K.: The Rearing of Crocodiles for Commercial and Conservation Purposes in Rhodesia, Rhodesia Science News, v. 8n. 1, pp. 311–314, 1974.
31.
BlakeD. K. and LoveridgeJ. P.: The Role of Commercial Crocodile Fanning in Crocodile Conservation, Biological Conservation, v. 8n. 4, pp. 261–272, 1975.
32.
BlakeD. K. and LoveridgeJ. P.: Observations on the Behaviour of Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Captivity, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 295–300, 1987.
33.
BlombergG. E. D.: Feeding and Nesting Ecology and Habitat Preferences of Okavango Crocodiles, in Symposium on the Okavango Delta, Gaborone: Botswana Society, pp. 131–139, 1976.
34.
BlombergG. E. D.St. PierreB. C.SmithK. D.CaddellS. M., and PettS. R., Simulated Population Dynamics of Crocodiles in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, in Crocodiles, BryantR. J. (ed.), Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publishing, New Series, pp. 343–375, 1982.
35.
BustardR. H.: A Future for Crocodiles, Oryx, v. 10n. 4, pp. 249–255, 1969.
36.
CansdaleG.: The Reptiles of West Africa, London: Penguin Books, 1955.
37.
ChapmanC. M.: Survey of the Crocodile Population of the Blue Nile, Geology Journal, v. 136n. 11, pp. 55–59, 1967.
38.
ChildG.: The Management of Crocodiles in Zimbabwe, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 49–62, 1987.
39.
Cloudsley-ThomsonJ. L.: Diurnal Rhythm of Activity in the Nile Crocodiles, Animal Behaviour, v. 12, pp. 98–100, 1964.
40.
Cloudsley-ThomsonJ. L.: Water Relations of the Young Nile Crocodile, British Journal of Herpetology, v. 4n. 5, pp. 107–112, 1969.
41.
ColtH. B.: Scientific Results of an Inquiry into the Ecology and Economic Status of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, v. 29n. 4, pp. 211–317, 1961.
42.
ColtH. B.: Nile Crocodiles Face Extinction in Uganda, Oryx, v. 9n. 2, pp. 330–332, 1968.
43.
ColtH. B.: The Status of the Nile Crocodile below Murchison Falls, IUCN Bulletin, N.S., 2n. 8, pp. 62–64, 1968.
44.
ColtH. B.: Tourists and Crocodiles in Uganda, Oryx, v. 10n. 3, pp. 153–160, 1969.
45.
ColtH. B.: Parental Care in the Crocodilia with Special Reference to Crocodylus niloticus, Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Crocodile Specialists, Vol. I, pp. 166–180, 1971.
46.
ColtH. B. and PooleyA. C.: The Status of Crocodiles in Africa, Switzerland: IUCN Publishing, New Series Supplementary Paper No. 33, 98 pp., 1971.
47.
ElliotR. G. H.: Hides and Skins Improvement in Developing Countries, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 67, Rome: Fao, 108 pp., 1985.
48.
FogginC. M.: Diseases and Disease Control on Crocodile Farms in Zimbabwe, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 351–362, 1987.
49.
GhiglieriM. P.: Wildlife on the Omo River, Oryx, v. 16n. 2, pp. 142–143, 1981.
50.
GrahamA.: “The Lake Rudolph crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) population,” M.Sc. Thesis, Nairobi: University of Kenya, 1968.
51.
GrahamA.: The Lake Rudolph Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti), Population, Nairobi: Report to the Kenya Game Department, 1968.
52.
GrahamA.: A Crocodile Management Plan for the Okavango River, in Investigation of the Okavango as a Primary Water Resource for Botswana, BOT/71/506, Technical Note No. 10, FAO/UNDP, 21 pp., 1976.
53.
GrahamA. and BeardP.: Eyelids of Morning. The Mingled Destinies of Crocodiles and Men, Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Geographical Society, 260 pp., 1973.
54.
GrahamP.PattersonL., and GrahamJ.: Aerial Photographic Techniques for Monitoring Crocodile Populations, in Investigation of the Okavango as Primary Water Source for Botswana, BOT/71/506, Technical Note No. 34, FAO/UNDP, 13 pp., 1976.
55.
GrahamA. and SimbotweM. P.: Monitoring an Exploited Crocodile Population on the Okavango River, Botswana, in preparation for Biological Conservation, 1989.
56.
GregorG.: Farming Crocodiles in Kabwe, Zambia, Horizon, v. 11n. 7, pp. 4–9, 1969.
57.
GuggisbergC. A. W.: Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore and Conservation, David and Charles, Newton, Abbort, 1972.
58.
HadleyD.: Breeding of Crocodile in Livingstone Game Park, Puku, v. 5, pp. 226–228, 1969.
59.
HippelE. V.: Stomach Contents of Crocodiles, Uganda Journal, v. 10, pp. 148–149, 1946.
60.
HirjiK.: Counting Crocodiles in Lake Rukwa, Tanzania, in Interim Report, Wildlife Division, Dar-es-Salaam, 1984–1986.
61.
HuttonJ. M.: Age Determination of Living Nile Crocodiles from the Cortical Stratification of Bone, Copeia, v. 2, pp. 332–341, 1986.
62.
HuttonJ. M.: Techniques for Aging Wild Crocodilians, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 211–216, 1987.
63.
HuttonJ. M.: Growth and Feeding Ecology of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, at Ngezi, Zimbabwe, Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 56, pp. 25–28, 1987.
64.
HuttonJ. M.: Incubation Temperatures, Sex Ratios and Sex Determinations in a Population of Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Journal of Zoology, v. 211, pp. 143–155, 1987.
65.
HuttonJ. M.LoveridgeJ. P., and BlakeD. K.: Crocodile Capture Techniques in Zimbabwe, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 243–247, 1987.
66.
HuttonJ. M. and Van JaarsveldtK. R.: Crocodile Farming and Ranching in Zimbabwe, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 323–327, 1987.
67.
KingW. S.: Stumpy Crocodile Farm, Nigeria Field, v. 18n. 4, (Abua, Ahoada Division), pp. 171–174, 1953.
68.
LakeA.: Killers in Africa, London: W. H. Allen, 1953.
69.
LambrisA. J.: Some Observations on Certain Reptiles and Amphibians in Captivity, Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia, v. 23–24, pp. 53–55, 1965.
70.
LangJ. W.: Crocodilian Thermal Behaviour: Alligators vs. Crocodiles, American Naturalist, v. 19, p. 975, 1979.
71.
LawrenceP. and LoveridgeJ. P.: A Method for Measuring the Gaseous Exchange of Crocodiles, Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association, v. 62, pp. 33–40, 1985.
72.
LoveridgeJ. P.: Crocodile Research and Conservation in Southern Africa, South African Journal of Science, v. 76, pp. 203–206, 1980.
73.
LoveridgeJ. P.: Thermoregulation in the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles, FergusonM. W. (ed.), Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, v. 52, pp. 443–467, 1984.
74.
LoveridgeJ. P. and BlakeD. K.: Techniques in the Immobilization and Handling of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, Arnoldia, v. 5n. 40, pp. 1–4, 1972.
75.
LoveridgeJ. P. and BlakeD. K.: Crocodile Immobilization and Anaesthesia, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 259–267, 1987.
76.
MalpasR.: Wildlife in Uganda 1980: A Survey, Uganda: Report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, 118 pp., 1980.
77.
MasonL. N.LackeyR. T.BrownW. Y., and ThelanK. D.: Protection, Conservation and Management of Endangered and Threatened Species in Egypt, Report of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/National Park Service Study Mission, 20 pp., 1977.
78.
MedemF.: Assistance to Crocodile Management in Rural Areas, Botswana, Rome: FAO, TCP/BOT/001 Consultant Report, 27 pp., 1981.
79.
MitchellP.: “A survey of the crocodile population of the Sinamwenda River and Bay, Lake Kariba,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Rhodesia, 1968.
80.
MitchellP.: “Crocodile report,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Rhodesia, pp. 1–9, 1969.
81.
MitchellP.: An Investigation into Factors Affecting the Growth of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Captivity, Certificate in Field Ecology, Project Report (1974), Southern Rhodesia: University of Rhodesia (= Zimbabwe), 1974.
82.
ModhaM. L.: The Ecology of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolph, East African Wildlife Journal, v. 5, pp. 74–95, 1967.
83.
MphandeJ. N. B.: Status of the Nile Crocodile in Malawi, A Report to the Malawi Government, 20 pp., 1987.
84.
OwadallyA. W. and LambertM.: Herpetofauna in Mauritius—A History of Extinction, Future Hope for Conservation, British Herpetological Association Bulletin, v. 23, pp. 11–20, 1989.
85.
ParkerI. S. and WatsonR. M.: Crocodile ('Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) Distribution and Status in the Major Waters of Western and Central Uganda in 1969, Report to the Uganda Fisheries Department and the Trustees of the Uganda National Parks by Wildlife Service Limited, 1969.
86.
PitmanC. R. S.: About Crocodiles, Uganda Journal, v. 8, pp. 84–114, 1941.
87.
PooleyA. C.: The Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. Notes on the Incubation Period and Growth Rate of Juveniles, Lammergeyer, v. 2n. 1, pp. 1–55, 1962.
88.
PooleyA. C.: Crocodiles and Crocodile Farming, African Wildlife, v. 20n. 3, pp. 210–216, 1966.
89.
PooleyA. C.: Preliminary Studies on the Breeding of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Zululand, Lammergeyer, v. 3n. 10, pp. 22–24, 1969.
90.
PooleyA. C.: Some Observations on the Rearing of Crocodiles, Lammergeyer, v. 3n. 10, pp. 45–57, 1969.
91.
PooleyA. C.: The Burrowing Behaviour of Crocodiles, Lammergeyer, v. 3n. 10, pp. 60–63, 1969.
92.
PooleyA. C.: Addendum to Crocodile Rearing Paper, Lammergeyer, v. 3n. 10, pp. 58–59, 1969.
93.
PooleyA. C.: Rearing Crocodiles in Zululand, African Wildlife, v. 23n. 4, pp. 314–320, 1969.
94.
PooleyA. C.: Conservation of the Crocodile in Zululand, Animals, v. 13n. 2, pp. 76–79, 1970, 5 photos.
95.
PooleyA. C.: Crocodile Rearing and Re-stocking, Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of Crocodile Specialists, IUCN/SSC and sponsored by New York Zoological Society, pp. 104–130, 1971.
96.
PooleyA. C.: Conservation of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Report to the Natal Game and Fish Preservation Board, Pietermaritzburg, 29 pp., 1971.
97.
PooleyA. C.: Conservation and Management of Crocodiles in Africa, Journal of South African Wildlife Management, v. A53, pp. 101–103, 1973.
98.
PooleyA. C.: Crocodile Status Report for the Province of Natal, R.S.A., Senegal, Togo, Swaziland, and Mali, Crocodile Specialist Second Meeting Paper A.4.1., pp. 37–40, 1973.
99.
PooleyA. C.: Notes on the Ecology of the Lake St. Lucia Crocodile Population, Crocodile Specialist Second Meeting Paper C 3.0., pp. 81–90, 1973.
100.
PooleyA. C.: Nest Opening Response of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, Zoological Journal, London, v. 182, pp. 17–26, 1976.
101.
PooleyA. C.: The Decline of Crocodiles in Africa, Traffic (International) Bulletin, v. 11n. 9&10, pp. 93–94, 1980.
102.
PooleyA. C.: Crocodile Research in Maputaland, in Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland, BrutonM. N. and CooperK. H. (eds.), Durban: Rhodes University Grahamstown, and Wildlife Society, pp. 293–299, 1980.
103.
PooleyA. C.: The Status of African Crocodiles in 1980, in Crocodiles, BryantR. J. (ed.), Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publishers, New Series, pp. 174–228, 1982.
104.
PooleyA. C.: The Tony Pooley Guide to the Nile Crocodile and Other African Crocodiles, compiled and produced by John Visser, P.O. Box 20, Campas Bay 8040, R.S.A., 1982.
105.
PooleyA. C.: Don't Come a Cropper with Crocs, Farmer's Weekly, v. 7, pp. 12–15, August 1987.
106.
PooleyA. C.: How Not to Get Eaten by a Crocodile, Scope, pp. 40–44, November 6 1987.
107.
PooleyA. C. and GansC.: The Nile Crocodile, Scientific American, v. 234n. 4, pp. 114–124, 1976.
108.
RuthledgeJ.: Crocodile Farm (Part One), Black Lechwe, v. 7n. 4, pp. 23–25, 1969.
109.
RuthledgeJ.: Crocodile Farm (Part Two), Black Lechwe, v. 7n. 5, pp. 4–7, 1969.
110.
SimbotweM. P.: Research Management and Monitoring of the Nile Crocodile in Botswana—Terms of Preference, Mimeo, paper presented along with Botswana's CITES Proposal, Doc. 6.48.1, Ottawa, Canada, 9 pp., 1987.
111.
SimbotweM. P.: Crocodile Research and Management, Kalahari Conservation Society Newsletter, v. 21, pp. 8–9, 1989.
112.
SimbotweM. P. and MatlhareJ. M., Crocodile Management in Botswana, Mimeo, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaborone, Botswana, 33 pp., 1989.
113.
SimbotweM. P. and MatlhareJ. M.: The Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) in Botswana, Mimeo, paper presented to the CITES sixth meeting of the conference of the parties, Ottawa, Canada, July 12–24, 1987, 14 pp.
114.
SimbotweM. P. and MatlhareJ. M.: Notes on the Status and Management of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) in Botswana, in Crocodile Management and Utilization in the SADCC Region of Africa, Proceedings of the Workshop on Management and. Utilization of Crocodiles, Kariba, July 2–6, 1987. Sponsored by WWF/CIDA, 1989, (in press).
115.
StephensonJ.: Field Notes, Ethiopian Wildlife and National History Society Newsletter, n. 128, pp. 5–7, 1978.
116.
StonemanJ.: Notes on Growth and Feeding of Crocodylus niloticus, Occasional Papers, Ministry of Animal Industry, Game and Fisheries Management, Uganda, pp. 11–14, 1969.
117.
StonemanJ.: Crocodile Industry in Uganda, Occasional Papers, Ministry of Animal Industry, Game and Fisheries Management, Uganda, n. 2, pp. 15–21, 1969.
118.
TaylorG. W.: Nile Crocodile in the Okavango Delta, a report on wildlife population for Botswana Game Industries, B.G.I., 81 pp., 1973.
119.
TaylorR. D.BlakeD. K., and LoveridgeJ. P.: “Estimating crocodiles on Lake Kariba,” manuscript submitted 1987.
120.
TelloJ.: CITES Nile Crocodile Status Survey, CITES Consultancy Report, 1985.
121.
TinleyK. L.RosinhaA. J.TelloLaboa L. P., and DuttonT. P.: Wildlife and Wild Places in Mozambique, Oryx, v. 13n. 4, pp. 344–350, 1976.
122.
TownsendH.: There Are Crocs at the Bottom of Our Garden, African Wildlife, v. 26, pp. 90–94, 1972.
123.
UNDP/FAO: Investigation of the Okavango Delta as a Primary Water Source for Botswana, Technical Report, v. 1 & 2, Publication AG: DP/BOT/71/506, Gaborone, 361 pp., 1977.
124.
Van JaarsveldtK. R.: Flaying, Curing and Measuring Crocodile Skins, in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, WebbG. J. W.ManolisS. C., and WhiteheadP. J. (eds.), Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty and Son Pty Ltd., pp. 387–392, 1987.
125.
WesselsC. L.TannockJ.BlakeD. K.PhelpsR. J., and SchwedickB. M.: Conservation and Utilization of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe, Third Annual Reptile Symposium, Captive Propagation and Husbandry, pp. 59–68, August 10–11, 1979.