Appraisal of Wildlife Management in Africa (1970–1987)

Curry-Lindahl K. , Report to the Government of Liberia on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Wildlife Resources, IUCN Publication, Morges, Switzerland, New Series, Supplemental paper 24, 1969.

McNeely J. and Miller K. , National Parks Conservation and Development, in Proceedings of the World National Parks Congress, Bali, 1982, McNeely J. and Miller K. (eds.), Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., p. 825, 1984.

Banage W. P. , Conservation and Environmental Protection in Africa, Black Lechwe NS, 1, pp. 23–27, 1981.

Bonsma F. N. , Livestock Production, in Africa South of the Sahara, Welsh (ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 125–142, 1951.

Huntley B. J. , Ecosystem Conservation in Southern Africa, in Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, Werger M. J. A. (ed.), Junk, The Hague, 1978.

Pianka E. R. , The Structure of Lizard Communities, Annual Review of Ecological Systems, 4, pp. 53–74, 1973.

Sage R. D. , Ecological Convergence of the Lizard Faunas of the Chaparral Communities in Chile and California, in Mediterranean Type Ecosystems-Origin and Structure, di Castri F. and Mooney H. A. (eds.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 339–348, 1973.

Fuentes E. R. , Ecological Convergence of Lizard Communities in Chile and California, Ecology, 57, pp. 3–17, 1976.

Milewski A. V. , A Comparison of Reptile Communities in Relation to Soil Fertility in the Mediterranean and Adjacent Arid Parts of Australia and South Eastern Africa, Journal of Biogeography, 8, pp. 493–503, 1981.

Howard G. W. , The Kafue Flats of Zambia—A Wetland Ecosystem Comparable with Floodplain Areas of Northern Australia, Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 13, pp. 293–306, 1985.

Simbotwe M. P. and Friend G. R. , Comparison of the Herpetofauna of Tropical Wetland Habitats from Lochinvar National Park, Zambia and Kakadu National Park, Australia, Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 14, pp. 141–151, 1985.

Berry H. H. , Flamingos Breeding in the Etosha Pan, South-West Africa, During 1971, Madoqua Series, 15, pp. 5–31, 1972.

Parker I. S. C. , A Census of Ostriches in the Makgadikgadi Pans, unpublished report, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaborone, Botswana, 1975.

Dawson J. L. and Jacka R. D. , Some Notes on the Waterbirds of Lake Ngami, unpublished report, Department of Wildlife and National Park Gaborone, Botswana, 1975.

Ngwamotsoko K. T. , Large Animals and Land Resources of Western Central Kalahari, Botswana, Master of Natural Resources, unpublished thesis, University of New England, Australia, 1985.

Dasmann R. F. and Mossman A. S. , The Economic Value of Rhodesia Game, Wildlife, 2, pp. 8–13, 1960.

Tinley K. L. , Implications of Planning Natural Areas in Africa, paper read at a Symposium on Planning of National Parks and Nature Reserves, SARCCUS, Pretoria, 1976.

Talbot L. M. , Wild Animals as a Source of Food, Bureau of Sport, Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 98, pp. 1–16, 1966.

Drury W. H. and Nisbet I. C. T. , Succession, Journal Arnold Arbor, 54, pp. 331–368, 1973.

Reney T. and Hill P. , Conservation and Management of African Wildlife, English Speaking Reports, FAO/IUCN, Rome, 1967.

UNESCO, A Review of the Natural Resources of the African Continent, Natural Resources Research No. 1, 1963.

Despite the fact that much has been written and said concerning the status of African wildlife and how wildlife resources may contribute to the economies of African countries through tourism and game utilization schemes, no detailed and consolidated bibliography on this subject has appeared during the last seventeen years. However, an appraisal of the subject has been attempted before by Reney and Hill [20] and UNESCO [1]. The present study provides an overview of issues related to management of wildlife in Africa. It looks at problems and progress. The bibliography is divided among selected articles on management and wildlife conservation published in English journals, monographs and books during the period 1970 to 1987. The bibliographic format treats all entries as African general only.

Abercrombie C. L. , Notes on Western African Crocodilians (Reptilia, Crocodilia) Journal of Herpetology, 12: 2, pp. 260–262, 1978.

Anderson J. , The Re-establishment and Management of a lion Panthera Leo Population in Zululand, Biological Conservation, 19: 2, pp. 107–117, 1980.

Anonymous, Management of Natural Resources in Africa: Traditional Strategies and Modern Decision Making, MAB Technical Notes, UNESCO, 1978.

Ajayi S. S. , Utilization of Forest Wildlife in West Africa, FAO, Rome, 1979.

Ajayi S. S. and Halstead , Wildlife Management in Savanna Woodland, Taylor and Francis, London, 1979.

Ayanda J. O. , Economics of Guineafowl Production, KLRI Annual Report 1978–1979, New Bussa, Nigeria, pp. 64–65, 1979.

Ayeni J. S. O. , The Biology and Utilization of Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. II. Food of Helmeted Guineafowl in Kainji Lake Area of Nigeria, African Journal of Ecology, 21, pp. 1–10, 1983.

Ayeni J. S. O. , State of Knowledge on the Status, Biology and Management of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) in Kainji, Nigeria, in The Helmet Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) in Nigeria, Ayeni J. S. O. (ed.), KLRI Press, New Bussa, pp. 10–20, 1983.

Ayeni J. S. O. and Ajayi S. S. , The Ecology and Management of the Helmet Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata) in Kainji Basin Area of Nigeria, in The Helmet Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) in Nigeria, Ayeni J. S. O. (ed.), KLRI Press, New Bussa, pp. 21–32, 1983.

Ayensu E. S. , Alternatives for Biological Resources in Africa, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 66: 4, pp. 197–205, 1976.

Banage W. , Ecological Principles and Ecological Impact, in Ecological Principles for Economic Development, UNESCO/MAB/UNEP, Paris, 1978.

Bell R. H. V. and Grimsdell J. J. R. , The Persecuted Black Lechwe of Zambia, Black Lechwe, 11, pp. 55–74, 1973.

Bell R. H. V. Grimsdell J. J. R. Van Lavieren L. P. , and Sayer J. A. , Census of the Kafue Lechwe by Aerial Stratified Sampling, East African Wildlife Journal, 11, pp. 55–74, 1973.

Blacke D. K. and Loveridge J. P. , The Role of Commerical Crocodile Farming in Crocodile Conservation, Biological Conservation, 8, pp. 261–272, 1975.

Blankenship L. A. and Qvortrup S. A. , Resource Management on a Kenya Game Ranch, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 4, pp. 185–190, 1974.

Blum J. C. Guillaume J. , and Leclercq B. , Studies of the Energy and Protein Requirements of Growing Guineafowl, British Poultry Science, 16, pp. 157–168, 1975.

Bothma J du P , Conservation Status of the Larger Mammals of Southern Africa, Biological Conservation, 7, pp. 87–95, 1975.

Child G. , Wildlife Utilization and Management in Botswana, Biological Conservation, 5: 1, pp. 18–22, 1970.

Child G. , The Future of Wildlife and Landuse in Botswana, Botswana Notes and Records Special Edition, 1, pp. 160–166, 1971.

Child G. , Report to the Government of Botswana on the Development of the Wildlife Industry, FAO TA 3083, Rome, 1972.

Clarke J. E. , The Status of Wetland Conservation in Zambia, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands and Waterfowls, IUCN, pp. 166–169, 1975.

Clarke J. E. , Problems of Managing African Wetlands with Special Reference to Their Conservation in Zambia, Proceedings of the Regional Meeting on Coordinated System of National Parks and Reserves in East Africa, IUCN, 1978.

Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. , The Expanding Sahara, Environmental Conservation, 1: 1, pp. 5–13, 1974.

Cott H. B. and Pooley A. C. , The Status of Crocodiles in Africa, IUCN Publication New Series, Supplemental Paper 33, IUCN, Switzerland, 98 pp., 1971.

Cumming D. H. M. and Jackson P. , The Status and Conservation of Africa's Elephants and Rhinos, Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of IUCN/SSC African Elephant and African Rhino Specialist Groups at Hwange, Safari Lodge, August 1981.

Curry-Lindahl K. , Conservation Problems and Progress in Equatorial African Countries, Environmental Conservation, 1: 2, p. 111, 1974.

Curry-Lindahl K. , Conservation Problems and Progress in Northern and Southern Africa, Environmental Conservation, 1: 2, p. 263, 1974.

DeBeer M. J. , The Status of Nature Conservation in the Developing Territories of South and South West Africa, Koedoe, pp. 171–185, 1977.

Dillman J. S. S. , Foot and Mouth Disease Investigations in Game Animals (Lechwe and Buffaloes). Final Report, Vet. Wildlife Res. Sect., Germany Agency for Technical Cooperation, pp. 68–75, 1977.

Douglas-Hamilton I. , The African Elephant Survey and Conservation Programme, Annual Report in WWF Yearbooks, 1977–1979.

Douglas-Hamilton I. and Hillman A. K. K. , Elephant Carcasses and Skeletons as Indicators of Population Trends, in Low-Level Aerial Survey Techniques, Addis Ababa, International Livestock Centre of Africa, 1981.

Douthwaite R. J. , Water Birds: Their Ecology and Future on the Kafue Flats, in Proceedings of the National Seminar on Environment and Change, Howard G. W. and Williams G. J. (eds.), KBRC, Lusaka, pp. 137–140, April 1978.

Douthwaite R. J. , Changes in Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle Rudis) Feeding Related to Endosalfan Pollution from Tsetse-fly Control Operations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, pp. 133–141, 1982.

East R. , Application of Species Area Curves to African Savannah Reserves, African Journal of Ecology, 21, pp. 123–128, 1983.

Eellenbroek G. A. , De Kafue Flats: Een bedreigd natuurgebied in Zambia (The Kafue Flats: A Threatened Natural Landscape in Zambia), Voklolad voor Biologen, 67: 10, pp. 204–210, 1981.

Eiseberg J. F. , The Density and Biomass of Tropical Mammals, in Conservation Biology, Soule M. E. and Wilcox B. A. (eds.), Sinauer, Massachusetts.

Eltringham S. K. , Changes in the Large Mammal Community of Mweya Peninsula, Rwenzori National Park, Uganda, Following Removal of Hippopotamus, Journal of Applied Ecology, 11, pp. 855–865, 1974.

Eskilsson E. and Miti R. G. , Kafue River Development and Its Effects on the Ecology of the Kafue Flats, paper presented to the 9th World Energy Conference, Detroit, 20 pp., 1974.

Ferrar A. A. , (ed.), Guidelines for the Management of Large Mammals in African Conservation Areas, South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 69, 95 pp., 1983.

Fowler C. W. and Smith J. , Characterizing Stable Populations: An Implication to the African Elephant Population, Journal of Wildlife Management, 37, pp. 513–523, 1973.

George C. , The Role of Aswan High Dam in Changing the Fisheries of South Eastern Mediterranean, in The Careless Technology, Farvar T. R. and Milton J. P. (eds.), The Natural History Press, London, 1972.

Goodman P. S. , Multi-species Wild Herbivore Systems versus Domestic Single Species Systems: A Comparison of Wet Animal Productivity, Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 2, pp. 13–16, 1985.

Graham A. , A Crocodile Management Plan for the Okavango River, Investigation of the Okavango as a Primary Water Resource for Botswana, BOT/71/506, Technical Note No. 34, FAO/UNDP, 13 pp., 1976.

Grimsdell J. J. R. , Ecological Monitoring, AWLF Handbook No. 4, African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, 1978.

Grimsdell J. J. R. and Bell R. H. V. , Ecology of the Black Lechwe in the Bangweulu Basin of Zambia, NCSR/TR31, 175 pp., 1975.

Haacke W. D. , The Status of Reptiles in Southern Africa, Proceedings of the Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in Southern Africa, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, pp. 126–128, 1976.

Hall-Martin A. , Conservation and Management of Elephants in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, Proceedings of Workshop at Hwange, Safari Lodge, IUCN/SSC/AERSG, Zimbabwe, 1981.

Handlos W. L. , Aspects of Kafue Basin Ecology, in Development and Ecology in the Lower Kafue Flats in the Nineteen-seventies, Williams G. J. and Howard G. W. (eds.), K.B.R.C., pp. 29–39, 1977.

Handlos W. L. , Introduction to the Ecology of the Kafue Flats, in Proceedings of the National Seminar on Environment and Change, Howard G. W. and Williams G. J. (eds.), K.B.R.C., Lusaka, pp. 5–29, 1982.

Harris L. D. and Fowler N. K. , Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation of Mkomazi Reserve, Tanzania, East African Wildlife Journal, 13, pp. 325–346, 1975.

Hayes G. D. , Conservation in Malawi-Old and New, Oryx, 12: 3, pp. 229–340, 1974.

Hedberg O. , Kafue River Hydroelectric Power Development Stage II; Ecological Report on Kafue Vegetation, Mimeo, K.B.R.C., 26 pp., 1971.

Howard G. W. , National Parks of the Kafue Basin, in Development and Ecology in the Lower Kafue Basin in the Nineteen-seventies, Williams G. J. and Howard G. W. (eds.), K.B.R.C., pp. 47–56, 1977.

Howard G. W. and Jeffery R. C. U. , Kafue Lechwe Population Status, Report to Director, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Zambia, 12 pp., 1981–1983.

Hughes G. R. , Sea Turtles-A Case Study for Marine Conservation in South East Africa, in Nature Conservation as a Form of Landuse, SARCCUSS, Pretoria, pp. 115–123, 1971.

Huntley B. J. , Distribution and Status of the Larger Mammals of Angola, unpublished report, Servicos de Veterinoria, Luanda, 1973.

Huntley B. J. , Ecosystem Conservation Priorities in Angola, unpublished report, Servicos de Veterinoria, Luanda, 1974.

Janzen D. H. , The Depression of Reptile Biomass by Large Herbivores, Amer. Natur., 110, pp. 371–400, 1976.

Jarman P. J. , Seasonal Distribution of Large Mammal Populations in the Unflooded Middle Zambezi Valley, Journal of Applied Ecology, 9, pp. 283–299, 1972.

Johnstone P. A. , Evaluation of a Rhodesian Game Ranch, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 5, pp. 43–51, 1975.

Joubert E. , The Development of Wildlife Utilization in South West Africa, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 4, pp. 35–42, 1974.

Joubert E. , An Appraisal of the Utilization of Game on Private Land in Southwest Africa, Madoqua, 13: 3, pp. 197–219, 1983.

Joubert E. and Mostert P. K. N. , Distribution Patterns and Status of Some Mammals in South-west Africa, Madoqua, 9, pp. 5–44, 1975.

Kari R. R. Hayman D. L. Thornton E. J. , and Norman R. , Protein Requirement of Guinea Keets, Poultry Science, 57, pp. 186–189, 1978.

Kassas M. , Impact of River Control Schemes on the Shoreline of the Nile Delta, in The Careless Technology, Farvar T. A. and Milton J. P. (eds.), The Natural History Press, London, 1972.

Lamprey H. F. , The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa, IUCN Occasional Paper 16, pp. 1–85, 1975.

Lusigi W. J. , New Approaches to Wildlife Conservation in Kenya, Ambio, 10: 2–3, pp. 87–92, 1980.

MAB Technical Notes, Management of Natural Resources in Africa: Traditional Strategies and Modern Decision-making, UNESCO, 1978.

Mackelvery J. J. Jr. , Man Against Tsetse: Struggle for Africa, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1973.

Medem F. , Assistance to Crocodile Management in Rural Areas, Botswana, TCP/BOT/001 Consultant Report, FAO, Rome, 27 pp., 1981.

Meissner H. H. , Theory and Application of a Method to Calculate Forage Intake of Wild Southern Africa Ungulates for Purposes of Estimating Carrying Capacity, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 12, pp. 41–47, 1982.

Melton D. A. , The Status of Elephants in Northern Botswana, Biological Conservation, 31, pp. 317–333, 1985.

Mentis M. T. , Stocking Rate and Carrying Capacities for Ungulates on African Rangelands, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 7, pp. 89–98, 1977.

Mentis M. T. Poggenpoel B. , and Maguire R. R. K. , Food of the Helmeted Guineafowl in Highland Natal, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 5, pp. 23–26, 1975.

Mentis M. T. and Duke R. R. , Carrying Capacities of Natural Veld in Natal for Large Wild Herbivores, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 6, pp. 65–74, 1976.

Merz G. , The Status of the Forest Elephant, Loxodonta Africana Cyclotis, Matschie, 1900, in the Gola Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone, Biological Conservation, 36, pp. 83–94, 1986.

Myers N. , National Parks in Savanna Africa, Science, 178, pp. 1255–1263, 1972.

Nage M. P. and Flacke W. , Ecological Side Effects of Dieldrin Application Against Tsetse Flies, Adamaoua, Cameroon, Ecologia (Berlin), 50, pp. 187–194, 1981.

Ngwamotsoko K. T. , Lessons for Future Livestock Development Projects in Botswana: Wildlife Resources Considerations, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Botswana's First Livestock Development Project and Its Future Implications, Hitchcock R. K. (ed.), National Institute of Research, Gaborone, 1982.

Norton-Griffiths M. , Serengeti Ecological Monitoring Program, African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi, 1972.

Okaeme A. N. , Guineafowl Production in Nigeria, World Poultry Science Association Journal, 38, pp. 36–39, 1982.

Olivier R. C. D. , The Gourma Elephant of Mali. A Challenge for the Integrated Management of the Sahelian Rangeland, Report to UNEP, Typescript, 125 pp., 1983.

Oyedipe F. P. A. , Sociology of Guineafowl Production, Annual Report 1978–1979, Kainji Lake Research Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria, pp. 58–60, 1979.

Oyedipe F. P. A. , Evolution of Guineafowl Production in West Africa: Socio-cultural and Politico-economic Implications of Guineafowl Production, in The Helmet Guineafowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) in Nigeria, Ayeni J. S. O. (ed.), KLRI Press, New Bussa, Nigeria, pp. 23–39, 1983.

Parris R. and Child G. , The Importance of Pans to Wildlife in the Kalahari and the Effect of Human Settlement on These Areas, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 3, pp. 1–8, 1973.

Pooley A. C. , The Status of the Nile Crocodile in the Republic of South Africa, Proceedings of the Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in Southern Africa, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, pp. 122–125, 1976.

Pullian J. W. , Wildlife Utilization and Management as Essential Conservation Tools, in Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Wildlife Conference of Eastern and Central Africa, Nchunga L. M. (compiler), Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 139–149, 1980.

Rees W. A. , Recommendations for Lochinvar Management Plan, Department of Agriculture, Mt. Makulu, 1973.

Rees W. A. , Do the Dams Spell Disaster for the Kafue Lechwe? Oryx, 14: 3, pp. 231–235, 1978.

Sayer J. A. and Rees W. A. , The Effect of the Kafue George Dam on the Wildlife of the Kafue Flats, Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and National Parks, WLR 21, Typescript, 3 pp., 1971.

Schuster R. H. , Reproductive Social Organization of Kafue Lechwe—Implications for Management and Survival, Proceedings of the 4th Regional Wildlife Conference for East and Central Africa, pp. 163–183, 1971.

Schuster R. H. , Conservation of the Kafue Flats Lechwe and the Kafue Flats Floodplain, Monitoring Following Flood plain Regulation, Report to Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, Mimeo, 20 pp., 1982.

Sheppe W. , More Parks for Zambia, Black Lechwe, 9: 1, pp. 9–11, 1971.

Siegfried W. R. , Wildfowl Distribution, Conservation and Research in Southern Africa, Wildfowl, 21, pp. 89–97, 1970.

Siegfried W. R. and Davies B. R. , (eds.), Conservation of Ecosystems: Theory and Practice, South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 61, 97 pp., 1982.

Simbotwe M. P. , What Conservation Is All About, Zambia Travel News-Wildlife Corner, p. 5, November/December 1985.

Simbotwe M. P. , Landuse Planning and Management of Wildlife Resources, paper read at Conference on Planning Legislation for African Nations, Government Printers, Lusaka, Zambia, 1986, in press.

Simbotwe M. P. , An Appreciation for Diversity, in Proceedings of the Seminar on Conserving Wildlife for Tourism Development, Simbotwe M. P. Siachoono S. M. , and Stevenson S. R. (eds.), The Livingstone Museum, 1987.

Simbotwe M. P. , Research, Management and Monitoring of the Nile Crocodile in Botswana—Terms of Reference, paper presented at CITES Conference of Parties, Ottawa, Canada, Doc. 6.48.1, July 12 to 24, 1987.

Talbot L. M. , Ecological Consequences of Rangeland Management in Masailand East Africa, in The Careless Technology, Farvar T. A. and Milton J. P. (eds.), The Natural History Press, London, 1972.

Times of Zambia, Giant Dam Project Threatens Wildlife, Times of Zambia, October 23, 1974.

UNESCO, Preliminary Results of a Survey on Ecological Research in Africa, UNESCO Field Science Office Bulletin, VII: I, pp. 14–27, 1972.

Verboom W. C. , Utilization of the Floodplain of Zambia, A Case for the Introduction of the Water Buffalo, Fmg Zambia, 8: 1, pp. 23–33, 1973.

Verboom W. C. , Range Types and Estimated Carrying Capacity of the Grasslands of Zambia, Mimeo, 1970.

Verschuren J. , Senegal's Disappearing Elephants, Oryx, 16, pp. 118–119, 1981.

Von Richter W. , Survey of the Adequacy of Existing Conserved Areas in Relation to Wild Animal Species, Koedoe, 17, pp. 39–70, 1974.

Von Richter W. , Major Vegetation Types in Relation to Existing National Parks and Game Reserves in Botswana, SARCCUS, Pretoria, 1975.

Von Richter W. and Butynski T. M. , Wildlife Utilization in Botswana: A Review and Evaluation of Hunter Returns as a Source of Administrative and Biological Data, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 4, pp. 167–176, 1974.

Von Richter W. and Passineau , Endangered Wildlife Species in Botswana, unpublished report, Department of Wildlife National Parks, Gaborone, 1976.

Walker B. H. , An Assessment of the Ecological Basis of Game Ranching in Southern African Savannas, Proceedings of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 11, pp. 125–130, 1976.

Walker B. H. , Appraisal of the Systems Approach to Research on and Management of African Wildlife Ecosystems, Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association, 4, pp. 129–136, 1974.

Western D. , Water Availability and Its Influence on the Structure and Dynamics of a Savanna Large Mammal Community, East African Wildlife Journal, 13, pp. 165–186, 1975.

Western D. , The Impact of Tourist Vehicles on the Grasslands of an East African National Park, in Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Wildlife Conference of Eastern and Central Africa, Nchunga L. M. (compiler), Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 235–246, 1980.

Western D. , Amboseli National Park: Enlisting Land Owners to Conserve Migratory Wildlife, Ambio, 11: 5, pp. 302–308, 1982.

Western D. and Henry W. , Economics and Conservation in the Third World National Parks, Bio science, 29, pp. 414–418, 1979.

Williams G. J. , The Lure of the Flats: Wildlife Conservation and Tourist Development in the Lower Kafue Basin, in Proceedings of the National Seminar on Environment and Change, Howard G. W. and Williams G. J. (eds.), K.B.R.C., Lusaka, pp. 145–151, April 1978.

Williams V. C. , Conservation and Development: How Much is the Future Worth? in Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Wildlife Conference of Eastern and Central Africa, Nchunga L. M. (compiler), Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 287–296, 1980.

Winterbottom J. M. , The Ecological Distribution of Birds in Southern Africa, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, p. 82, 1972.

Zaloumis E. A. and Milstein P. le S. , The Conservation of Wetland Habitats for Waterfowl in Southern Africa, African Wildlife, Supplement to Vol. 29, pp. 1–12, 1975.