African Mass Communications: Selected Information Sources

New bibliographical aids to the study of African subjects are constantly appearing. The list that follows represents only those of primary interest to media researchers. Excluded are both more generalized bibliographies and those confined to individual nations or regions, except for the special case of the U.S. Library of Congress national bibliographies of official records (see 20).

African Bibliographic Center. Current Bibliography on African Affairs. Washington, D.C.: Baywood Publishing (quarterly). Has the topic heading, “Mass Communications Media.”

African Studies Association . African Studies Newsletter. Waltham, Mass.: ASA (monthly). Carries lists of dissertations, research in progress, new bibliographic resources, new periodicals, reports, etc. Especially valuable for the less formal types of bibliographical materials.

Behn Hans U. Presse-Rundfunk Fernsehen in Asien und Africa. Eine Bibliographie der in- und Auslandische Fach-Literature. Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1965. Annotates (in German) c. 100 items, mostly European.

Ells Joan . “Newspapers and Periodicals on Africa in Microfilm,” African Studies Bulletin, 12: 193–209 (September 1969). Mostly of historical interest to press researchers. Lists fourteen producers where the materials may be purchased.

Foreign Affairs Research Documentation Center . Foreign Affairs Research Papers Available. Monthly. Facts about government-funded research reports acquired by the FAR Center. Uses “communications” as one content category.

Hachten William A. Mass Communication in Africa: An Annotated Bibliography. Madison: Center for International Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1971. By far the best bibliography to that date; it contains over 500 well-annotated and indexed items, with emphasis on press topics. The present bibliography duplicates 27 per cent of Hachten's list.

Hall William E. , ed. Journalism Abstracts. Columbus, Ohio: Association for Education in Journalism (annual). Abstracts journalism dissertations and theses. Unfortunately it is limited to the output of certain journalism departments and so misses the many dissertations and theses that emerge from other disciplines.

Head Sydney W. and Beck Lois . The Bibliography of African Broadcasting: An Annotated Guide. Communications Research Reports No. 4. Philadelphia: School of Communications and Theater, Temple University, 1974. Intended as an aid to beginning researchers in the field; lists over 450 items, with indexing by country and topic.

Kagan Alfred and Sims Michael . American and Canadian Masters and Doctoral Theses on Africa, 1886–1974. 2d ed. Waltham, Mass.: African Studies Association, 1975.

Kerr Graham B. “Communications in Black Africa: A Bibliography from English and French Sources.” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 3: 248–256 (1969).

Lichty Lawrence W. World and International Broadcasting: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Association for Professional Broadcasting Education, 1971. Lists items chronologically by region and country without cross-indexing or annotation.

Mowlana Hamid . International Communication: A Selected Bibliography. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1971. An unannotated list of 1475 items, of which forty deal specifically with Africa.

Pilsworth Stella . The Role of Broadcasting in National Development: An Annotated Bibliography. Manchester, England: Department of Adult Education, University of Manchester, 1974.

Sterling Christopher H. Mass Media Booknotes. Philadelphia: Radio-TV-Film Department, Temple University. Carries brief reviews of new books and pamphlets on the media. The international section often mentions items of interest to students of African media.

Bureau Thompson . Topicator: Monthly Guide to the Advertising-Broadcasting Trade Press. Littleton, Colorado: Thompson Bureau. Monthly. A Classified index of articles from twenty media publications, including Journal of Broadcasting and Public Telecommunications Review. Among the trade publications it covers, Variety most often carries stories about foreign media. Uses the classification “International broadcasting.” Annual cumulation. 1965-date.

United Nations . International Bibliography, Information, Documentation (IBID). New York: R. R. Bowker/Unipub. Quarterly. Covers all United Nations publications, including the large number of periodicals published by UN agencies, for which it lists article titles. “Communications” is one of the subject matter classifications.

Unesco . International Bibliography of Works Dealing with Press Problems, 1900–1952. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 52. Paris: Unesco, 1960.

United States Library of Congress . National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging. Accessions List: Eastern Africa. Nairobi: Library of Congress Field Office. Bi-monthly. Lists currently received books, pamphlets, and series (in all languages) published in each of nine countries, including publications of international organizations with headquarters in the region, such as the OAU. A similar series for the Middle East catalogues Egyptian publications.

United States Library of Congress . African Newspapers in Selected American Libraries: A Union List. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.

United States Library of Congress. African Section . Madagascar and Adjacent Islands: A Guide to Official Publications in American Libraries. Compiled by Wetherill Julian H. . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965. One in a valuable series by various compilers and of various dates. Others in the series cover Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland; British East Africa; French Speaking West Africa; French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon, and Togo; Ghana; Nigeria; Portuguese Africa; the Rhodesias and Nyasaland; Sierra Leone and Gambia; Spanish-Speaking Africa. Each volume is indexed by subject matter and each item is identified as to libraries where it can be obtained.

Van Bol Jean M. and Fakhfakh Abdelfattah . The Use of Mass Media in the Developing Countries. Brussels: International Centre for African Social and Economic Documentation, 1971. A monumental work containing 2533 items, this bibliography draws on over 200 periodicals in seven languages. Each item is fully annotated in both English and French. An elaborate organizational plan of the subject matter and full cross-indexing are supplied.

Wylie Kenneth C. The A.S. A. Review of Books. Waltham, Mass.: African Studies Association. Annual, starting in 1975. This listing of the significant publications of Africa includes review articles and essays on African publishing.

Most countries issue their own annual digests of statistical, social, and trade information, published either commercially or officially, in which data on the media usually appear. In addition, many broadcasting organizations publish annual reports for general distribution. Trade annuals in the more economically advanced countries contain information about media of interest to advertisers. Except for the special case of the BBC Yearbook, no attempt has been made to list Yearbooks for individual countries. Included for convenience in this section are two Unesco items, 33 and 34; though not issued annually, they have provided important comparative data at irregular intervals.

Brothers Benn . Newspaper Press Directory: Been's Guide to Newspapers and Periodicals of the World. London: Benn Brothers. Annual. Oldest guide of its kind, started in 1846.

British Broadcasting Corporation . BBC Handbook. London: BBC. Annual. Under slightly varying titles, the Handbook has been published since 1928, omitting only the 1953 and 1954 volumes. The series contains significant materials on the development of African colonial broadcasting services.

Editor & Publisher . International Yearbook. New York: Editor & Publisher. Annual. Contains basic data on all dailies in Africa.

Europa Publications . Africa South of the Sahara. London: Europa Publications. Annual. Summarizes facts about each country, including in each case a short section on the media.

Europa Publications . Middle East and North Africa. London: Europa Publications. Annual. Same as above for north-of-the-Sahara countries.

Frost J. M. , ed. World Radio-TV Handbook. New York: Billboard Publications. Annual. The indispensible source book for comparative facts about the world's broadcasting systems. Lists transmitters, frequencies, program hours, names and addresses, and much other data on each system. In addition, WRTH carries essays on propagation conditions, frequency indexes, lists of international broadcasting organizations, set counts, world time-charts, etc.

Great Britain. Colonial Office . Handbook on Broadcasting in the Colonies. London: Colonial Office. Annual, 1949–1966. Title varies. An invaluable systematic summary of all the basic facts about every British colonial broadcasting system. In 1951 the “author” became the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. By 1966, too few colonies were left to justify continuation of the series.

Hans Bredow Institute . Internationales Handbuch for Rundfunk und Fernsehen. Hamburg: Hans Bredow Institute. Annual. Brief summarizing entries (in German) for African countries.

Legum Colon , ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents. New York: African Publishing Co. Annual. Contains essays on major issues, summaries of significant events, summaries of press conditions, and reprints of key documents; edited by the leading journalistic writer on African media subjects.

Television Digest . Television Factbook. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Television Digest. Annual. The station volume contains brief facts about foreign television systems.

Unesco . Press, Film, Radio: Reports on the Facilities of Mass Communications, 1951. Volume 5. Paris: Unesco, 1952. Of considerable historical interest. Africa first appeared in volume 3 (1949), when four North African countries were listed. The functions of this series were taken over by World Communications (34).

Unesco . World Communication: A 200-Country Survey of Press, Radio, Television and Film. New York: Gower Press/Unesco, 1975 (5th ed.). This series began in 1950. The third (1956) edition set up the well-known goals for third-world media development in the decade of the 1960's — 10 newspapers, 5 radios, 2 TV sets, and 2 cinema seats per 100 inhabitants. The surveys also include data on news agencies and professional training. Africa covered on pp. 37–133.

Unesco . Statistical Yearbook. Paris: Unesco. Annual. Provides the most detailed comparative information available on receivers, transmitters, and programming (analyzed as to category and whether locally produced or imported). The 1973 edition (published in 1974) lists African data as follows: Radio receivers for 53 countries; radio transmitters in 42; radio programs of 32; television receivers for 27; television transmitters in 23; and television programs of 15 countries.

United States . Foreign Broadcasting Information Service. Broadcasting Stations of the World. 4 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Approximately every three years. Straightforward computer printouts of stations according to type, frequency, power, location, and licensee. The four volumes consist of AM stations by location, AM stations by frequency, FM stations, TV stations.

Abdullahi Saul A. “La Radio et la Presse en Somalie.” Interstages (January 1, 1968), pp. 187–188.

Aboaba Doyinsola A. “A Case Study of Radio Nigeria.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1972.

Abu-Lughod Ibrahim . “The Mass Media and Egyptian Village Life.” Social Forces, 42: 97–104 (September 1963). Compares newspaper impact with that of radio.

Adjanba Moise . “L'Université Radiophonique de Guitarma” Interstages (April 1, 1968), pp. 14–16. About an educational project in Rwanda.

Advertising Age (March 31, 1975), pp. 31–82. “Profiles of Agencies Around the World: Billings, Income, New Accounts.” An annual survey of major advertising agencies showing their sales in each medium. This issue has data on Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, and South Africa.

Africa Report (September 1960), pp. 8–10. “Information Media in Mali.”

Adjanba Moise . (April 1972), pp. 30–31. “Building a Pan-African Communications Network.”

Agyemang Eddie . “Freedom of Expression in a Government Newspaper in Ghana.” In Reporting Africa (309); 47–55. Author was editor of The Mirror in Accra.

Ainslie Rosalynde . The Press in Africa: Communications Past and Present. New York: Walker, 1967. This edition adds a postscript to the London edition of 1966. Compare with Hachten, 1971 (189), the only other full-dress treatment of the African news media in English.

Akinfeleye Ralph R. “Pre- and Post-Independence Nigerian Journalism: 1859–1973.” Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1974.

Akintayo Olusola . “Schools Broadcasting in Nigeria.” COMBROAD, (July–September 1974), pp. 34–37.

Alleback S. Errahmani A. , and Ouldah B. . Radio-Télevision Éducative en Tunisie. Paris: Unesco, 1971.

Almaney Adnan . “Government Control of the Press in UAR, 1952–70.” Journalism Quarterly, 49: 340–348 (Summer 1972).

Aloba Abiodun . “Journalism in Africa: I. Nigeria. II. Tabloid Revolution. III. Yesterday and Today.” Gazette, 5: 245–248; 409–412; 317–321 (sic — III was published before II), (1959–1960).

American University . Foreign Area Studies Handbooks. Washington, B.C.: Government Printing Office (various authors and dates). An invaluable series of country descriptions produced under contract for the U.S. Army. Each volume contains a chapter describing the country's communications media in considerable detail. Issued on an irregular schedule, with some countries already updated. As of early 1976, the following handbooks for African countries had been issued: Algeria (1965, 1972), Angola (1967), Burundi (1969), Cameroon (1974), Chad (1972), Congo (1971), Egypt (1970), Ethiopia (1971), Ghana (1962, 1971), Indian Ocean Territories (1971), Ivory Coast (1973), Kenya (1967), Liberia (1964, 1972), Libya (1969, 1973), Malagasy Rep. (1973), Mauritania (1972), Morocco (1972), Mozambique (1969), Nigeria (1972), Rwanda (1969), Senegal (1963, 1974), Somalia (1970), South Africa (1971), Sudan (1954, 1973), Tanzania (1968), Tunisia (1970), Uganda (1969), Zaire (1971), Zambia (1969).

Andrzejewski B. W. “The Role of Broadcasting in the Adaptation of the Somali Language to Modern Needs.” In Language and Social Change, ed. by Whiteley W. H. , pp. 262–273. London: Oxford University Press, 1971. Radio broadcasting standardized a modern Somali vocabulary even before an official written form of Somali was adopted.

Arms George . “Diary from Nigeria: The Third Year.” NAEB Journal, 23: 25–32 (March–April 1964). Concerns a USAID-supported ETV project.

Armstrong Robert P. “Book Publishing in Nigeria: Industry with a Future.” African Report, (Paril 1966), pp. 56–57.

Aspinall Richard P. “The Training of Broadcasters in Africa.” Paris: Unesco, 1971. Mimeo. A follow-up to the Quarmyne and Bebey survey (343).

Associated Business Consultants (East Africa), Ltd . An Audience Survey Report in Kenya. Two parts. Nairobi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1969. Example of commercial audience research. Though many surveys have been made they are not generally circulated.

Australian Broadcasting Control Board . Frequency Modulation Broadcasting. Melbourne: ABCB, 1972. Includes description of the South African FM network, which is regarded as a model system.

Axinn George H. and Axinn Nancy W. . “Communication Among the Nsukka Igbo: A Folk-Village Society.”. Journalism Quarterly, 46: 320–324, 406 (Summer 1969). Small-sample study tending to show dominance of face-to-face communication over mass media.

Baglo Ferdinand E. “Radio Voice of the Gospel: A Decade of Performance Examined in the Light of Stated Goals and Policies.” Master's thesis, Lutheran School of Theology (Chicago), 1972. A study of the missionary station in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sound work, above the usual master's level.

Barrett Hugh . “Health Education: A Campaign for Radio Study Groups in Tanzania.” Educational Broadcasting International, 7: 90–92 (June 1974).

Barton Frank . The Press in Africa. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1966. Short introductory survey designed for use by African journalism students.

Barton Frank . African Assignment: The Story of IPI's Six-Year Training Programme in Tropical Africa. Zurich: International Press Institute, 1969.

Batson Lawrence D. Radio Markets of the World, 1930. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce Trade Promotion Series No. 109, 1930 (repr. Arno Press, 1971). Brief comments on radio in 26 African territories at a time when even the presence of a single radio receiver in a country was noteworthy.

BBC Record (December 1968), pp. 1–2. “Libyan Television: BBC Help at Launching.”

Bebey Francis . La Radiodiffusion en Afrique Noire. Paris: Editions St. Paul, 1963. Valuable benchmark data, especially for Francophone Africa, giving concise summary (in French) on status of radio in each country. Author is a distinguished African broadcaster, musician, and writer.

Bekombo M. “Brazzaville à l'Heure de la Télévision Congolaise.” Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 8: 188–200 (April–June 1966). Results of an interview survey on reactions to introduction of television to the Congo — first Francophone territory to acquire TV.

Belemvire Blaise . “Situation de l'Information en Haute-Volta.” Interstages. September 30, 1966, pp. 5–7.

Bennett George and Rosberg Carl G. . The Kenyatta Election, Kenya 1960–61. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Includes material on roles of press and broadcasting in the election that launched Kenyatta's post-Mau Mau career.

Best Kenneth Y. Cultural Policy in Liberia. Unesco Studies and Documents on Cultural Policies. Paris: Unesco, 1974. For others in this series see Unesco 1972(425).

Beukes Piet . “Present Policies and Recent Growth of the Press of Union of South Africa.” Journalism Quarterly, 33: 390–395 (December 1946).

Binagi Lloyd . “The Arusha Declaration and the Tanzania Press: An Inquiry into the Prospect of an Independent Press in a One-Party State.” Master's thesis, Temple University, 1969.

Blair Thomas L. Africa: A Market Profile. London: Business Publications, 1965. One of the few works on advertising aspects of the media in Africa.

Bled Cynthia . “Review of Audience Research in Some Developing Countries of Africa.” 13: 167–180 (Spring 1969).

Boateng Emanuel A. “History and Role of Mass Media in Ghana.” Master's thesis, University of Oregon, 1970.

Bower Alex . “DXing the New Voices of Africa.” Electronics Illustrated, (May 1972), pp. 34–35.

Bower Roger . “In Nigeria Talent is Easiest Problem.” Broadcasting. (May 25, 1964), pp. 106–107. Author was a member of the National Broadcasting Company contract team that set up the first Nigerian federal TV station.

Bowman Marvin . “The First Year of Educational Television in Lagos, Nigeria.” CETO News, 13: 22–26 (December 1966).

Boyd Douglas A. “The Arab States Broadcasting Union.” Journal of Broadcasting, 19: 311–320 (Summer 1975). Eight Arabic-speaking African countries belong to the Union.

Boyd Douglas A. “Development of Egypt's Radio ‘Voice of the Arabs’ Under Nasser.” Journalism Quarterly, 52: 645–653 (Winter 1975).

Broughton Morris . Press and Politics of South Africa. Cape Town: Purnell and Sons, 1961.

Brown Trevor . “Free Press Fair Game for South Africa's Government.” Journalism Quarterly, 48: 120–127 (Spring 1971).

Browne Donald R. “Radio Guinea: A Voice of Independent Africa.” Journal of Broadcasting, 7: 113–122 (Spring 1963).

Browne Donald R. “The Voices of Palestine: A Broadcasting House Divided.” Middle East Journal, 29: 133–150 (Spring 1975). Egypt supplied a major voice in the chorus.

Carpenter David . “A New Development in Religious Broadcasting.” COMBROAD, (April–June 1971), pp. 35–36. Concerning Multimedia Zambia, a cooperative effort among church groups.

Carrington John F. “The Talking Drums of Africa.” Scientific American, (December 1972), pp. 90–94. Special reference to the Congo region.

Carter Felice . “The Asian Press in Kenya.” East Africa Journal, 6: 30–34 (October 1969).

Casely-Hayford Beattie . “Television in Africa: Ghana.”. COMBROAD, (January–March 1974), pp. 18–21. Author became director of Ghana Television in 1974.

Cassirer Henry R. “Two-Way Radio in Rural Senegal.” Educational Television International, 4: 148–149 (June 1970).

Cassirer Henry R. Mass Media in an African Context: An Evaluation of Senegal's Pilot Project. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 69. Paris: Unesco, 1974. See Fougeyrollas (158) for start of project.

Celarie A. Contribution à une Sociologie de l'Information. Paris: Sepa, 1966. A 273-page study, based on surveys done in Cameroon in the 1960's. OCORA published the original data in two volumes in the same year.

Centre for Educational Development Overseas . Development of Educational Mass Media in Ethiopia. London: CEDO, 1972. Details of an ambitious scheme (then already partly realized) for a major media facility in the service of education.

Centre for Educational Development Overseas . New Media in Education in the Commonwealth. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1974. Major survey of ed-media activities, including detailed case studies of projects in Kenya and Zambia.

Chakroun Abdallah . “Maghrebvision.” EBU Review, 23: 39–42 (November 1972). Regarding cooperative television efforts by Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia started in 1970.

Chick John D. “The White Press': A Study of the Role of Foreign-Owned Newspapers in Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, 1946–65.” Doctoral dissertation, Manchester University (England), 1966–1967.

Chicot Claude . “Radio and Fundamental Education in the Cameroons.” Fundamental and Adult Education, 9: 183–186 (1957).

Chilangwa Wilfred B. “The Growth of Educational Television in Zambia.” Education Television International, 4: 66–69 (March 1970).

Ching James C. “Mass Communication in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville).” Journalism Quarterly, 41: 237–244 (Spring 1964).

Coleman W. F. Opoku A. A. , and Abell Helen . An African Experiment in Radio Forums for Rural Development: Ghana, 1964–1965. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 51. Paris: Unesco, 1968. One of the most influential of Unesco's many publications on African media, this describes the transfer to Ghana of techniques first developed in Canada and India.

Collett H. O. “VHF/FM Sound Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa. Part I: General Considerations.” EBU Review, 84A: 55–57 (April 1964). For companion pieces see 284 and 386.

Collings Rex . “Publishing in Africa: An Industry Emerges.” Africa Report (November 1970), pp. 31–33.

Coltart James . “The Influence of Newspapers and Television in Africa.” African Affairs, 62: 202–210 (July 1963). Author is top official of the Thomson newspaper empire, responsible for setting up training facilities in Britain for third-world journalists.

COMBROAD, (January–March 1972), p. 47. “Lesotho National Broadcasting Service.”

Committee on Inter-African Relations . Report on the Press in West Africa. Ibadan: University College, 1960. Authoritative pieces by African writers on Francophone West Africa, Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria.

Commonwealth Broadcasting Association . Commonwealth Broadcasting Association. London: The Association, 1974. Useful brief histories of the association and of its member broadcasting organizations, fourteen of which were in Africa when this report was published.

Conateh Swaebou . “History of Radio Gambia.” COMBROAD, (July–September 1972), pp. 41–43.

Condon John C. “Nation Building and Image Building in the Tanzanian Press.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 5: 335–354(1967).

Condon John C. “Some Guidelines for Mass Communications Research in East Africa.” Gazette, 14: 141–151 (1968). Refers specifically to Tanzania, where the author conducted research.

Corrigan Edward C. “South Africa Enters the Electronic Age: The Decision to Introduce Television.” Africa Today (Spring 1974), pp. 15–28.

Cowlan Bert . “Educational Satellites over Africa: An Unlikely Scenario.” Educational Broadcasting International, 7: 132–136 (September 1974).

Crawford Robert W. “Cultural Change and Communications in Morocco.” Human Organization, 24: 73–77 (Spring 1965). Author worked there for the U.S. Information Agency.

Cusack Mary Ann . “New Media in Africa: Trends and Strategies.” Educational Broadcasting Review, 4: 23–30 (October 1970). Author was an Agency for International Development officer concerned with media.

Cutten Theo E. A History of the Press in South Africa. Cape Town: National Union of South African Students, 1935.

Cutter Charles H. “Nation-Building in Mali: Arts, Radio, and Leadership in a Pre-Literate Society.” Doctoral dissertation, University of California, 1971.

Dakar, University of Centre d'Études des Sciences et Téchniques de l'Information . “Organisation des Études de la 3d Année du C.E.S.T.I. — Avant Projet.” Document de travail. Dakar: The University, [1971]. Mimeo. C.E.S.T.I. is an unusual and promising work-study program, dividing media study time between formal classwork in Dakar and practical experience overseas.

Da Piedade H. “Radio-Dahomey: The First Ten Years.” EBU Review, 78B: 6–7 (March 1963).

Daura Mamman . “Editing a Government Newspaper in Nigeria.” In Reporting Africa (389), pp. 39–46. By the editor of New Nigerian, Kaduna.

Davis Ossie . “Mankind in Black.” Black America, 2: 48–49 (May–June 1971). About what the author believes to be the first full-length feature film made in Anglophone Africa, which he directed.

Delahunty P. G. “Educational Broadcasting in Zambia.” EBU Review, 102B: 33–35 (March 1967).

Delahunty P. G. “Educational Broadcasting in Swaziland.” EBU Review, 112B: 37–38 (November 1968).

Diamond Leslie A. “Bringing Radio and Television to Northern Nigeria.” EBU Review, 93B: 27–29 (September 1965).

Dizard Wilson P. Television: A World View. Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1966. Chapter 6 compares political uses of broadcasting by Castro, DeGaulle, and Nasser. Also touches on development of TV generally in Africa.

Dodson Don C. “Onitsha Pamphlets: Culture in the Marketplace.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1974. Refers to a type of popular writings sold in West African markets.

Dominique P. “Les Prémiers Pas de la Télévision Gabonaise.” Les Cahiers de la Télévision, (Paris), 9: 86–87 (October 1963). About one of the first Francophone TV stations in Black Africa.

Donald A. H. “Born in a Prison Cell.” COMBROAD, (October–December 1971), pp. 38–39. Origins of Radio Botswana.

Dosu Oyelude . The Press in West Africa. Brussels: International Federation of Journalists, 1974.

Douglass Edward F. “The Role of the Mass Media in National Development: A Reformation with Particular Reference to Sierra Leone.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1971.

Eapen K. E. “ZANA, an African News Agency.” Gazette, 18: 193–207 (1972). Growing pains of a new agency in Zambia.

Eapen K. E. The Media and Development: An Exploratory Survey in Indonesia and Zambia with Special Reference to the Role of the Churches. Leicester, England: Centre for Mass Communication Research, University of Leicester, 1973.

[EBU Review], 60A: 75–76 (April 1960). “The Broadcast Distribution System in the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.” About an unusual arrangement whereby the colonial government rented transmission facilities to private organizations.

Eapen K. E. 80A: 154–161 (August 1963). “The African VHF/UHF Broadcasting Conference.”

Eapen K. E. 120B: 43 (March 1970). “Moroccan Space Communications Earth Station Goes Operational.” Concerning the first such African installation.

Eapen K. E. 128B: 51–52 (July 1971). “South Africa: Report on Introduction of Television.”

Edeani David O. “Ownership and Control of the Press in Africa.” Gazette, 15: 55–66 (1970). Summarizes ownership in terms of religious, political party, private/commercial, and government presses.

Edeani David O. “The Impact of Government Participation on the African Press.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1971. Concerns Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zaire.

Edstroem Lars-Olof . Correspondence Instruction in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and Uganda: Experiences, Needs, and Interest. Stockholm: Dag Hammarskjoeld Foundation, 1966.

Educational Television International, 1: 50–54 (March 1967). “British Assistance to Broadcasting, Television and Public Information in Developing Countries.”

Edwards Peter . “Press Purge in Malawi.” Index on Censorship, 2: 53–57 (Winter 1973). Cited as an example of the longer article carried by Index.

Egly Max . “School Television in Niger.” Educational Television International, 4: 123–127 (June 1970).

Ekwelie Sylvanus A. “The Content of Broadcasting in Nigeria.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1968. Based on analysis of output of three radio stations in terms of content categories and objectivity.

Ekwelie Sylvanus A. “The Press in Gold Coast Nationalism, 1890–1957.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1971.

Ekwensi Cyprian . Broadcasting and Television in West Africa. Liverpool: John Holt, 1961. The author, a successful novelist, was a high official in the Nigerian Ministry of Information.

Elias T. O. ed. Nigerian Press Law. London: Evans Bros., 1969.

Elias T. O. ed. “The Contribution of Telecommunications and Direct Satellite Broadcasting to Technical Assistance and Nation-Building in the ‘New’ Countries: An African Viewpoint.” In The International Law of Communications, edited by McWhinney Edward , pp. 122–137. Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.: Oceana Press, 1971.

Ellis Raymond E. “Using the Camera to Communicate the Personality of Masaki, a Village in Tanzania, East Africa.” Master's thesis, Syracuse University, 1972. The outcome was an exhibit of still photographs.

El Shenawy W. “An Educational Television Pilot Project in Cairo.” Educational Television International, 4: 301–304 (December 1970).

Esema Ibok . “Steps in the Development of the Press as a Mass Communication Medium in Nigeria.” Master's thesis, Temple University, 1968.

[Ethiopia] Imperial Board of Telecommunications. Telecommunications in Ethiopia: A Historical Review, 1894–1962. Addis Ababa: IBTE, 1963. It is not unusual in Africa for the national telecommunications authority to be responsible for the engineering side of broadcasting as in Ethiopian radio.

Euba Akin . “How Africa's Musical Traditions Have Expanded to Suit Contemporary Society.” In Africa-Contemporary Record, 1970–1971, edited by Legum Colin , pp. 6235–6240. London: Rex Collings, 1971. Valuable insights by former head of music at Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation on the effects of broadcasting on traditional music and the evolution of media-oriented artists.

European Broadcasting Union. Technical Committee . Low-Budget Television Services. Technical Monograph No. 3112. Brussels: EBU, 1972. Details of a TV station package designed for export and first installed in the French Territory of Afars and Issas.

Ezzard Martha M. “The Rhodesian Crisis in The Guardian and the Johannesburg Star.” Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1968.

Fagan Richard R. “Politics and Communication in the New States: Burma and Ghana,” Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1962.

Fanon Frantz . Studies in a Dying Colonialism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1965. A chapter titled “This is the Voice of Algeria” gives valuable insights into the role broadcasting can play in a war of liberation.

Farace Richard V. “The Factor Analytic Investigation of the Relationship of Mass Communication to National Development.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1965. A number of African countries are ranked with others. Basis for an article in Journalism Quarterly, 43: 305–313 (Summer 1966).

Fasuyi T. A. Cultural Policy in Nigeria. Unesco Studies and Documents on Cultural Policies. Paris: Unesco, 1973. For others in this series see Unesco 1972a (425).

Feuereisen Fritz and Schmacke Ernst , eds. The Press in Africa: A Handbook for Economics and Advertising. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1973 (2nd ed.). Straightforward listing without embellishment (in English and German) of basic newspaper data.

Findlay Joseph W. Jr. “A Comparative Study of Broadcasting Research in Some Commonwealth African Countries During the Period 1960–65.” Master's thesis, University of Iowa, 1971.

Findlay Joseph W. Jr. “The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service.” SLBS Record, (Freetown), 1: 1–14 (July 1973).

Fougeyrollas Pierre . Television and the Social Education of Women: A First Report on the Unesco-Senegal Pilot Project at Dakar. Reports and papers on Mass Communication No. 50. Paris: Unesco, 1967. The project used a tiny television station, erected especially for the purpose, to test effectiveness of audio-visual materials and equipment in adult education. See Cassirir (89) for the final report.

Fraenkel Peter . Wayaleshi: Radio in Central Africa. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1959. Sympathetic and insightful account of a pioneer vernacular radio station in the British territories, at Lusaka in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).

Franklin H. Report on the Development of Broadcasting to Africans in Central Africa. Lusaka: Government Printer, 1949. Also about the Lusaka station (see 159).

Franklin H. Report on “The Saucepan Special”: The Poor Man's Radio for Rural Populations. Lusaka: Government Printer, 1950. About an inexpensive receiver that seemed on its way to revolutionizing radio in Africa when the more revolutionary transistor came along and made it obsolete.

Fyfe Christopher H. “Sierra Leone Press in the Nineteenth Century.” Sierra Leone Studies, (Freetown), June 1957, pp. 228–236.

Gale W. P. The Rhodesian Press. Salisbury: Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Co., 1962.

Gallay Pierre . “The English Missionary Press of East and Central Africa.” Gazette, 14: 129–139 (1968). Refers to Roman Catholic publishing.

Gartley John . “A Procedure to Test Understanding Gained from Instructional Television Programs in Developing Countries.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1971. Author did research in Ethiopia.

Gashut Shaban F. “The Development of Libyan Newspapers, 1866–1972: A History and Interpretation.” Master's thesis, University of Kansas, 1972.

Gazette de la Press de Langue Francaise, (Paris), (November–December, 1975), pp. 1–3. About formation of an African Journalists' Union by representatives of some 30 countries meeting in Kinshasa.

German Africa Society . Commercial Radio in Africa. Bonn: German Africa Society, 1970. Rate cards for both radio and televisions.

[Ghana.] Broadcast Commission . “Listener Research: A Survey of the Listeners and Listening Habits in the Towns of Accra, Swedru, Winneba, and Keta, March to October, 1955.” Accra: Broadcast Commission, 1956. Seven-page report covering a pioneer effort at audience research. Compare with Kittermaster (243).

[Ghana.] “Recommendations for the Establishment of Television Service in Ghana.” Accra: Government Printer, 1959.

[Ghana.] This is Ghana Television. Tema: State Publishing Corp., [1965?]. Inaugural brochure, rejecting commercialism and asserting a role for TV in Ghana's “socialist transformation.”

Ghana Broadcasting Corporation . Thirty Eventful Years of Broadcasting in Ghana. Accra: State Publishing Corp., 1965.

Giltrow David . “Young Tanzanians and the Cinema.” Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1973.

Githii George . “Press Freedom in Kenya.” In Reporting Africa (389), pp. 57–64.

Godin M. “The Algiers Broadcasting House.” EBU Review, 58A: 7–13 (December 1959).

Gold Coast Broadcasting Commission . “Broadcasting in the Gold Coast: Report of the Broadcasting Commission Appointed by the Government of the Gold Coast.” Accra: Gold Coast Government, 1953. Mimeo. The 36-page study that ultimately led to establishment of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.

Grant Douglas . “Television in Liberia — A Sturdy Newcomer.” EBU Review, 90B: 20–22 (March 1965).

Grant Marcia A. “Nigerian Newspaper Types.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 9: 95–114 (July 1971).

Grant Stephen H. “Publisher for the Many.” Africa Report (January 1972), pp. 26–27. Success story of Asare Konadu, a Ghanaian novelist and, more recently, publisher.

Grant Stephen H. “Technology and Educational Reform: The Case of Ivory Coast.” Instructional Technology Report (Academy for Educational Development), (October 1974), pp. 1–6.

Great Britain. Colonial Office . Interim Report of a Committee on Broadcasting Services in the Colonies, (“Plymouth Report”), Colonial No. 139. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1937. Survey that served as the charter for British-colonial broadcasting policies.

Green Timothy . The Universal Eye: The World of Television. New York: Stein and Day, 1972. Journalistic treatment, with chapter 20, “A Symbol of Independence,” pp. 245–256, devoted to Africa.

Griffith B. L. “The Malawi Broadcasting Corporation.” NAEB Journal, 26: 64–70 (May–June 1967).

Guillard Jean . “Gabon Broadcasting and Television Service.” EBU Review, 81B: 14–15 (September 1963).

Hachten William A. “The Press in a One-Party State: Kenya Since Independence.” Journalism Quarterly, 42: 262–266 (Spring 1965).

Hachten William A. “The Press in a One-Party State: The Ivory Coast Under Houphouët.” Journalism Quarterly, 44: 107–114 (Spring 1967).

Hachten William A. “The Training of African Journalists.” Gazette, 14: 101–110 (1968).

Hachten William A. “Newspapers in Africa: Change or Decay?” Africa Report, December 1970, pp. 25–28. On the trend toward government press.

Hachten William A. Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1971. Best book in English on the news role of African media. Compare with Ainslie, 1967 (45). Deals with news media in the continent as a whole, but goes into detail regarding Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Zambia.

Hachten William A. “Ghana's Press Under the N.R.C.: An Authoritarian Model for Africa.” Journalism Quarterly, 52: 458–464 (Autumn 1975). Based on research done while author was a Fulbright professor at the University of Ghana. Sees Ghana press as the “basic authoritarian model” in Africa.

Hall Budd L. and Dodds Tony . Voices for Development: The Tanzanian National Radio Study Compaigns. IEC Broadsheets on Distance Learning No. 6. Cambridge, England: International Extension College, 1974. Describes use of broadcasting in three areas: Voting national integration, and health. No. 8 in this series describes the first two years of the Mauritius College of the Air.

Hall G. “The Cairo Seminar on Educational Television for Arab States,” CETO News, 7: 28–29 (June 1965). Refers to a Unesco-sponsored conference; reports on pilot projects completed in Egypt and the Sudan.

Hansen John H. “The Press in Liberia.” Master's thesis, Syracuse University, 1972.

Harris Bill . “Kenya Broadcasting Corporation.” EBU Review, 81B: 14–15 (September 1963).

Hartland Robert . “Press and Radio in Post-Independence Africa.” In Africa and the United States: Images and Realities. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Commission for Unesco, 1962, pp. 193–204. Author is an official in the research branch of the U.S. Information Agency.

Head Sydney W. “The Beginnings of Broadcast Audience Research in Ethiopia.” Journal of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa), 6: 77–91 (July 1968).

Head Sydney W. , editor. Broadcasting in Africa: A Continental Survey. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. Contains a separate essay on each of 58 national systems plus chapters on international broadcasts to Africans, religious broadcasting, foreign aid, training, educational uses of broadcasting, audience research, commercial operations, problems for further study, role of broadcasting in political crises, and technical problems of using the spectrum. Contributions from 35 specialists.

Head Sydney W. , editor. “The Content of Children's Letters to a Vernacular Newspaper.” In Proceedings of the First U.S. Conference on Ethiopian Studies, edited by Marcus Harold G. , pp. 249–259. East Lansing, Mich.: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1975. Informal content analysis of Amharic letters by new literates in a developing society.

Head Sydney W. , editor “Trends in Tropical African Societies.” In Media Trends: Mass Communication Policies in Changing Cultures, ed. by Gerbner George . New York: John Wiley & Sons, forthcoming, 1976.

Headland Frederick H. “The Malawi Broadcasting Corporation.” EBU Review, 89B: 24–26 (January 1965).

Healey Joseph G. “Press Freedom in Kenya.” Freedom of Information Center Report No. 191. Columbia, Mo.: FOI Center, 1967.

Healey Joseph G. “Media Growth in Kenya.” Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1968.

Hennebelle G. Les Cinémas Africains en 1972. Dakar & Paris: Société Africaine d'Edition, 1972.

Hepple Alex . Censorship and Press Control in South Africa. Johannesburg: Author, 1960.

Higbee Helene C. “The Cameroonian News Media.” Master's thesis, University of Montana, 1975.

Hoare R. P. . Lessons Through the Air: Final Report of the Commonwealth Educational Television Project. London: Ministry of Overseas Development, 1970. Refers to a Sierra Leone Project.

Hodgin R. W. “Defamation in East Africa.” Journal of African Law, 17: 66–92 (Spring 1973). Discusses impact of 1970 Kenya defamation act.

Hopkinson Tom . In the Fiery Continent. New York: Doubleday, 1962. Author, a Fleet Street expatriate, tells of his experiences as editor of Drum, a picture magazine published in South Africa and highly popular with African readers at the time.

Hopkinson Tom . Two Years in Africa. Zurich: International Press Institute, 1965. Author headed an IPI training scheme in Africa after leaving editorship of Drum.

Hopkinson Tom . “A New Age of Newspapers in Africa.” Gazette, 14: 79–84 (1968). Report on a 1965 IPI conference.

Huff Lonnie R. “The Press and Nationalism in Kenya, British East Africa.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1968. Historical study, stressing role of vernacular political broadsides.

Hughes Mary E. “The Rural Mimeo Newspaper Experiment in Liberia.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1969. Assessment of the project whose start is reported in Lawrence (249).

Hurlburt Paul R. “Press versus the Government in Ghana: Three Case Studies.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1972. Concerns deportation, contempt of court case, and censorship in the 1957–1962 period.

Huth Arno G. La Radiodiffusion: Puissance Mondiale. Paris: Librairie Gallimard, 1937 (repr. Arno Press, 1972). One of the earliest books on comparative broadcasting; includes notes on radio in North Africa, Kenya, Madagascar, Reunion, and Rhodesia.

Huth Arno G. Radio Today: The Present State of Broadcasting. Geneva Studies, 12–6. Geneva: Geneva Research Center, 1942 (repr. Arno Press, 1971). Briefly comments on North African territories and South Africa.

Huth Arno G. Communications Media in Tropical Africa. Washington:. International Cooperation Administration, [1961]. Survey commissioned by the forerunner of the U.S. Agency for International Development.

Hydle Lars H. “The Press and Politics in Nigeria.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1972.

Inquai Solomon . “The Application of Radio in Community Education in Ethiopia:” Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1963.

International Christian Broadcasters . World Directory of Religious Radio and Television Broadcasting. South Pasadena, Calif.: William Carey Library, 1973. Brief summary of salient facts about each country (including maps) plus specific information on religious broadcasting activities and policies. Includes prices charged for religiously sponsored broadcasts. Africa on pp. 13–194.

International Telecommunication Union . African LF/MF Broadcasting Conference, Geneva, 1966. Regional agreement for the African broadcasting area. Protocol, final protocol, resolutions. Geneva: ITU, 1966.

International Telecommunication Union . General Plan for the Development of the International Network in Africa. Geneva: ITU, 1967.

International Telecommunication Union. International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee . General Plan for the Development of the Regional Network in Africa, 1970-1974-1978. Lagos: ITU, 1971.

International Telecommunication Union . Fourteenth Report on Telecommunication and the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Booklet No. 17. Geneva: ITU, 1975. Annual survey describing satellite communication facilities development, country by country.

Interstages. (October 1 — November 15, 1972). Special double issue devoted entirely to a survey of all the media in Zaire (of special interest to this Belgian publication because Zaire is the former Belgian Congo).

International Telecommunication Union . (October 1, 1973). Special issue devoted to a summary of media facilities in each African country.

[Ivory Coast] Ministry of Education. Programme d'Education Télévisuelle, 1968–1980. Abidjan: The Ministry, [1969ff]. By 1975 fourteen volumes had been published in this extensive documentation (partly in English) of the major educational television project in Black Africa. Vol. 3 includes an evaluation (in English) of ETV in Niger.

Jaja Emmanuel A. “Problems of an African Editor.” Africa Report (January 1966), pp. 40–42. Deals with conditions in Nigeria.

Janvier Jacques . “An African Experiment: The Ministry of Information, Press and Broadcasting in the Republic of Senegal.” Training of Journalists (Strasbourg) (Autumn 1961), pp. 70–83.

Jeffries W. F. “Vernacular Newspapers in Northern Nigeria.” In Unesco (410), pp. 24–31.

Jones-Quartey K. A. “A Summary History of the Ghana Press, 1822–1960.” Accra: Ghana Information Department, 1974.

Jones-Quartey K. A. History, Politics, and Early Press in Ghana: The Fictions and the Facts. Accra: University of Ghana School of Journalism and Mass Communication Studies, 1975. Revises previously accepted accounts of Ghanaian press origins. Many excerpts and photostats from early papers.

Kabangi Mutanda . Le Journalisme au Zaire. Louvain: Institut de Communication Sociale, 1974.

Kaliyoma S. Don . “Ten Years of the MBC in Malawi.” COMBROAD (October–December 1973), pp. 30–34.

Kampor Pierre . “L'Information au Togo.” Interstages (September 30, 1966), pp. 1–5.

Katongole Richard G. “A Study of the Potential Contribution of Broadcasting to the Development of Uganda.” Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1960.

Katzen May . Mass Communication: Teaching and Studies at Universities. Paris: Unesco, 1975. Describes activities up to 1972 in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Zaire, and Zambia.

Kent Kurt E. “Freedom of the Press: An Empirical Analysis of One Aspect of the Concept.” Gazette, 18: 65–75(1972). The aspect is government press relations, as measured by a subset of the variables used by Lowenstein (249).

Khan Rais A. “Radio Cairo and Egyptian Foreign Policy, 1956–1959.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1967.

Kinyanjui Peter E. “Radio/Correspondence Courses in Kenya: An Evaluation.” Educational Broadcasting International, 6: 180–187 (December 1973).

Kirby Brian . “The First URTNA Conference on Educational Radio and Television.” Educational Television International, 3: 252 (December 1969).

Kitchen Helen . “Al-Ahram — The Times of the Arab World.” Middle East Journal, 4: 155–169 (April 1950).

Kitchen Helen , ed. The Press in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Ruth Sloan Associates, 1956. Tabular presentation of standard factual data.

Kittermaster A. M. “Northern Rhodesia — Listener Research: 1953.” Community Development Bulletin, 5: 42–46 (March 1954). Describes pioneer audience research efforts by the manager of the famous Lusaka station (see 159).

Kolade Christopher . “The Expansion of the Nigerian Broadcasting Service.” COMBROAD, October-December 1975, pp. 30–34. Major development plan, described by the director general of Nigeria's national system.

Kroniek van Africa (Leiden) 3 (1974). Entire issue devoted to the press in Africa and Africa in the press.

Kucera Geoffrey . “Broadcasting in Africa: A Study of Belgian, British, and French Colonial Policies.” Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1968. Throws interesting light on a little-studied subject.

Kushner James M. “African Liberation Broadcasting.” Journal of Broadcasting, 18: 299–309 (Summer 1974).

Kyenyune Henry . “Educational Television in Uganda.” Educational Television International, 1: 16–19 (March 1967). By the Ugandan ETV program organizer of that time.

Lawrence Robert de T. Rural Mimeo Newspapers. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 46. Paris: Unesco, 1966. Describes a Liberian experiment. See Hughes (212) for the outcome.

Ledele Lekan . “Broadcasting and Indigenous Drama.” COMBROAD (July–September 1973), pp. 50–51. About attempts at scripting radio dramas in Nigeria, where over 60% are still improvised in the manner that has become an African radio tradition.

Legum Colin . “The Mass Media — Instructions of the African Political Systems.” In Stokke (389), pp. 27–38. Informed discussion of the press freedom issue in contemporary Africa.

Lerner Daniel . The Passing of Traditional Society. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1958. Examines role of media in modernization in six Middle East countries, of which Egypt is one.

Levy Joyce . “The Story of Press Freedom in South Africa.” Master's thesis, North Texas State University, 1974. Based on results of mail questionnaire sent to editors of daily newspapers.

Lightfoot Donald A. “The Zambia Broadcasting Corporation.” EBU Review, 89B: 27–29 (January 1965).

Louis V. Jean . “Volta-Vision: Progress and Prospects at a New African Station.” EBU Review, 86B: 28–29 (June 1964).

Lowenstein Ralph L. “Press Freedom as a Political Indicator.” In International Communication: Media, Channels, Functions, edited by Fischer Heinz-Dietrich and Merrill John C. , pp. 129–140. New York: Hastings House, 1970. Ranks countries by levels of press freedom; includes 18 African countries. Based on author's doctoral dissertation of the same title, Missouri, 1967.

Loya A. “Radio Propaganda of the United Arab Republic — An Analysis.” Middle Eastern Affairs, 13: 98–110 (April 1962).

Lucas Bernard . “Radio University Clubs — A Successful Venture in Niger.” EBU Review, 113B: 31–32 (January 1969).

McAnany Emile G. “Radio Clubs of Dahomey: September, 1972.” Stanford: Stanford University Institute of Communication Research, 1972.

McAnany Emile G. “Radio's Role in Development: Five Strategies of Use.” Information Bulletin No. 4. Washington, D.C.: Information Center on Instructional Technology, 1973. The strategies referred to are “open broadcasting,” “instructional radio,” “radio farm forums,” “radio schools,” and “animation.” Valuable summarizing overview of the literature, including numerous African studies.

McGann Tom . “Africa's First Colour Television Network.” COM BROAD (January–March 1974), pp. 32–33. Refers to Zanzibar.

MacKay Ian K. Broadcasting in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1964. The only book-length study in English of a single Black African broad casting system.

McKay Vernon . “South African Propaganda: Methods and Media,” Africa Report (February 1966), pp. 41–46.

McKay Vernon . “The Propaganda Battle for Zambia.” Africa Today (April 1971), pp. 18–26. Analysis of South African external service.

MacKenzie W. J. and Robinson Kenneth . Five Elections in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960. Touches on political use of media in Kenya, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

MacKie William E. “Radio Broadcasting in Malawi: A Search for Identity and Service.” Doctoral dissertation, Missouri, 1971.

MacLin H. T. “Religious Broadcasting in Africa.” EBU Review, 97B: 55–58(May 1966).

Maddison John . Radio and Television in Literacy: A Survey of the Use of the Broadcasting Media in Combating Illiteracy Among Adults. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 62. Paris: Unesco, 1971. Touches on 40 countries; Tunisia is one of several detailed case studies.

Marathey Ram , and Bourgeois Michel . “Training for Rural Broadcasting in Africa.” In Radio Broadcasting Serves Rural Development. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 48, by Bhatt B. P. . Paris: Unesco, 1965, pp. 32–50. Discusses Unesco conferences held at Bamako and Kampala.

Marathey R. M. “Togo: Radio Educative: Janvier, 1964 — Mars, 1968.” Paris: Unesco, 1968. Report on a long-term rural education project sponsored by Unesco.

Mareda Ladislav . “The International Organization of Journalists Looks after the Professional Training of Journalists from Developing Countries.” Gazette, 14: 160–164(1968). Narrative of the Communist IOJ training role.

Martin Jane Adams Walter , and Weaver Harold . “Africa Projected: A Critical Filmography.” Waltham, Mass.: African Studies Association, 1972. Six of the 21 films annotated were made by African filmmakers; includes list of bibliographies on African films.

Martin Larry K. “Mimeographed Village Papers Prove Value in Liberia.” Journalism Quarterly, 41: 245–246 (Apring 1964).

Mason Horace . Pare News and Other Publications of the Pare Mass Literacy and Community Development Scheme.” In Unesco, 1957 (410), pp. 19–23. Refers to a district in Tanzania.

Masouyé Claude . “Copyright in Africa.” EBU Review, 92B: 41–45 (July 1965).

Mazrui Ali A. “The National Language Question in East Africa.” East Africa Journal, 4: 12–19 (June 1967). Authoritative discussion of the role of Swahili, with some interesting comments on language policy in Kenya broadcasting.

Mazrui Ali A. Cultural Engineering and Nation-Building in East Africa. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1972. Contains interesting insights on media roles.

M'Bengue Mamadou S. Cultural Policy in Senegal. Unesco Studies and Documents in Cultural Policies. Paris: Unesco, 1973. For others in this series, see Unesco (425).

Mbughuni L. A. The Cultural Policy of the United Republic of Tanzania. Unesco studies and documents in cultural policies. Paris: Unesco, 1974. For others in this series, see Unesco (425).

Merrill John C. The Elite Press: Great Newspapers of the World. New York: Pittman, 1968. Cairo's Al Ahram and Capetown's Die Burger are the only African papers to qualify, according to the author.

Merrill John C. “The Role of the Mass Media in National Development: An Open Question for Speculation.” Gazette, 17: 236–242(1971).

Millar James . “Three Years in Sierra Leone.” COMBROAD (July–September 1972), pp. 35–37. The author was seconded by the BBC to advise on rejuvenation of Sierra Leone broadcasting.

Miller Norman . “Kenya: Nationalism and the Press, 1951–1961.” Master's thesis, Indiana University, 1962.

Mills D. H. “VHF/FM Sound Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa, Part III.” EBU Review, 86A: 162–168 (August 1964). For Parts I and II see Collett (99) and Stevens (386).

Montague Lucerne . New Day, A Liberian Periodical.” In Unesco, 1957(410), pp. 13–19.

Morganthau Henry . “Guides to African Films.” African Report (May 1968), pp. 52–54.

Mortimer Robert A. “Engaged Film-Making for a New Society.” Africa Report (November 1970), pp. 28–30.

Moulton E. J. “Satellite Over Africa.” African Report (May 1967), pp. 13–19. Concerning Intelstat and the first African participants in the consortium.

Moyo Edward and Raynor Susan , eds. Mass Thoughts. Kampala: Makerere University Center for Continuing Education, 1972. Proceedings of seminars on the press and development.

Mtshali Benedict . “Development of Broadcasting in Lesotho.” COMBROAD (April–June 1975), pp. 65–67.

Murphy E. Lloyd . “Nationalism and the Press in British West Africa.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1967. About Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

Murphy John B. “The Role of Radio Broadcasting in the Development of Tropical Africa.” Master's thesis, Boston University, 1965.

Musavuli Kambale L. “STAR, Ses Objectives et Ses Méthodes.” Paper required for a degree, Université Nationale du Zaire, 1972. About a television production center organized by nongovernment interests.

Mwanika Thomas B. “Communication and Development: An Investigation in Selected Uganda Villages.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1974. Author is critical of conventional methods of agricultural extension work.

Mytton Graham L. “Tanzania: The Problems of Mass Media Development.” Gazette, 14: 89–100(1968).

Mytton Graham L. “Survey into the Use of Educational Radio in Zambian Primary and Secondary Schools.” Zambia Broadcasting Services Research Project, Research Reports and Papers No. 6. Lusaka: University of Zambia Institute for African Studies, October, 1972. Mimeo. See next item for rest of reports in series.

Mytton Graham L. Listening, Looking and Learning: Report on a National Mass Media Audience Survey in Zambia, 1970–73. Lusaka: University of Zambia Institute for African Studies, 1974. Combines original report Nos. 1–5 and 7 of this, the most ambitious study of its kind yet undertaken in Black Africa. For No. 6 see preceding item.

Naesselund Gunnar R. “Report on a Mission to the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication.” Paris: Unesco, 1971. Mimeo.

Naigow Peter L. “Mass Media Consumption Patterns Among Urban Educated Adults in Kenya.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1974.

Natesh A. M. Organisation of Literacy Broadcasting in Zambia: A Manual. Lusaka: Republic of Zambia, 1972.

Ndegwa John . “Printing and Publishing in Kenya: An Outline of Development.” Master's thesis, University of London, 1973.

Ng'weno Hilary B. “The Nature of the Threat to Press Freedom in East Africa.” Africa Today, 16: 3: 13–28(1969).

Nicholson A. D. “Mauritius and the Future of Television.” CETO News, 11: 42–44 (June 1966).

Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation . NBC: Ten Years of Service. Lagos: NBC, 1967.

Nixon Raymond B. and Hahn Tae-Youl . “Concentration of Press Ownership: A Comparison of 32 Countries.” Journalism Quarterly, 48: 5–16 (Spring 1971). Includes data on Kenya, Nigeria, Rhodesia, and South Africa.

Njoroge Wamatu . “Implications of Foreign Ownership of the Press in Kenya.” Master's thesis, California State University at Northbridge, 1973.

Nord Bruce A. “Press Freedom and Political Structure.” Journalism Quarterly, 43: 531–534 (Autumn 1966). Analyzes newspapers in Ghana and Nigeria.

Nordenstreng Kaarle and Varis Tapio . Television Traffic: A One-Way Street? Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 70. Paris: Unesco 1974. About U.S. dominance of the trade in syndicated programs. The 50 countries whose programming is inventoried include Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia.

Nsibambi Apolo . “Language Policy in Uganda: An Investigation into Costs and Politics.” African Affairs, 70: 62–71 (January 1971). Estimates of the increased production costs involved in adding more languages to a broadcast service.

Nwankwo Robert L. “Utopia and Reality in the African Mass Media: A Case Study.” Gazette, 19: 171–182 (1973). Based on study of West African Pilot (Nigeria).

Nwuneli Emmanuel O. “The Rise and Fall of Transition Magazine.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1970. The subject was a short-lived literary journal in Uganda, partly supported by a CIA front organization.

Obika D. D. “The Work of Unesco and Other International Agencies to Improve the Standard of Journalism in Africa, South of the Sahara.” Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1969.

Obote Milton . “Language and National Identification.” East Africa Journal (April 1967), pp. 3–6.

O'Brien Rita C. Wedell E. G. , and Pilsworth M. J. . The Role of Broadcasting in National Development: Senegal Case Study. Draft report. Manchester, England: University of Manchester, 1974. One of a series; see also Wedell (448, 449, and 450).

Office de Cooperation Radiophonique (OCORA) . Documentation sur les Activitiés de l'OCORA. Paris: OCORA, 1963. An 88-page description of the activities of the organization that carried out official French broadcasting aid to Francophone Africa in the important period 1961-1969.

Ogunsheye Ayo . “Education in Public Affairs by Radio in Nigeria.” Fundamental and Adult Education, 9: 186–189 (1957). Deals with radio forum experiments.

Oguntayo E. O. “A Nigerian View on the Design and Manufacture of Low-Cost Receivers.” COMBROAD (July–September 1975), pp. 21–25.

Oluwasamni Edwina McLean Evan , and Zell Hans . Publishing in Africa in the Seventies. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1975. Proceedings of an international conference on book development.

Omu Fred I. “The Dilemma of Press Freedom in Colonial Africa: The West African Example.” Journal of African History, 9: 279–298 (1968).

Orlik Peter B. “The South African Broadcasting Corporation.” Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University, 1968.

Ornstein Jacob . “Africa Seeks a Common Language.” Review of Politics, 26: 205–214 (April 1964). Especially useful overview of this endemic problem of African media.

Oton Esuakema U. “Development of Journalism in Nigeria.” Journalism Quarterly, 35: 72–79 (Winter 1958).

Oton Esuakema U. “The Press of Liberia: A Case Study.” Journalism Quarterly, 38: 208–212 (Spring 1961).

Oton Esuakema U. “The Training of Journalists in Nigeria.” Journalism Quarterly, 43: 107–109 (Spring 1966).

Ouldali Bekaddour . “La Radio-Télévision Voltaique au Service du Développement National,” Interstages (May 1974), pp. 4–5.

Pabou R. “L'Organisation de la Radiodiffusion National Centrafricaine.” Interstages, November 15, 1965, pp. 15–17.

Pachai B. “Gandhi and his South African Journal ‘Indian Opinion’.” Africa Quarterly, 10: 76–82 (July–September 1969).

Patel D. B. “Mass Communication and the Development of Africa.” In Africa in World Affairs, ed. by Mazrui Ali L. and Patel Hans H. . New York: Third Press, 1973. pp. 189–200.

Patrick P. E. “Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa.” EBU Review, 73B: 13–16 (May 1962).

Payne William A. “Through a Glass Darkly: The Media and Africa.” In Africa: From Mystery to Maize, ed. by Kitchens Helen , New York: W. C. Heath for the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, forthcoming, 1976.

Penn R. “Broadcasting in Nigeria.” Doctoral dissertation, American University, 1960.

Pett Dennis W. “Factors Affecting the Institutionalization of the USAID/Indiana University Communications Media Project in Nigeria.” Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1966.

Pidgeon A. L. and Marshall J. L. . “Proposed Scheme for the International Service of the Ghana Broadcasting System.” Accra: Government Printer, March 14, 1958. A 22-page plan made by Canadian consultants.

Pigé Francois . Radiodiffusion et Télévision au Maghreb. Centre d'Etude des Relations Internationales, ser. G. No. 6. Paris: Fondation National des Sciences Politiques, 1966.

Ploman E. W. Berrada A. , and Clergerie B. . The Use of Satellite Communications for Education and National Development in Arab States. Paris: Unesco, 1971. Mimeo.

Plowright P. “Towards a Schools TV Service in the Sudan.” Educational Television International, 2–1: 17–25 (1968).

Post Ken W. “Nigerian Pamphleteers and the Congo.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 2: 405–418 (1964).

Powdermaker Hortense . Copper Town: Changing Africa. New York: Harper & Row, 1962. Ch. 15, “Listening to the Radio,” concerns research on listeners to the Lusaka station (famous for its vernacular broadcasts — see Fraenkel, 159).

Powell Jon T. “U.S. Television and Southern Rhodesia: An Issue of Basic Rights.” Federal Communications Bar Journal, 23: 122–139 (1969). Concerns effects on broadcasting of the U.S. economic embargo on Rhodesia.

Prakash Om , and Fyle Clifford M. . “Books for Developing Countries.” Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 47. Paris: Unesco, 1965.

Prakke H. J. Publizist and Publikum in Afrika. Köln: Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, 1962. Relates mass media to traditional media of communication (in German).

Présence Africaine (Paris) 88–4 (1973). Special issue with a valuable group of essays (in French) on “Mass Media and Black Civilization,” seen in the “négritude” perspective favored by the Francophone countries.

Quarmyne A. T. and Bebey F. . “Training for Radio and Television in Africa.” Paris: Unesco, 1967. Mimeo. Penetrating analysis of personnel problems in African broadcasting by two experienced radio men.

Rachty Gehan A. “Mass Media and the Process of Modernization in Egypt After the 1952 Revolution.” Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1968.

Radio and Television (Prague), 4: 6–9 (1968). “Historical Notes on Television in the Republic of the Sudan.”

Ralph John A. “A Study of News about Negroes in the United States as Reported by Three Nigerian Newspapers.” Master's thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1966.

Ravelomanantsoa Christian . “L'Information à Madagascar.” Interstages (January 1, 1967), pp. 1–3.

Reed James R. “The Interaction of Government, Private Enterprise and Voluntary Agencies in the Development of Broadcasting in the Republic of Liberia from 1950 to 1970: An Historical and Descriptive Study.” Master's thesis, Temple University, 1970.

Reed Jane and Grant Richard . Voice Under Every Palm. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968. Story of the evangelistic station, ELWA, run in Liberia by the Sudan Interior Mission.

Reeves J. M. “Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Introduction of Television.” EBU Review, 65A: 31–33 (February 1961).

Reith J. C. W. “Report on Broadcasting Policy and Development.” Pretoria: Government Printer, 1935. The 16 pages of recommendations by the BBC's famous head that led to the founding of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, replacing an earlier private company.

Robert G. Le Laniement des Radio-Clubs du Niger. Paris: Office de Cooperation Radiophonique, 1967. Book-length treatment of a favorite method used to extend influence of radio in Francophone Africa.

Roppa Guy M. “Communication for Modernization in a Nomadic Society: Conditions and Prospects in Somalia.” Master's thesis, Indiana University, 1970. Deals with period 1960–1969.

Rose Ernest D. World Film and Television Study Resources: A Reference Guide to Major Training Centers and Archives. Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1974. Includes brief descriptions of facilities in 12 African countries and a note on the Pan-African Federation of Cinéastes.

Rowand Evelyn . “Press and Opinion in British West Africa, 1855–1900: The Development of a Sense of Identity Among Educated British West Africans of the Later Nineteenth Century.” Doctoral dissertation, Birmingham University (England), 1972.

Rugh William A. “Arab Media and Politics During the October War.” Middle East Journal, 29: 310–328 (Summer 1975). Includes brief comments on media in Algeria and Egypt.

Rural Africana. 12 (Fall 1970). Entire issue on “Film and African Development.”

Sampson Anthony . Drum: The Newspaper That Won the Heart of Africa. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1957. See also Hopkinson (208).

Santos S. V. “Radio Expansion in Nigeria.” COMBROAD (January–March 1975), pp. 11–13.

Schaar Stuart H. “The Mass Media in Morocco.” American Universities Field Staff Reports, North Africa Series, 14 (1968), entire issue.

Schramm Wilbur and Sommerlad Lloyd E. . Northern Rhodesia: Training in Mass Communication. Paris: Unesco, 1964.

Schramm Wilbur The New Media: Memo to Educational Planners. Paris: Unesco/International Institute for Educational Planning, 1967. Summary of case studies, for which see Unesco, 1967 (419).

Schramm Wilbur Nelson Lyle M. , and Sommerlad Lloyd E. . A Plan for Developing Training for the Mass Media in East Africa. Report to the United States Agency for International Development, Unesco, and the Governments of the Nations of East Africa. Revised Report. [Stanford: Stanford University Institute of Communication Research], 1969.

Schultz Dagmar . “Broadcasting in Africa, with Specific Emphasis on West Africa.” Master's thesis, University of Michigan, 1965.

SCOPE Ltd. Market and Opinion Research . Media Survey in Ethiopia. Lucerne, Switzerland: SCOPE (May, 1969). Example of the type of media survey commissioned overseas by the USIA.

Scotton James F. “Growth of the Vernacular Press in Colonial East Africa: Patterns of Government Control.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1971.

Scotton James F. “Kenya's Maligned African Press.” Journalism Quarterly, 52: 30–36 (Spring 1975). Author revises conventional wisdom by going back to original archives of Kenya's vernacular newspapers.

Scotton James F. “The Press in Kenya a Decade After Independence: Patterns of Readership and Ownership.” Gazette, 21: 19–33 (1975).

Seawell John P. “Mass Communications in Ethiopia: Blunted Instrument of Government.” Master's thesis, University of Texas, 1971.

Sellers W. “Mobile Cinema Shows in Africa.” Colonial Review, 9: 13–14 (March 1955).

Sene Birkane . “La Situation de la Presse au Senegal.” Interstages (May 15, 1972), pp. 11–17.

Shang-Simpson K. “The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.” EBU Review, 78B: 8–14 (March 1963). Author is a distinguished Ghanaian broadcaster.

Shelby Martha J. “Influence of Tribalism, Lingua Franca, and Mass Communication on National Development of East African States of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, 1971.

Singleton Thomas . “CEDO Moves into Educational Radio: A Definition of Purpose.” Educational Broadcasting International, 5: 28–31 (March 1971). About the Centre for Educational Development Overseas, since absorbed by the British Council.

Singleton Thomas . “Training: A Brief Case Study.” Educational Broadcasting International, 6: 131–132 (September 1973). Concerns a CEDO Egyptian project.

Smith H. Lindsay . Behind the Press in South Africa. Cape Town: Stewart, 1945.

Smith Henry L. “The Egyptian Press and Its Current Problems.” Journalism Quarterly, 21: 331–336 (Summer 1954).

Smith Jasper K. “The Press and Elite Values in Ghana, 1962–1970.” Journalism Quarterly, 49: 679–683 (Winter 1972). Content analysis of editorials.

Smythe H. and Smythe M. M. . “The Development of Mass Media in Africa.”. Journal of Human Relations, 10: 450–473 (1962). Refers to Unesco meeting on African media of that year (see 414).

[Somalia]. Ministry of Information . The Development of Broadcasting in Somalia. [Compiled by Suleiman Mohammed Adam]. Mogadishu: Government Printing Press, 1968.

Sommerlad E. Lloyd . The Press in Developing Countries. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1966. Devotes pp. 33–40 to Africa.

Sommerlad E. Lloyd . “Problems in Developing a Free Enterprise Press in East Africa.” Gazette, 14: 74–78(1968).

Souriqu-Hoebrechts Christiane . La Presse Maghrebine. Paris: Centre de Recherches sur l'Afrique Méditerranéen, 1967.

Starkey Posie L. “Arab Daily Journalism: The Press in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Republic.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1968.

Stephen D. A. “This is Radio Rhodesia.” EBU Review, 93B: 23–26 (September 1965).

Stevens B. J. “VHF/FM Sound Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa. Part II: Network Design.” EBU Review, 84A: 58–63 (April 1964). For the other parts see Collett (99) and Mills (284).

Stevenson Robert L. “A Comparative Analysis of the News Output of Five Government External Broadcasting Systems.” Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1969. South Africa is one of the five.

Stewart Desmond . “The Rise and Fall of Muhammed Heikal.” Encounter (June 1974), pp. 87–93. Refers to the editor of Egypt's influential daily, Al Ahram.

Stokke Olav , ed. Reporting Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1971. Papers from a Scandinavian Institute of African Studies seminar, half devoted to problems of press freedom in Africa, half to problems of reporting on Africa by newspersons in other countries. See the papers of Agyamang (44), Daura (116), Githii (174), and Legum (251).

Sufott Emmanuel Z. “African Political Issues: A Content Analysis of Elite-Mass Communication.” Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University, 1969. Based on a content analysis of monitoring reports of the Foreign Broadcasting Information Service (36).

Swedish Telecommunication Consulting AB . Systems Survey for the National Broadcasting and Information Networks: Final Report. Prepared for the Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 4 vols. [Stockholm: Swedish Telecommunication Authority], 1972. An example of the innumerable planning and feasibility studies that have been conducted in the continent by outside consultants.

Telecommunication Journal, 36: 360–365 (August 1969). “Dakar: First ITU Seminar on Improvement of Sound and Television Broadcasting in Africa.”

Swedish Telecommunication Consulting AB. 38: 507–508 (July 1971). “Seminar on the Planning of Broadcasting Systems in Africa.”

Swedish Telecommunication Consulting AB. 41 (October 1973). Special issue with comprehensive description of the telecommunications system and facilities in Cameroon.

Telli Diallo . “Report on Pan-African News Agency.” Addis Ababa: Organization of African Unity, 1966.

Tevoedjre Tarcissius . “An Educational Campaign by Radio in Dahomey.” EBU Review, 114B: 35–37 (March 1969).

Thomas Mégnassan . “Les Problèmes de l'Information au Dahomey.” Interstages (April 1, 1969), pp. 1–11.

Thomasi Marcel L. “A Report on Broadcasting in the Gambia, 1942–1970. Bathurst: Information and Broadcasting Department, 1970. Mimeo.

Tickton Sidney G. “Instructional Technology in the Developing World.” Educational Broadcasting Review, 6: 97–104 (April 1972). Discusses Ivory Coast and Niger.

Touadé Emmanuel . “La Radiodiffusion Nationale Tschadienne.” Interstages (November 15, 1965), pp. 8–14.

Turner L. W. and Byron F. A. W. . Broadcasting Survey of the British West African Colonies in Connection with the Development of Broadcasting Services for the African Population. London: Colonial Office, 1949. Mimeo. The major postwar study regarding broadcasting developmental needs in British colonies in Africa.

Turpeau Anne B. “The Government and the Newspaper Press of Nigeria.” Master's thesis, Howard University, 1962.

Ugboajah Frank . “Traditional-Urban Media Model: Stocktaking for African Development.” Gazette, 18: 76–95(1972).

Ulmer Eugen . “The Revisions of the Copyright Conventions.” EBU Review, 130B: 86–98 (November 1971).

[Unesco] . Reports and Papers on Mass Communication. Paris: Unesco, 1952 ff. By 1975 over 70 titles in this important series had been issued. Those explicitly concerned with Africa and cited in this bibliography are: #7 (Unesco, 406), #23 (Unesco, 409), #24 (Jeffries, 410), #33 (Unesco, 412), #37 (Unesco, 414), #46 (Lawrence, 249), #47 (Prakash, 340), #48 (Marathey and Bourgeois, 269), #51 ( Coleman , 98), #60 (Williams, 456), #62 (Maddison, 268), #69 (Cassirer, 89), #70 (Nordenstreng and Varis, 308).

[Unesco] . The Daily Press: A Survey of the World Situation in 1952. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 7. Paris: Unesco, 1953. Contains brief data on papers in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Libya, and South Africa.

[Unesco] . News Agencies: Their Structure and Operation. Paris: Unesco, 1953 (repr. Greenwood Press, 1971). Africa mentioned under “National Agencies,” pp. 62–65.

[Unesco] . Television: A World Survey. Paris: Unesco, 1953. (Repr. Arno Press, 1972). Mentions Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Egypt is added in a 1955 Supplement.

[Unesco] . Cultural Radio Broadcasts: Some Experiences. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 23. Paris: Unesco, 1956. Touches on the role of radio in the cultural life of Egypt on pp. 41–46.

[Unesco] . Periodicals for New Literates: Seven Case Histories of Editorial Methods. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 24. Paris: Unesco, 1957. For African cases see Jeffries (229), Mason (274), and Montague (285).

[Unesco] . Professional Associations in the Mass Media. Paris: Unesco, 1959. Mentions organizations in 13 African countries.

[Unesco] . Mass Media in the Developing Countries. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 33. Paris: Unesco, 1961. African summary on pp. 28–31.

[Unesco] . “Report of the Meeting on Educational Broadcasting in Tropical Africa.” Moshi, Tanganyika, September 11–16, 1961. Paris: Unesco, 1961.

[Unesco] . Developing Information Media in Africa: Press, Radio, Film, Television. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 37. Paris: Unesco, 1962. Report of a major Unesco meeting attended by representatives of most African countries. Together with meetings in Asia and Latin America, the three formed the basis for far-reaching media assistance policies for the succeeding decade of Unesco activities.

[Unesco] . Meeting of Experts on Development of News Agencies in Africa, Tunis, April 1–6, 1963. Paris: Unesco, 1963. Towards a Union of African News Agencies.

[Unesco] . Statistics on Radio and Television, 1950–1960. Unesco Statistical Reports and Studies. Paris: Unesco, 1963. World status summary based on replies to questionnaries. Some African countries included in radio program analyses; four included in TV transmission-reception data.

[Unesco] . “Meeting on the Introduction and Development of Television in Africa.” Lagos, Nigeria, September 21–29, 1964. Paris: Unesco, 1964.

[Unesco] . Catalogue Films Ethnographiques sur l'Afrique Noir. Paris: Unesco, 1967. Contains information on production activities as well as a film list.

[Unesco] . New Educational Media in Action: Case Studies for Planners. 3 vols. Paris: Unesco/International Institute for Educational Planning, 1967. Cases studied include projects in Algeria, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo. See summarizing volume by Schramm . (362).

[Unesco] ., Communication in the Space Age: The Use of Satellites by the Mass Media. Paris: Unesco, 1968. Includes brief discussion of Africa.

[Unesco] . “Seminar on the Use of the Mass Media for Social Education in Urban Areas of Africa — Final Report.” Dakar, January 27 — February 1, 1969. Paris: Unesco, 1969.

[Unesco] . “Schools of Journalism and Communications Research Centres.” Paris: Unesco, 1970. Straightforward list, including African schools.

[Unesco] . “Educational Broadcasting in Eastern Africa.” Report from a Unesco Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, November 16 — December 11,1970. Paris; Unesco, 1971.

[Unesco] . “Meeting of Experts on Book Development in the Arab Countries.” Cairo, May 1–6, 1972. Final Report. Paris: Unesco, 1972.

[Unesco] . Studies and Documents in Cultural Policies. Paris: Unesco, 1972 ff. The following African countries had been treated in this series by 1975: Egypt (see Wahba, 445), Kenya (in preparation), Liberia (Best, 69), Nigeria (Fasuyi, 154), Senegal (M'Bengue, 278), Tanzania (Mbughuni, 279).

[Unesco] . “Management and Planning of New Systems of Communication: Conclusions Drawn from an Inventory of Communication Resources in Tunisia.” Paris: Unesco, 1973. United States Information Agency. Research and Reference Service. (The following research reports have been declassified and made available to researchers through government repository libraries. All are published in mimeograph form by the USIA, Washington, D. C.)

“Radio Listening in Four West African Cities.” PMS-43 (December 1960). Refers to Abijan, Accra, Dakar, and Lagos.

“Basic Attitudes and General Communication Habits in Four West African Capitals.” PMS-51 (July 1961). Based on data of PMS-43 above.

“Media Use Among Africans in Nairobi, Kenya.” R-91-63 (May 1963).

“Media Preferences of Better Educated Nigerians and Radio Listening Habits of the General Population.” R-203-64 (May 1964).

“Voice of America Transistor Contest: French to Africa.” R-72-64 (July 1964).

“Revised Annotated Listing of the African Press.” R-110-64 (August 1964).

“Foreign Radio Listening in Lagos, Nigeria.” R-151-64 (October 8, 1964).

“VOA Contestants in Lagos, Nigeria: Their Representativeness and their Use of Radio.” R-127-65 (September 1965).

“East Africa Media Survey, Part I: Comparative Media Use and Listening to Foreign Radio Stations.” R-122-66 (November 1966). Deals with Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

“Mass Media Habits in West Africa.” R-64-66 (March 1966). Deals with Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal, and Togo.

“Analysis of Letters — Swahili Service ‘Lucky Bag’ Contest.” R-72-64 (May 7, 1969).

“VOA Audience Estimates for Nigeria.” E-4-74 (March 5, 1974).

“VOA-CAAP Audience Estimate for Kenya.” E-12-74 (September 3, 1974).

“VOA-CAAP Audience Estimate for Kinshasa, Zaire.” E-16-74 (November 14, 1974).

Van As Mathinus . “Differential Roles of the Press and Radio in an Extension Program in the Union of South Africa.” Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1959.

Van Deusen Robert E. “A Study of a Church-Related International Broadcasting Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.” Doctoral dissertation, American University, 1968.

Van der Werf S. “Francophone Publishing in Africa.” Africa Report (March 1971), pp. 25–27.

Voss Harald . Rundfunk und Fernsehen in Afrika. Köln: Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, 1962. Country-by-country analysis (in German) of the whole continent at the close of the colonial period. Compare with Bebey (65).

Wahba Magdi . Cultural Policy in Egypt. Unesco Studies and Documents in Cultural Policies Series. Paris: Unesco, 1972. For others in this series, see Unesco , 1972(425).

Warner William K. Jr. “Mass Media and Communications Education in Five African Countries.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1972. Refers to Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Zambia.

Watts Ronald A. “African Journalism Institute.” Gazette, 14: 153–158 (1968). Refers to an International Federation of Journalists project.

Wedell E. G. and Pilsworth M. J. . The Role of Broadcasting in National Development: Nigeria Case Study. Draft Report. Manchester, England: Department of Adult Education, University of Manchester, January 1974. This and items 314, 449, and 450 are products of a Ford Foundation project under International Broadcast Institute auspices. Each case study represents probably the most complete contemporary account of the individual broadcasting system under study.

Wedell E. G. and Pilsworth M. J. . The Role of Broadcasting in National Development: Algeria Case Study. Draft Report. Manchester, England: Department of Adult Education, University of Manchester, July 1974.

Wedell E. G. and Pilsworth M. J. . The Role of Broadcasting in National Development: Tanzania Case Study. Draft Report. Manchester, England: Department of Adult Education. University of Manchester, March 1975.

Welbeck Paa-Bekoe . “The Role of Ghana Television in Education and National Development: An Exploratory Study.” Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1971.

Welsh B. W. “Educational Broadcasting in Tanzania.” Gazette, 14: 111–128(1968).

Western Nigeria Radiovision Services . “Television in the New Nigeria.” Ibadan: Western Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation, [1972]. A 36-page compilation of papers celebrating “Television Week,” a period during which the WNRS depended solely on locally produced programs.

Wheatley Ronald B. “An Exploratory Analysis of the Objects of Trust and Threat in the Political News of the Nigerian Popular Press.” Master's thesis, University of Washington, 1969.

Wilcox Dennis L. Mass Media in Black Africa. New York: Praeger, 1975. Based on author's doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, 1974. Uses results of a questionnaire to update press-control data such as that of Lowenstein (256).

Williams J. Grenfell . Radio in Fundamental Education in Underdeveloped Areas. Press, Film and Radio in the World Today Series No. 60. Paris: Unesco, 1950. Includes material on Algeria, Belgian Congo, Gold Coast, and Northern Rhodesia.

Willings J. A. Ethiopia: Mass Media, Education and Development. Paris: Unesco, 1969. Recommendations about an innovative mass media center to serve the educational system there.

Winter David . Seychelles Calling. Woking, Surrey: Far East Broadcasting Association, 1971. Concerning the only British overseas missionary station.

Wright George R. “Comparison of the Function of the Press of Ghana and Nigeria.” Master's thesis, Columbia University, 1966.

Zartman I. William . “URTNA: Joint Approach to Media Building.” Africa Report (August 1963), p. 20. About the Union of National Radio and Television Organizations of Africa.