The Development of China's Foreign Policy toward Africa,1955–1972

Legum Colin , “African and China: Symbolism and Substance.” In Halpern A.M. , ed., Policies Toward China: Views from Six Continents (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), pp. 389–436; Lowenthal Richard , “China”. In Brzezinski Zbigniew , ed., Africa and the Communist World (Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press, 1963), pp. 143–203; R.B., “China's Impact on Africa—A Summing Up,” Race, Vol. 5, No. 4 (April, 1964), pp. 79–82.

Kahin George McTurnan , The Asian-African Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 76.

Kerr Malcolm H. , “The Middle East and China: The Scope and Limits of Covergent Interests.” In Halpern , op. cit., pp. 438–439.

Klein Donald W. , “Peking's Evolving Ministry of Foreign Affairs.” China Quarterly, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1960), pp. 28–39.

Larkin David D. , China and Africa, 1949–1970: The Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California, 1970), pp. 17–29.

Ibid., p. 40.

Adie W.A.C. , “China, Russia and the Third World.” China Quarterly, No. 11 (July-Sept. 1962), pp. 209–213; Scalapino Robert A. , “Sino-Soviet Competition in Africa.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 4 (July 1964), pp. 640–654.

Prybyla Jan S. , “Communist China's Economic Relations with Africa 1960–1964.” Asian Survey , Vol 4, No. 11 (Nov. 1964), pp. 1135–1143; Wilson Dick , “China's Economic Relations with Africa.” Race, Vol 5, No. 4 (April 1964), pp. 61–71.

Adie W.A.C. “Chou En-lai on Safari.” China Quarterly, No. 18 (April-June 1964), pp. 174–194.

Young M. Crawford “The Congo Rebellion,” Africa Report, Vol. 10, No. 4 (April 1965), pp. 6–11; “Pékin et l'Afrique.” Afrique Contemporaine; No. 16 (Nov.-Dec. 1964), pp. 17–21.

For more information on “Operation Green Mamba,” see Hevi Emmanuel J. , The Dragon's Embrace: The Chinese Communists and Africa (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967), pp. 62–63 and 97–113; Ghana's Ministry of Information, Nkrumah's Subversion in Africa (Accra-Tema: State Publishing Co., 1966).

Comte Gilbert , “Peking Shows Its New African Look.” Africa Report, Vol. 16, No. 3 (March 1971), p. 20.

Yahuda Michael B. , “Chinese Foreign Policy After 1963: “The Maoist Phases.” China Quarterly, No. 36 (Oct.-Dec., 1968), pp. 93–113; Sim Yawsoon “Taiwan and Africa.” Africa Today, Vol 18, No. 3 (July 1971), pp. 20–23; Slawecki Leon M. , “Two Chinas in Africa.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Jan. 1963), pp. 398–409. For the countries which recognized the Nationalist government, see Yu George T. , “Chinese Rivalry in Africa.” Race, Vol 5, No. 4 (April, 1964), pp. 41–42.

Adie W.A.C. , “Effects on Foreign Policy of Conflicts Within the Cultural Revolution Group.” In The Cultural Revolution and China's Foreign Policy (Bruxelles: Centre d'Etude Du Sud-Est Asiatique et de l'Extrème Orient, 1968), pp. 1–11.

The New York Times, 25 May 1967.

For the principles which guide China's foreign aid program, see Larkin , pp. 103–105.

Prybyla , op. cit., p. 1143; Larkin Bruce D. , “China and Africa: A prospective on the 1970s.” Africa Today, Vol 18, No. 3 (July 1971), p. 4.

Comte , op. cit., pp. 19–20; Heinzerling Larry , “China Resurging in Africa.” The Washington Post, 3 April 1972.

For the countries which recognized the Peking government by 1970, see Bailey Sydney D. , Chinese Representation in the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations (Sussex, England: University of Sussex, 1970), ISIO Monographs, First Series, No. 1, pp. 32–33; The Washington Post, 3 April 1972.

El-Khawas Mohamed , “Africa, China and the United Nations.” African Review, forthcoming.

U.N. Monthly Chronicle, Vol 8, No. 10, Nov. 1971, p. 60.

UN.GA.Or. (XXVI), Provisional A/PV. 1976, 25 October 1971.

Larkin , op. cit., pp. 101–108.

Yu George T. , “China's Failure in Africa.” Asian Survey, Vol. 6, No. 8 (August 1966), pp. 461–468; Hinton Harold C. , China's Turbulent Quest (London: The Macmillan Co., 1970), p. 111.

Yu George T. , “Dragon in the Bush: Peking's Presence in Africa.” Asian Survey, Vol. 8, No. 12 (Dec. 1968), pp. 1018–1026.

For the list of military action in Africa between 1962–1967, see Nkrumah Kwame , Dark Days in Ghana (New York: International Publishers, 1969), pp. 47–48.