This essay discusses some of the major facets of the race, ethnicity, and crime topic and identifies the major questions that need to be addressed. It reviews the development of criminological interest in this topic from the 1920s to the present. Furthermore, it reviews the evidence on race and crime and on ethnicity and gang behavior. Finally, it examines a number of recent statements that have addressed issues of public policy related to “underclass” crime.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
“Aborigines Often Die in Jail, Australian Newspaper Says.”1996. Seattle Times, November 9.
2.
Archer, Dane
and Rosemary Gartner. 1983. Violence and Crime in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3.
Bailey, William C.1984. “Poverty, Inequality, and the Urban Homicide Rate.”Criminology22:531-550.
4.
Banfield, Edward C.
1959. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: Free Press.
5.
Bell, Daniel
. 1953. “Crime as an American Way of Life.”Antioch Review13:131-154.
6.
Blau, J. R.
and Peter M. Blau. 1982. “The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime.”American Sociological Review43:114-129.
7.
Bloch, Herbert A.
1952. Disorganization: Personal and Social. New York: Knopf.
8.
Bohannon, Paul
, ed. 1960. African Homicide and Suicide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9.
Bursik, Robert J., Jr.1988. “Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects.”Criminology26:519-555.
10.
Chin, Ko-Lin
. 1990a. “Chinese Gangs and Extortion.” Pp. 129-145 in Gangs in America, edited by C. R. Huff. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11.
Chin, Ko-Lin
. 1990b. Chinese Subculture and Criminality. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
12.
Chin, Ko-Lin
. 1996. Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
13.
Cohen, Albert K.
1955. Delinquent Boys. New York: Free Press.
14.
Cloward, Richard A.
and Lloyd E. Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity. New York: Free Press.
15.
Crutchfield, Robert D.
, George S. Bridges, and Susan R. Pitchford. 1994. “Analytical and Aggregation Biases in Analyses of Imprisonment: Reconciling Discrepancies in Studies of Racial Disparity.”Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:166-182.
16.
Currie, Elliott
. 1985. Confronting Crime. New York: Pantheon.
17.
Decker, Scott
and Barrik Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
18.
Edgerton, Robert B.
1976. Deviance: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Redwood City, CA: Cummings.
19.
Elliott, Mabel A.
and Francis A. Merrill. 1950. Social Disorganization. New York: Harper.
20.
Faris, Robert E. L.
1955. Social Disorganization. New York: Ronald.
21.
Fujita, David
and Stephen O'Brien. 1991. Japanese American Ethnicity. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
22.
Gibbons, Don C.
1979. The Criminological Enterprise. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
23.
Gibbons, Don C.1983. “Mundane Crime.”Crime & Delinquency29:213-227.
24.
Gibbons, Don C.
1991. Society, Crime, and Criminal Behavior. 6th ed.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25.
Gibbons, Don C.
1994. Talking About Crime and Criminals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
26.
Gibbons, Don C.
and Marvin D. Krohn. 1991. Delinquent Behavior. 5th ed.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
27.
Hagedorn, John
. 1988. People and Folks. Chicago: Lake View.
28.
Hawkins, Darnell F.
, ed. 1995. Ethnicity and Crime. Albany: State University of New York Press.
29.
Hayner, Norman S.1933. “Delinquency Areas in the Puget Sound Region.”American Journal of Sociology39:314-328.
30.
Horowitz, Ruth
. 1983. Honor and the American Dream. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
31.
Ianni, Francis A. J.
, with Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni. 1972. A Family Business. New York: Russell Sage.
32.
Messner, Steven F.1982. “Poverty, Inequality, and the Urban Homicide Rate.”Criminology20:103-113.
33.
Messner, Steven F.
and Richard Rosenberg. 1994. Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
34.
Miller, Jerome G.
1996. Search and Destroy: African-Americans in the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
35.
Miller, Walter B.1958. “Lower-Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency.”Journal of Social Issues14:5-19.
36.
Miyamoto, S. Frank
. 1939. Social Solidarity Among the Japanese in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
37.
Moore, Joan W.
1978. Homeboys, Gangs, Drugs, and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
38.
Moore, Joan W.
1991. Going Down in the Barrio. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
39.
Nielson, Marianne O.
and Robert A. Silverman, eds. 1996. Native Americans, Crime and Justice. Boulder, CO: Westview.
40.
Oxford American Dictionary. 1980. New York: Oxford University Press.
41.
Padilla, Felix M.
1992. The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
42.
Park, Robert
, Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie. 1967. The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43.
Reiss, Albert J., Jr.
and Michael Tonry, eds. 1986. Communities and Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44.
Sanday, Peggy R.1981. “The Social-Cultural Context of Rape: A Cross-Cultural Study.”Journal of Social Issues37:5-27.
45.
Sanders, William B.
1994. Gangbangs and Drivebys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
46.
Shaw, Clifford D.
and Henry D. McKay. 1931. Social Factors in Juvenile Delinquency. Vol. 2 of Report on the Causes of Crime. Washington, DC: National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.
47.
Shaw, Clifford D.
and Henry D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48.
Short, James F., Jr.
1996. Gangs and Adolescent Violence. Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science.
49.
Short, James F., Jr.
Forthcoming. Poverty, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview.
50.
Short, James F.
and Fred L. Strodtbeck. 1965. Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51.
Sparrow, Malcolm
. 1996. License to Steal. Boulder, CO: Westview.
52.
Sutherland, Edwin H.
1924. Criminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
53.
Sutherland, Edwin H.
and Donald R. Cressey. 1978. Criminology. 10th ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott.
54.
Tittle, Charles R.
1995. Control Balance. Boulder, CO: Westview.
55.
Tonry, Michael
, ed. 1996. Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration: Cross-National Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56.
Toy, C.1992. “A Short History of Asian Gangs in San Francisco.”Justice Quarterly9:647-665.
57.
van Dijk
, Jan J., Pat Mayhew, and Martin Killias. 1990. Experiences of Crime Across the World. De Vente, Netherlands: Kluwer.
58.
Vigil, James Diego
. 1988. Barrio Gangs. Austin: University of Texas Press.
59.
Walker, Samuel
, Cassia Spohn, and Miriame DeLone. 1996. The Color of Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
60.
Webster's New World Dictionary. 1959. New York: World Book.
61.
Wilson, William Julius
. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62.
Wilson, William Julius
. 1996. When Work Disappears. New York: Knopf.
