The quality of procedural justice is especially relevant to recent changes in juvenile courts' sentencing policies. Punitiveness is reflected in (a) changes in juvenile code purpose clauses and court decisions endorsing punishment; (b) juvenile sentencing statutes and correctional guidelines that employ proportional, determinate, or mandatory sentences; and (c) evaluations of dispositional decision making and conditions of institutional confinement. The shift from treatment to punishment raises basic issues of procedural justice, especially the delivery of legal services. As juvenile courts' sentencing practices resemble increasingly those of their criminal counterparts, does any reason remain to maintain a separate court whose sole distinguishing characteristic is its persisting procedural deficiencies?
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aday, David P. Jr.1986. “Court Structure, Defense Attorney Use, and Juvenile Court Decisions.”Sociological Quarterly27:107-119.
2.
Allen, Francis A.
1964. “Legal Values and the Rehabilitative Ideal.” Pp. 25-41 in Borderland of the Criminal Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Allen, Francis A.1978. “The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal in American Criminal Justice.”Cleveland State Law Review27:147-156.
4.
Allen, Francis A.
1981. The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal: Penal Policy and Social Purpose. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5.
American Friends Service Committee
. 1971. Struggle for Justice. New York: Hill & Wang.
6.
Arizona Department of Corrections
. 1986. Length of Confinement Guidelines for Juveniles. Tucson: Author.
7.
Bartollas, Clemens
, Stuart J. Miller, and Simon Dinitz. 1976. Juvenile Victimization. New York: Wiley.
8.
Barton, William
. 1976. “Discretionary Decision-Making in Juvenile Justice.”Crime and Delinquency22:470-480.
9.
Bortner, M. A.
1982. Inside a Juvenile Court. New York: New York University Press.
10.
Cicourel, Aaron V.
1968. The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice. New York: Wiley.
11.
Clarke, Stevens H.
and Gary G. Koch. 1980. “Juvenile Court: Therapy or Crime Control, and Do Lawyers Make a Difference?”Law and Society Review14:263-308.
12.
Coates, Robert
, Martin Forst, and Bruce Fisher. 1985. Institutional Commitment and Release Decision-making for Juvenile Delinquents: An Assessment of Determinate and Indeterminate Approaches—A Cross-State Analysis. San Francisco: URSA Institute.
13.
Cohen, Fred
. 1978. “Juvenile Offenders: Proportionality vs. Treatment.”Children's Rights Reporter8:1-16.
14.
Dannefer, Dale
and Russell Schutt. 1982. “Race and Juvenile Justice Processing in Court and Police Agencies.”American Journal of Sociology87:1113-1132.
15.
Emerson, Robert M.
1969. Judging Delinquents. Chicago: Aldine.
16.
Fagan, Jeffrey
, Ellen Slaughter, and Eliot Hartstone. 1987. “Blind Justice? The Impact of Race on the Juvenile Justice Process.”Crime and Delinquency33:224-258.
17.
Feld, Barry C.
1977. Neutralizing Inmate Violence. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
18.
Feld, Barry C.1981a. “Juvenile Court Legislative Reform and the Serious Young Offender: Dismantling the `Rehabilitative Ideal.' ”Minnesota Law Review69:141-242.
19.
Feld, Barry C.1981b. “A Comparative Analysis of Organizational Structure and Inmate Subcultures in Institutions for Juvenile Offenders.”Crime and Delinquency27:336-363.
20.
Feld, Barry C.1984. “Criminalizing Juvenile Justice: Rules of Procedure for Juvenile Court.”Minnesota Law Review69:141-276.
21.
Feld, Barry C.1987. “Juvenile Court Meets the Principle of Offense: Legislative Changes in Juvenile Waiver Statutes.”Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology78:471-533.
22.
Feld, Barry C.1988a. “In re Gault Revisited: A Cross-State Comparison of the Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court.”Crime and Delinquency34:393-424.
23.
Feld, Barry C.1988b. “Juvenile Court Meets the Principle of Offense: Punishment, Treatment, and the Difference it Makes.”Boston University Law Review68:821-915.
24.
Feld, Barry C.1989. “The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: An Empirical Study of When Lawyers Appear and the Difference They Make.”Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology79:1185-1346.
25.
Ferster, Elyce Zenoff
and Thomas F. Courtless. 1972. “Pre-dispositional Data, Role of Counsel and Decisions in a Juvenile Court.”Law and Society Review7:195-222.
26.
Fisher, Bruce
, Mark Fraser, and Martin Forst. 1985. Institutional Commitment and Release Decision-Making for Juvenile Delinquents: An Assessment of Determinate and Indeterminate Approaches, Washington State—A Case Study. San Francisco: URSA Institute.
27.
Forst, Martin
, Elizabeth Friedman, and Robert Coates. 1985. Institutional Commitment and Release Decision-Making for Juvenile Delinquents: An Assessment of Determinate and Indeterminate Approaches, Georgia—A Case Study. San Francisco, CA: URSA Institute.
28.
Fox, Sanford J.1970. “Juvenile Justice Reform: An Historical Perspective.”Stanford Law Review22:1187-1239.
29.
Gardner, Martin
. 1982. “Punishment and Juvenile Justice: A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Constitutional Rights of Youthful Offenders.”Vanderbilt Law Review35:791-847.
30.
Georgia Division of Youth Services
. 1985. Policy and Procedure Manual. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Human Resources.
31.
Gibbons, Don C.
1965. Changing the Lawbreaker. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
32.
Greenberg, David
, ed. 1977. Corrections and Punishment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
33.
Greenwood, Peter, A.Lipson, A. Abrahamse
, and Frank Zimring. 1983. Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice in California. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
34.
Grisso, Thomas
. 1980. “Juveniles' Capacities to Waive Miranda Rights: An Empirical Analysis.”California Law Review68:1134-1166.
35.
Grisso, Thomas
. 1981. Juveniles' Waiver of Rights. New York: Plenum.
36.
Guggenheim, Martin
. 1978. “A Call to Abolish the Juvenile Justice System.”Children's Rights Reporter2:7-19.
37.
Hagan, John
and Jeffrey Leon. 1977. “Rediscovering Delinquency: Social History, Political Ideology and the Sociology of Law.”American Sociological Review42:587-598.
38.
Hart, H.L.A.
1968. Punishment and Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.
39.
Hawes, Joseph
. 1971. Children in Urban Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
40.
Hindelang, Michael
. 1978. “Race and Involvement in Common Law Personal Crimes.”American Sociological Review43:93-109.
41.
Horowitz, Allan
and Michael Wasserman. 1980. “Some Misleading Conceptions in Sentencing Research: An Example and Reformulation in the Juvenile Court.”Criminology18:411-424.
42.
Huizinga, David
and Delbert S. Elliott. 1987. “Juvenile Offenders: Prevalence, Offender Incidence, and Arrest Rates by Race.”Crime and Delinquency33:206-223.
43.
Institute of Judicial Administration - American Bar Association
. 1980. Juvenile Justice Standards Relating to Juvenile Delinquency and Sanctions. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
44.
Kalven, Harry
and Hans Zeisel. 1966. The American Jury. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45.
Krisberg, Barry
, Ira Schwartz, Gideon Fishman, Zvi Eisikovits, Edna Guttman, and Karen Joe. 1987. “The Incarceration of Minority Youth.”Crime and Delinquency33:173-205.
46.
Krisberg, Barry
, Ira Schwartz, Paul Lisky, and James Austin. 1986. “The Watershed of Juvenile Justice Reform.”Crime and Delinquency32:5-38.
47.
Lab, Steven P.
and John T. Whitehead. 1988. “An Analysis of Juvenile Correctional Treatment.”Crime and Delinquency34:60-83.
48.
Lefstein, Norman
, Vaughan Stapleton, and Lee Teitelbaum. 1969. “In Search of Juvenile Justice: Gault and Its Implementation.”Law and Society Review3:491-562.
49.
Lerner, Steven
. 1986. Bodily Harm. Bolinas, CA: Common Knowledge Press.
50.
Marshall, Ineke H.
and Charles W. Thomas. 1983. “Discretionary Decision-Making and the Juvenile Court.”Juvenile and Family Court Journal34:47-59.
51.
Martinson, Robert
. 1974. “What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform.”The Public Interest35:22-54.
52.
Matza, David
. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley.
53.
McCarthy, Belinda
and Brent L. Smith. 1986. “The Conceptualization of Discrimination in the Juvenile Justice Process: The Impact of Administrative Factors and Screening Decisions on Juvenile Court Dispositions.”Criminology24:41-64.
54.
Mennel, Robert
. 1973. Thorns and Thistles. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
55.
Minnesota Department of Corrections
. 1980. Juvenile Release Guidelines. St. Paul, MN. Minnesota Department of Corrections.
56.
Packer, Herbert L.
1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
57.
Petersilia, Joan
and Susan Turner. 1987. “Guideline-based Justice: Prediction and Racial Minorities.” Pp. 151-218 in Crime and Justice: An Annual Review Vol. 9, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58.
Phillips, Charles D.
and Simon Dinitz. 1982. “Labelling and Juvenile Court Dispositions: Official Responses to a Cohort of Violent Juveniles.”Sociological Quarterly23:267-278.
59.
Platt, Anthony
. 1977. The Child Savers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60.
Private Sector Task Force on Juvenile Justice
. 1987. Final Report. San Francisco: National Council of Crime and Delinquency.
61.
Rothman, David J.
1971. The Discovery of the Asylum. Boston: Little, Brown.
62.
Rothman, David J.
1980. Conscience and Convenience. Boston: Little, Brown
63.
Ryerson, Ellen
. 1978. The Best-laid Plans. New York: Hill & Wang.
64.
Schlossman, Steven
. 1977. Love and the American Delinquent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65.
Schneider, Anne
and Donna Schram. 1983. A Justice Philosophy For the Juvenile Court. Seattle, WA: Urban Policy Research.
66.
Sechrest, Lee B.
, Susan O. White, and Elizabeth D. Brown, eds. 1979. The Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
67.
Stapleton, W. Vaughan
and Lee E. Teitelbaum. 1972. In Defense of Youth. New York: Russell Sage.
68.
Sutton, John R.
1988. Stubborn Children. Berkeley: University of California Press.
69.
Thomas, Charles W.
and W. Anthony Fitch. 1975. “An Inquiry Into the Association Between Respondents' Personal Characteristics and Juvenile Court Dispositions.”William and Mary Law Review17:61-83.
70.
Twentieth Century Fund Task Force
. 1976. Fair and Certain Punishment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
71.
Von Hirsch, Andrew
. 1976. Doing Justice. New York: Hill & Wang.
72.
Von Hirsch, Andrew
. 1986. Past vs. Future Crimes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
73.
Walkover, Andrew
. 1984. “The Infancy Defense in the New Juvenile Court.”University California Los Angeles Law Review31:503-562.
74.
Walter, James D.
and Susan A. Ostrander. 1982. “An Observational Study of a Juvenile Court.”Juvenile and Family Court Journal33:53-69.
75.
Wolfgang, Marvin
, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin. 1972. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
