This article outlines and explores a structural theory of race, gender, and crime. We address past concerns about the use of official data to test theories of crime, and we advocate the renewed use of these data to test such theories. Three structural hypotheses are proposed and tested. Each hypothesis focuses in a different way on the interaction of race, gender, and crime, and the third hypothesis adds a crucial fourth variable—age. Our results support the structural approach proposed and encourage further comparative research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bell, D.1953“Crime as an American way of life.”Antioch Rev.13: 131-154.
2.
Bienvenue, P. M.
and A. H. Latis1974“Arrests, dispositions, and recidivism: A comparison of Indians and whites.”Canadian J. of Criminology and Corrections16: 105-116.
3.
Birkenmayer, A.
and S. Jolly 1981 A Native Inmate in Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Native Council on Justice.
4.
Bonger, W.
1916 Criminality and Economic Conditions. Boston: Little, Brown.
5.
Brown, L.
and C. Brown 1973 An Unauthorized History of the R.C.M.P.Toronto: Lewis and Samuel.
6.
Cernkovich, S.
and P. Giordano1979“A comparative analysis of male and female delinquency.”Soc. Q.20: 131-145.
7.
Friedland, M.
1981 “Gun control in Canada: Politics and impact.” Presented to Seminar on Canadian-U.S. Relations, Harvard Center for International Affairs: University Consortium for Research on North America.
8.
Hagan, J.1974“Criminal justice and Native people: A study of incarceration in a Canadian Province.”Canadian Rev. of Sociology and Anthropology Special Issue (August): 220-236.
9.
Hagan, J.
1984 The Disreputable Pleasures: Crime and Deviance in Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
10.
Hagan, J.
, J. Simpson, and A. R. Gillis1979“The sexual stratification of social control: A gender-based perspective on crime and delinquency.”British J. of Sociology30: 25-38.
11.
Henry, A.
and J. Short 1954 Suicide and Homicide. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
12.
Hindelang, M.1971“Age, sex and versatility of delinquent involvement.”Social Problems18: 522-535.
13.
Hindelang, M.1978“Race and involvement in common law personal crimes.”Amer. Soc. Rev.43: 93-109.
14.
Hindelang, M.1979“Sex differences in criminal activity.”Social Problems27: 143-156.
15.
Hindelang, M.
, T. Hirschi, and J. Weis 1981 Measuring Delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
16.
Hirschi, T.
and M. Gottfredson1983“Age and the explanation of crime.”Amer. J. of Sociology89: 552-584.
17.
Inciardi, J.
1975 Careers in Crime. Chicago: Rand McNally.
18.
Jensen, G.
and R. Eve1976“Sex differences in delinquency: An examination of popular sociological explanations.”Criminology13: 427-448.
19.
Kelly, W.
and N. Kelly 1976 Policing in Canada. Toronto: Macmillan.
20.
Kew, M.1972“100 Years of making Indians in B.C.”Canadian Dimension4: 35-40.
21.
Linden, E.
and C. Fillmore1981“A comparative study of delinquency involvement.”Canadian Rev. of Sociology and Anthropology18: 343-361.
22.
MacLeod, R. C.
1976 The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement 1873-1905. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press.
23.
McNaught, K.
1975 “Political trials and the Canadian political tradition,” in M. L. Freidland (ed.), Courts and Trials: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press.
24.
Nye, F. I.
and J. Short1957“Scaling delinquent behavior.”Amer. Soc. Rev.22: 326-332.
25.
Quinney, R.
1970 The Social Reality of Crime. New York: Little.
26.
Verdun-Jones, S.
and G. Muirhead1979“Natives in the Canadian criminal justice system.”Crime & Justice7: 3-21.
27.
Wise, N.
1967 “Juvenile delinquency among middle class girls,” in E. Vaz (ed.), Middle Class Delinquency. New York: Harper.
28.
Wolfgang, M.
1958 Patterns in Criminal Homicide. New York: Wiley
