Scientific Reform: The "New Penology" At Elmira,1876-1900

Abstract

Although the opening of the Elmira Reformatory in 1876 changed the course of American corrections by introducing "scientific reform" and the "new penology," few histories of the origin, development, operation and impact of this seminal institution have been completed. Extant studies also present uncritical, progressive interpretations. This study addresses this problem by contrasting the theory and practice of "scientific reform," as implemented by Superintendent Zebulon R. Brockway, from 1876 to 1900. An analysis of the investigations of the Elmira Reformatory, annual reports, and other sources reveals that there was a significant disparity between the aims of pioneer reform efforts—e.g., individualized treatment, indeterminate sentence, parole—and achieved results. Elmira was, in fact, a prison. Based upon these findings, modifications of completed progressive historical interpretations are suggested, as well as directions for future historical inquiries.