The rapidly growing influence of the economic approach to
criminology in academic study and in policy-making is indicated
in the abridged bibliography that follows this article. The
economists have revived the model of the "rational" criminal
and have reopened the question of punishment as a deterrent.
In these new studies, however, there is a danger of ignoring
the long-run social costs of any particular policy or law. In
some circumstances it would be "irrational" for an ex-convict
not to return to crime. By using methods such as cost-benefit
analysis, systems analysis, and program budgeting, economists
are striving to develop criteria for an improved allocation of
resources in law enforcement. For research purposes, the econo
mists assume that all divisions of the criminal justice system
have one goal: the protection of society. All other presumed
goals, such as deterrence, rehabilitation, prevention, punishment,
and the law itself, are treated as alternative programs imple
mented to achieve that goal.
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