Research shows that gentrification influences crime. However, there are no quantitative studies on gentrification’s impact on juvenile offending. This paper begins to fill this gap by examining the impact of gentrification on homicides by juveniles. To do this, we use Block, Block, and Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority’s data on Chicago Homicides from 1965 through 1995. We couple these data with historical census data to create a dataset of victims killed by juveniles within gentrified and non-gentrified census tracts. We employ a pooled, longitudinal Poisson regression model. Our findings indicate that gentrification is moderately and negatively associated with people killed by juveniles.
Abu-LughodJ. L. (1999). New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America’s global cities. University of Minnesota Press.
2.
AndersonE. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner City. W.W. Norton.
3.
AtkinsonR. (2004). The evidence on the impact of gentrification: New lessons for the urban renaissance?European Journal of Housing Policy, 4(1), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461671042000215479
4.
AutorD. H.PalmerC. J.PathakP. A. (2017). Gentrification and the amenity value of crime reductions: Evidence from rent deregulation (No. w23914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
BartonM. (2016a). An exploration of the importance of the strategy used to identify gentrification. Urban Studies, 53(1), 92–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014561723
BartonM. S.GrunerC. P. (2016). A theoretical explanation of the influence of gentrification on neighborhood crime. Deviant Behavior, 37(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.983004
9.
BartonM. S.ValasikM. A.BraultE.TitaG. (2020). “Gentefication” in the barrio: Examining the relationship between gentrification and homicide in east Los Angeles. Crime and Delinquency, https://doi.org/0011128719860835 66, 1888–1913.
10.
BeckerJ. H. (2016). The dynamics of neighborhood structural conditions: The effects of concentrated disadvantage on homicide over time and space. City and Community, 15(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12152
11.
BlockC.BlockR.; Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Homicides in Chicago, 1965-1995. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2005-07-06. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR06399.v5
12.
BlockC. R.ChristakosA. (1995). Major trends in Chicago homicide, 1965-1994. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
13.
BoggessL. N.HippJ. R. (2010). Violent crime, residential instability and mobility: Does the relationship differ in minority neighborhoods?Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(3), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-010-9093-7
14.
BoggessL. N.HippJ. R. (2016). The spatial dimensions of gentrification and the consequences for neighborhood crime. Justice Quarterly, 33(4), 584–613.
15.
BosticR. W.MartinR. W. (2003). Black home-owners as a gentrifying force? Neighbourhood dynamics in the context of minority home-ownership. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2427–2449. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136147
16.
BrameR.BushwayS.PaternosterR. (1999). On the use of panel research designs and random effects models to investigate static and dynamic theories of criminal offending. Criminology, 37(3), 599–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00498.x
17.
BranicN.HippJ. R. (2018). Growing pains or appreciable gains? Latent classes of neighborhood change, and consequences for crime in southern california neighborhoods. Social Science Research, 76, 77–91.
18.
BursikR. J.Jr. (1989). Political decisionmaking and ecological models of delinquency: Conflict and consensus. In MessnerS. F.KrohnM. D.LiskaA. E. (Eds.), Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects (pp. 105–118). State University of New York Press.
19.
BursikR. J.JrWebbJ. (1982). Community change and patterns of delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 88(1), 24–42.
20.
ClarkT. S.LinzerD. A. (2015). Should I use fixed or random effects?Political Science Research and Methods, 3(2), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.32
21.
CohenL. E.FelsonM. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.
22.
CovingtonJ.TaylorR. B. (1989). Gentrification and crime: Robbery and larceny changes in appreciating Baltimore neighborhoods during the 1970s. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 25(1), 142–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168902500109
23.
CurranW. (2007). ‘From the frying pan to the oven’: Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Urban Studies, 44, 1427–1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701373438
24.
DahlbergL. L.PotterL. B. (2001). Youth violence: Developmental pathways and prevention challenges. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00268-3
25.
DammA. P.DustmannC. (2014). Does growing up in a high crime neighborhood affect youth criminal behavior?American Economic Review, 104(6), 1806–1832. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1806
26.
DeGiovanniF. F.PaulsonN. A. (1984). Household diversity in revitalizing neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 20(2), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168402000206
27.
DietzR. D.HaurinD. R. (2003). The social and private micro-level consequences of homeownership. Journal of Urban Economics, 54(3), 401–450.
28.
FelsonM. (1995). Those who discourage crime. Crime and Place, 4.
29.
FreemanL. (2006). There goes the ’hood: Views of gentrification from the ground up. Temple University Press.
30.
GalsterG.SharkeyP. (2017). Spatial foundations of inequality: A conceptual model and empirical overview. RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 3(2), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.01
31.
GoodchildB.ColeI. (2001). Social balance and mixed neighbourhoods in Britain since 1979: A review of discourse and practice in social housing.Environment and Planning D Society and Space, 19(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1068/d39j
32.
HamnettC.WhiteleggD. (2007). Loft conversion and gentrification in London: From industrial to postindustrial land use. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 39(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38474
33.
HenigJ. R. (1980). Gentrification and displacement within cities: A comparative analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 61(3/4), 638–652. www.jstor.org/stable/42860776
34.
HerbertC. E.BelskyE. S. (2008). The homeownership experience of low-income and minority households: A review and synthesis of the literature. Cityscape, 10(2), 5–60.
35.
JohnsonS. R. L.FiniganN. M.BradshawC. P.HaynieD. L.ChengT. L. (2011). Examining the link between neighborhood context and parental messages to their adolescent children about violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.10.014
36.
KirkD. S.LaubJ. H. (2010). Neighborhood change and crime in the modern Metropolis. Crime and Justice, 39(1), 441–502. https://doi.org/10.1086/652788
37.
KleinhansR. (2004). Social implications of housing diversification in urban renewal: A review of recent literature. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19(4), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-004-3041-5
38.
KlingJ. R.LudwigJ.KatzL. F. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 87–130.
39.
KreagerD. A.LyonsC. J.HaysZ. R. (2011). Urban revitalization and Seattle crime, 1982-2000. Social Problems, 58(4), 615–639. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2011.58.4.615
40.
LandK. C.McCallP. L.CohenL. E. (1990). Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space?American Journal of Sociology, 95(4), 922–963. https://doi.org/10.1086/229381
41.
LeeM. R.BartkowskiJ. P. (2004). Civic participation, regional subcultures, and violence: The differential effects of secular and religious participation on adult and juvenile homicide. Homicide Studies, 8(1), 5–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767903256528
LeeY. Y. (2010). Gentrification and crime: Identification using the 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32, 549–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2010.00506.x
44.
LudwigJ.DuncanG. J.HirschfieldP. (2001). Urban poverty and juvenile crime: Evidence from a randomized housing-mobility experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530151144122
45.
MacDonaldJ. M.StokesR. J. (2020). Gentrification, land use, and crime. Annual Review of Criminology, 3(1), 121–138.
46.
MaimonD.BrowningC. R. (2010). Unstructured socializing, collective efficacy, and violent behavior among urban youth. Criminology, 48(2), 443–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00192.x
47.
MansonS.SchroederJ.Van RiperD.RugglesS. (2019). IPUMS national historical geographical information system: Version 14.0 [database], IPUMS. Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation. University of Minnesota.
48.
McCallP. L.ParkerK. F.MacDonaldJ. M. (2008). The dynamic relationship between homicide rates and social, economic, and political factors from 1970 to 2000. Social Science Research, 37(3), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.09.007
49.
McDonaldS. C. (1986). Does gentrification affect crime rates?Crime and Justice, 8, 163–201. https://doi.org/10.1086/449122
50.
McGeeZ. T.BakerS. R. (2002). Impact of violence on problem behavior among adolescents: Risk factors among an urban sample. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18(1), 74–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986202018001006
51.
MooreK. S. (2009). Gentrification in Black face?: The return of the black middle class to urban neighborhoods. Urban Geography, 30(2), 118–142. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.30.2.118
52.
MorenoffJ. D.SampsonR. J.RaudenbushS. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39(3), 517–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x
53.
NydenP. W.EdlynnE.DavisJ. (2006). The differential impact of gentrification on communities in Chicago. Loyola University Chicago Center for Urban Research and Learning.
54.
OsgoodD. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007521427059
55.
PapachristosA. V.SmithC. M.SchererM. L.FugieroM. A. (2011). More coffee, less crime? The relationship between gentrification and neighborhood crime rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005. City and Community, 10(3), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01371.x
56.
Rymond-RichmondW. C. (2007). Habitus of habitat: Mapping the history, redevelopment, and crime in public housing [Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
57.
SampsonR. J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. University of Chicago Press.
58.
SampsonR. J.GrovesW. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
59.
SampsonR. J.RaudenbushS. W.EarlsF. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918/
60.
SanbonmatsuL.KatzL. F.LudwigJ.GennetianL. A.DuncanG. J.KesslerR. C.AdamE. K.McDadeT.LindauS. T. (2011). Moving to opportunity for fair housing demonstration program: Final impacts evaluation. US Department of Housing and Urban Development.
61.
SchuermanL.KobrinS. (1986). Community careers in crime. Crime and Justice, 8, 67–100.
62.
ShawC. R.McKayH. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. University of Chicago Press.
63.
SmithC. M. (2014). The influence of gentrification on gang homicides in Chicago neighborhoods, 1994 to 2005. Crime and Delinquency, 60(4), 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712446052
64.
SmithN. (1996). The new urban frontier: Gentrification and the revanchist city. Routledge.
TelepC. W.WeisburdD.GillC. E.VitterZ.TeichmanD. (2014). Displacement of crime and diffusion of crime control benefits in large-scale geographic areas: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 515–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-014-9208-5
68.
Van WilsemJ.WittebroodK.De GraafN. D. (2006). Socioeconomic dynamics of neighborhoods and the risk of crime victimization: A multilevel study of improving, declining, and stable areas in the Netherlands. Social Problems, 53(2), 226–247. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2006.53.2.226
69.
VélezM. B.LyonsC. J.BoursawB. (2012). Neighborhood housing investments and violent crime in Seattle, 1981-2007. Criminology, 50(4), 1025–1056.
70.
WilsonW. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass and public policy. University of Chicago Press.
71.
WylyE. K.HammelD. J. (1999). Islands of decay in seas of renewal: Housing policy and the resurgence of gentrification. Housing Policy Debate, 10(4), 711–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521348
72.
ZimmermanG. M.MessnerS. F. (2010). Neighborhood context and the gender gap in adolescent violent crime. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 958–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386688
ZukinS.TrujilloV.FraseP.JacksonD.RecuberT.WalkerA. (2009). New retail capital and neighborhood change: Boutiques and gentrification in New York City. City and Community, 8(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01269.x
