These data merge correctional histories with official state and courthouse information for a sample of teenage offenders, some of whom had been transferred to the adult system. Previous research indicated that transfer aggravates recidivism after the age of 18. The correctional data allow the examination of the relationship between sanctions and recidivism for repeat offenders. The authors explored whether repeat offenders who received graduated sanctions had lower recidivism after age 18 than those who leapfrogged over graduated sanctions. Transfer often involves leapfrogging over treatment options; sometimes it leads to secure placement in adult facilities but sometimes it results in adult probation. Within the juvenile justice system, some repeat offenders jump over intermediate interventions to deep-end placements. Graduated sanctions lead to less recidivism. When measures of graduated sanctions are included in multivariate analyses, transfer no longer predicts recidivism.
Altschuler, D.M., & Armstrong, T.L. (1994). Intensive aftercare for high-risk juveniles: An assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
2.
Barnoski, R. ( 2003). Changes in Washington State’s jurisdiction of juvenile offenders: Examining the impact. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
3.
Bishop, D.M., & Frazier, C.E. ( 2000). Consequences of waiver. In J. Fagan & F. E. Zimring (Eds.), The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court (pp. 227-276). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4.
Bishop, D.M., Frazier, C.E., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Winner, L. ( 1996). The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Does it make a difference? Crime & Delinquency, 42, 171-191.
5.
Brown, J.M., & Langan, P.A. ( 1998). State court sentencing of convicted felons, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
6.
Butts, J.A. ( 1997). Delinquency cases waived to criminal court, 1985-1994: Fact sheet #52. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
7.
Fagan, J. ( 1995). Separating the men from the boys: The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. In J. C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J. D. Hawkins , & J. J. Wilson (Eds.), Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A sourcebook (pp. 238-260). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8.
Fagan, J. ( 1996). The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. Law & Policy, 18, 77-114.
9.
Feld, B.C. ( 1987). The juvenile court meets the principle of offense: Legislative changes in juvenile waiver statutes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 78, 471-533.
10.
Feld, B.C. ( 1988). The juvenile court meets the principle of the offense: Punishment, treatment, and the difference it makes. Boston Law Review, 68, 821-916.
11.
Frazier, C.E., Bishop, D.M., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Marvasti, A. ( 1999). Juveniles in criminal court: Past and current research from Florida. Quinnipiac Law Review, 18, 573-596.
12.
Hamparian, D. ( 1984). The young criminal years of the violent few. Cleveland, OH: Federation for Community Planning.
13.
Howell, J.C. ( 1996). Juvenile transfers to the criminal justice system: State of the art. Law & Policy, 18, 17-60.
14.
Krisberg, B., & Howell, J.C. ( 1998). The impact of the juvenile justice system and prospects for graduated sanctions in a comprehensive strategy. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 346-366). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lanza-Kaduce, L., Frazier, C.E., & Bishop, D.M. ( 1999). Juvenile transfers in Florida: The worst of the worst ? University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy, 10, 277-312.
17.
Lanza-Kaduce, L., Frazier, C.E., Lane, J., & Bishop, D.M. ( 2002). Juvenile transfers to criminal court study: Final report . Tallahassee, FL: Juvenile Justice Accountability Board of the Department of Juvenile Justice.
18.
Lanza-Kaduce, L., Lane, J., Bishop, D.M., & Frazier, C.E. ( 2002). The impact on recidivism of alternative juvenile and adult sanctions. Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, Washington, DC.
19.
Lanza-Kaduce, L., Lane, J., Bishop, D.M., & Frazier, C.E. ( 2005). Juvenile offenders and adult felony recidivism: The impact of transfer. Journal of Crime & Justice, 28, 59-77.
20.
Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1987). Negative reactions to processing and substance use among young incarcerated males. Deviant Behavior, 8, 131-148.
21.
Lipsey, M.W., & Wilson, D.B. ( 1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis. American Psychologist , 48, 1181-1209.
22.
Mahoney, A.R. ( 1987). Juvenile justice in context. Boston : Northeastern University Press.
23.
McBride, V.C., VanderWaal, C.J., Terry, Y.M., & VanBuren, H. ( 1999). Breaking the cycle of drug use among juvenile offenders . Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
24.
McGowan, A., Hahn, R., Liberman, A., Crosby, A., Fullilove, M., Johnson, R., et al. (2007). Effects on violence of laws and policies facilitating the transfer of juveniles from the juvenile justice system to the adult system: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 7-28.
25.
Myers, D.L. ( 2001). Excluding violent youths from juvenile court: The effectiveness of legislative waiver. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.
26.
National Criminal Justice Association. (1997 ). Juvenile justice reform initiatives in the states: 1994-1995 . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
27.
Pennell, S., Curtis, C., & Scheck, D.D. ( 1990). Controlling juvenile delinquency: An evaluation of an interagency strategy. Crime & Delinquency, 36, 257-275.
28.
Podkopacz, M.R., & Feld, B.C. ( 1996). The end of the line: An empirical study of judicial waiver . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 449-492.
29.
Redding, R.E. ( 2000). Graduated and community-based sanctions for juvenile offenders (Juvenile justice fact sheet). Charlottesville : Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia.
30.
Rothman, D. ( 1980). Conscience and convenience: The asylum and its alternatives in progressive America. Boston: Little, Brown.
31.
Schneider, A.L. ( 1990). Deterrence and juvenile crime: Results from a national policy experiment. New York: Springer-Verlag .
32.
Sickmund, M., Snyder, H.N., & Poe-Yamagata, E. (1997). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1997 update on violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
33.
Stahl, A. ( 1999). Delinquency cases waived to criminal court, 1987-1996 . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
34.
Taxman, F.S., Soule, D., & Gelb, A. ( 1999). Graduated sanctions: Stepping into accountable systems and offenders. Prison Journal, 79, 182-205.
35.
Tyler, T.R. ( 1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36.
Winner, L., Lanza-Kaduce, L., Bishop, D.M., & Frazier, C.E. ( 1997). The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Reexamining recidivism over the long term. Crime & Delinquency, 43, 548-556.
