This article reports analyses of recidivism and relapse experiences of substance-abusing women inmates as they reenter the community. Outcomes are compared for women who completed a work-release therapeutic community program, women who entered but did not complete the program, and those who did not receive work-release therapeutic community treatment. Additionally, this article compares women who anticipated living with their children following release to those who did not have children with whom they expected to live. Women who completed the treatment program were more likely to remain arrest-free during the first 18 months following prison, and they used drugs less frequently. Women who expected to live with their minor children were significantly more likely to enter the treatment program, but maternal role expectations had no direct effect on reentry outcomes once treatment experience and background factors were controlled.
Alemagno, S.A. (2001). Women in jail: Is substance abuse treatment enough ? American Journal of Public Health, 91, 798-800.
2.
Anderson, T., & Bondi, L. (1998). Exiting the drug addict role: Variations by race and gender. Symbolic Interaction, 21(2), 155-174.
3.
Anderson, T.L. (2003). Issues in the availability of health care for women prisoners. In S. F. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women's prisons (pp. 49-60). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.
Baugh, S., Bull, S., & Cohen, C. (1998). Mental health issues, treatment, and the female offender. In R. T. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 205-226). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
5.
Belknap, J. (2000). Programming and health care responsibility for incarcerated women. In J. James (Ed.), States of confinement: Policing, detention, and prisons (pp. 109-123). New York: St. Martin's.
6.
Bloom, B. (1993). Incarcerated mothers and their children: Maintaining family ties. In Female offenders: Meeting the needs of a neglected population (pp. 60-68). Laurel, MD: American Correctional Association.
7.
Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2004). Women offenders and the gendered effects of public policy. Review of Policy Research, 21, 31-49.
8.
Brewster, D.R. (2003). Does rehabilitative justice decrease recidivism for women prisoners in Oklahoma? In S. F. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women's prisons (pp. 29-45). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2000). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics (NCJ No. 190251). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice .
10.
Butzin, C.A., Martin, S.S., & Inciardi, J.A. (2002). Evaluating component effects of a prison-based treatment continuum. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22, 63-69.
11.
Chesney-Lind, M. (with Laidler, K.J.). (1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12.
Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). Imprisoning women: The unintended victims of mass imprisonment. In M. Mauer & M. Chesney-Lind (Eds.), Invisible punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment (pp. 79-94). New York: New Press.
13.
Coletti, S.D., Schinka, J.A., Hughes, P.H., Hamilton, N.L., Renard, C.G., Sicilian, D.M., et al. (1997). Specialized therapeutic community treatment for chemically dependent women and their children. In G. De Leon (Ed.), Community as method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings (pp. 115-128). Westport, CT: Praeger.
14.
Conners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Crone, C.C. (2001). A comprehensive substance abuse treatment program for women and their children: An initial evaluation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21, 67-75.
15.
Danner, T.A., Blount, W.R., Silverman, I.J., & Vega, M. (1995). The female chronic offender: Exploring life contingency and offense history dimensions for incarcerated female offenders. Women and Criminal Justice, 6(2), 45-66.
16.
De Leon, G. (1986). The therapeutic community for substance abuse: Perspective and approach. In G. De Leon & J. T. Ziegenfuss (Eds.), Therapeutic communities for addictions (pp. 5-18). Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas.
17.
De Leon, G. (1997). Therapeutic communities: Is there an essential model? In G. De Leon (Ed.), Community as method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings (pp. 3-18). Westport, CT: Praeger .
18.
Dougherty, J. (1998). Female offenders and childhood maltreatment: Understanding the connections. In R. T. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 277-344). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
19.
Dowden, C., & Andrews, D.A. (1999). What works for female offenders: A meta-analytic review. Crime & Delinquency, 45, 438-452.
20.
Dowden, C., & Blanchette, K. (2002). An evaluation of the effectiveness of substance abuse programming for female offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46(2), 220-230.
21.
Enos, S. (2001). Mothering from the inside: Parenting in a women's prison. Albany: State University of New York Press.
22.
Farrell, A. (1998). Mothers offending against their role: An Australian experience. Women and Criminal Justice, 9(1), 45-66.
23.
Farrell, A. (2000). Women, crime and drugs: Testing the effect of therapeutic communities. Women and Criminal Justice, 11(1), 21-48.
24.
Field, G. (1992). Oregon prison drug treatment programs. In C. G. Leukfield & F. M. Tims (Eds.), Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails (NIDA Research Monograph No. 118) (pp. 142-155). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
25.
Gilfus, M.E. (1992). From victims to survivors to offenders: Women's routes of entry and immersion into street crime. Women and Criminal Justice, 4, 63-90.
26.
Government Accounting Office. (1999). Foster care: States' early experiences implementing the Adoption and Safe Families Act. Washington, DC: Author .
27.
Greene, S., Haney, C., & Hurtado, A. (2000). Cycles of pain: Risk factors in the lives of incarcerated mothers and their children. The Prison Journal, 80(1), 3-23.
28.
Hall, E.A., Prendergast, M.L., Wellisch, J., Patten, M., & Cao, Y. (2004). Treating drug-abusing women prisoners: An outcome evaluation of the Forever Free program. The Prison Journal , 84(1), 81-105.
29.
Harm, N.J., & Phillips, S.D. (2001). You can't go home again: Women and criminal recidivism. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , 32(3), 3-21.
30.
Harrison, P.M., & Beck, A.J. (2005). Prisoners in 2004 (NCJ No. 210677). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
31.
Holtfreder, K., & Morash, M. (2003). The needs of women offenders: Implications for correctional programming. Women and Criminal Justice, 14(2/3), 137-160.
32.
Inciardi, J.A., Martin, S.S., Butzin, C.A. (2004). Five-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment of drug involved offenders after release from prison. Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 88-107.
33.
Inciardi, J.A., Martin, S.S., Butzin, C.A., Hooper, R.M., & Harrison, L.D. (1997). An effective model of prison-based treatment for drug-involved offenders. Journal of Drug Issues , 27(2), 261-278.
34.
Kearney, M., Murphy, S., & Rosenbaum, M. (1994). Mothering on crack: A grounded theory analysis . Social Science and Medicine, 38, 351-361.
35.
Kendall, K. (1998). Evaluation of programs for female offenders. In R. T. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 361-379). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
36.
Klee, H., Jackson, M., & Lewis, S. (2002). Drug misuse and motherhood. London: Routledge.
37.
Knight, K.D., Simpson, D., & Hiller, M.L. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes for in-prison therapeutic community treatment in Texas. The Prison Journal , 79(3), 337-351.
38.
Knight, D.K., & Wallace, G. (2003). Where are the children? An examination of children's living arrangements when mothers enter residential drug treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(2), 305-324.
39.
Koons, B.A., Burrow, J.D., Morash, M., & Bynum, T. (1997). Expert and offender perceptions of program elements linked to successful outcomes for incarcerated women. Crime & Delinquency, 43(4), 512-533.
40.
Lurigio, A.J. (2000). Drug treatment availability and effectiveness . Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(4), 495-528.
41.
Marcus-Mendoza, S.T., & Wright, E. (2003). Treating the woman prisoner: The impact of a history of violence. In S. F. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women's prisons (pp. 107-117). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
42.
Martin, S.S., Butzin, C.A., Saum, C.A., & Inciardi, J.A. (1999). Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for drug-involved offenders in Delaware: From prison to work release to aftercare. The Prison Journal, 79(3), 294-320.
43.
McCorkel, J., Harrison, L., & Inciardi, J.A. (1998). How treatment is constructed among graduates and dropouts in a prison therapeutic community for women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27(3/4), 37-60.
44.
Mello, C.O., Pechansky, F., Inciardi, J.A., & Surratt, H.L. (1997). Participant observation of a therapeutic community model for offenders in drug treatment. Journal of Drug Issues , 27(2), 299-314.
45.
Moon, D.G., Thompson, R.J., & Bennett, R. (1993). Patterns of substance use among women in prison . In B. R. Fletcher, L. D. Shaver, & D. G. Moon (Eds.), Women prisoners: A forgotten population (pp. 45-54). Westport, CT: Praeger.
46.
Mumola, C. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children (NCJ No. 182335). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
47.
Owens, B. (1998). In the mix: Struggle and survival in a women's prison. Albany: State University of New York Press.
48.
Pelissier, B., Camp, S.D., Gaes, G.G., Saylor, W.G., & Rhodes, W. (2003). Gender differences in outcomes from prison-based residential treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 24(2), 149-160.
49.
Pelissier, B., & Jones, N. (2005). A review of gender differences among substance abusers. Crime & Delinquency, 51(3), 343-372.
50.
Pelissier, B., Wallace, S., O'Neil, J.A., Gaes, G.G., Camp, S., Rhodes, W., et al. (2001). Federal prison residential drug treatment reduces substance use and arrests after release. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27(2), 315-337.
51.
Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
52.
Peugh, J., & Belenko, S. (1999). Substance involved women inmates: Challenges to providing effective treatment. The Prison Journal, 79, 23-45.
53.
Prendergast, M.L., Wellisch, J., & Wong, M.M. (1996). Residential treatment for women parolees following prison-based drug treatment: Experiences, needs and services, outcomes. The Prison Journal, 76(3), 253-279.
54.
Radosh, P.F. (2002). Reflections on women's crime and mothers in prison: A peacemaking approach. Crime & Delinquency, 48(2), 300-315.
55.
Reisinger, H.S., Bush, T., Colom, M.A., Agar, M., & Battjes, R. (2003). Navigation and engagement: How does one measure success? Journal of Drug Issues, 33(4), 778-800.
56.
Richie, B.E. (2001). Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime & Delinquency, 47(3), 368-389.
57.
Rubenstein, G., & Mukamal, D. (2002). Welfare and housing-Denial of benefits to drug offenders. In M. Mauer & M. Chesney-Lind (Eds.), Invisible punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment (pp. 37-49). New York: New Press.
58.
Sharp, S.F. (2003). Mothers in prison: Issues in parent-child contact . In S. F. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women's prisons (pp. 151-165). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
59.
Singer, M.I., Bussey, J., Song, L., & Lunghofer, L. (1995). The psychological issues of women serving time in jail. Social Work, 40, 103-113.
60.
Snell, T.L. (1994). Women in prison (NCJ No. 145321). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
61.
Stephens, R.C. (1991). The street addict role: A theory of heroin addiction . Albany: State University of New York Press.
62.
Sterk, C. (1999). Fast lives: Women who use crack cocaine. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Stevens, S., & Patton, T. (1998). Residential treatment for drug addicted women and their children: Effective treatment strategies. Drugs & Society, 13(1/2), 235-249.
63.
Stevens, S.J., Arbiter, N., & McGrath, R. (1997). Women and children: Therapeutic community substance abuse treatment. In G. De Leon (Ed.), Community as method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings (pp. 129-141). Westport, CT: Praeger.
64.
Uziel-Miller, N.D., Lyons, J.S., Kissiel, C., & Love, S. (1998). Treatment needs and initial outcomes of a residential recovery program for African-American women and their children. American Journal on Addictions, 7, 43-50.
65.
Visher, C.A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.
66.
Weitzman, B. (1998). The treatment of female offenders: Individual psychotherapy in systems-theory perspective. In R. T. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 165-178). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
67.
Wexler, H.K., Falkin, G.P., & Lipton, D.S. (1990). Outcome evaluation of a prison therapeutic community for substance abuse treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 17(1), 71-92.
68.
Wexler, H.K., Melnick, G., Lowe, L., & Peters, J. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes for Amity in-prison therapeutic community and aftercare in California. The Prison Journal, 79(3), 321-336.
69.
Winick, C., & Evans, J.T. (1997). A therapeutic community program for mothers and their children, In G. De Leon (Ed.), Community as method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings (pp. 143-159). Westport, CT: Praeger.
70.
Wobie, K., Eyler, F.D., Conlon, M., Clarke, L., & Behnke, M. (1997). Women and children in residential treatment: Outcomes for mothers and their infants. Journal of Drug Issues, 27(3), 585-606.
