During the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in prisoner reentry. This is due to a change in many of the factors surrounding the release of prisoners and their reentry to the community. These changes include a modification of sentencing from the use of parole to determinate release with fewer ex-offenders having supervision in the community, an increased emphasis on surveillance rather than assistance for those under supervision, less community stability and availability of community social service support, and dramatically larger numbers returning to the community. More releasees are being violated and returned to the community than ever before. Therefore, it is important to identify prisoner reentry programs that work. We define reentry, categorize reentry programs, and use the Maryland Scale of Scientific Method to determine the effectiveness of program categories. We conclude that many such categories are effective in aiding reentry and reducing recidivism.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, K., Bennet, K. J., Flanagan, T. J., Marquart, J. W., Cuvelier, S. J., Fritsch, E., Gerber, J., Longmire, D. R., & Burton, V. S., Jr. (1994, December). Large-scale multidimensional test of the effect of prison education programs on offenders' behavior. The Prison Journal, 74(4), 433-449.
2.
Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J., (1995). The level of service inventory-revised (LSI-R) manual. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
4.
Barbaree, H. E., Seto, M. T., & Maric, A. (1996). Effective sex offender treatment: The Warkworth Sexual Behavior Clinic. Forum on Corrections Research, 8(3), 13-15.
5.
Beck, A., & Mumola, C. (1999). Prisoners in 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
6.
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., & Farrington, D. P. (1988, February). Longitudinal and criminal career research: Further clarification. Criminology, 26(1), 57-74.
7.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1977). National prisoner statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
8.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1997). National prisoner statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
9.
Butzin, C. A., Scarpetti, F. R., Nielsen, A. L., Martin, S. S., & Inciardi, J. A. (1999). Measuring the impact of drug treatment: Beyond relapse and recidivism. Corrections Management Quarterly, 3(4), 1-7.
10.
Camp, C. G., & Camp, G. M. (1998). The corrections yearbook, 1998. Middletown, CT: Criminal Justice Institute.
11.
Camp, C. G., & Camp, G. M. (1999). The corrections yearbook, 1999: Adult corrections, Middletown, CT: The Criminal Justice Institute.
12.
Castellano, T. C., Cowles, E. L.McDermott, J. M.Cowles, E. B., Espie, N., Ringel, C., et al. (1994). Implementation and impact of Illinois' Prestart Program: A final report. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections.
13.
Clear, T., & Cole, G. (1997). American corrections. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
14.
Department of Criminal Justice, Office of Research and Statistics. (2001). 2000 Community Corrections Study. Manuscript in preparation.
15.
Ditton, P., & Wilson, D. J. (1999). Truth in sentencing in state prisons. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
16.
Donnelly, P. G., & Forschner, B. (1984). Client success or failure in a halfway house. Federal Probation, 48, 38-44.
17.
Dowell, D. A., Klein, C., & Krichmar, C. (1985). Evaluation of a halfway house. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13, 217-226.
18.
Feeley, M. M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449-479.
19.
Field, G. (1985). The Cornerstone Program: A client outcome study. Federal Probation, 49, 51-56.
20.
Finn, P. (1999, July). Job placement for offenders: A promising approach to reducing recidivism and correctional costs. National Institute of Justice Journal, 1-35.
21.
Fogel, D. (1975). We are the living proof: The justice model for corrections. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
22.
Furniss, J. (1996). The population boom. Corrections Today, 58(1), 38-43.
23.
Gaes, G. G., Flanagan, T. J., Motiuk, L. L., & Stewart, L. (1999). Adult correctional treatment. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Prisons (pp. 361-426). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24.
Gordon, A., & Nicholaichuk, T. (1996). Applying the risk principal to sex offender treatment. Forum on Corrections Research, 8(2), 36-38.
25.
Halleck, S. (1971). The politics of therapy. New York: Science House.
26.
Hartmann, D. J., Wolk, J. L., Johnston, J. S., & Coyler, C. J. (1997). Recidivism and substance abuse outcomes in a prison-based therapeutic community. Federal Probation, 61(4), 19-25.
27.
Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D. D. (1999). Prison-based substance abuse treatment, residential aftercare and recidivism. Addiction, 94(6), 833-842.
28.
Inciardi, J. A., Martin, S. S., Butzin, C. A., Hooper, R. M., & Harrison, L. D. (1997). An effective model of prison-based treatment for drug-involved offenders. Journal of Drug Issues, 27, 261-278.
29.
Knight, K., & Hiller, M. (1997). Community-based substance abuse treatment: A 1-Year outcome evaluation of the Dallas County Judicial Treatment Center. Federal Probation, 61(2), 61-68.
30.
Knight, K., Simpson, D. D., Chatham, L. R., & Camacho, L. M. (1997). An assessment of prison-based drug treatment: Texas' in-prison therapeutic community program. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 24(3/4), 75-100.
31.
Knight, K., Simpson, D. D., & Hiller, M. L. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes for inprison therapeutic community treatment in Texas. The Prison Journal, 79(3), 337-351.
32.
LeClair, D. P., & Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (1991). Does incapacitation guarantee public safety? Lessons from Massachusetts furlough and pre-release programs. Justice Quarterly, 8(1), 1-40.
33.
Lehman, J. (2001). Reinvesting community corrections in Washington state. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5(3), 41-45.
34.
Lipton, D., Martinson, R., & Wilks, J. (1975). The effectiveness of correctional treatment. New York: Praeger.
35.
Martin, S. S., Butzin, C. A., & Inciardi, J. A. (1995). The assessment of multi-stage therapeutic community for drug-involved offenders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 27, 109-116.
36.
Martin, S. S., Butzin, C. A., Saum, C. A., & Inciardi, J. A. (1999). Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for drug-involved offenders in Delaware: From prison to work release to aftercare. The Prison Journal, 79(3), 294-320.
37.
Morris, N. (1974). The future of imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.
Motiuk, L., Smiley, C., & Blanchette, K. (1996). Intensive programming for violent offenders: A comparative investigation. Forum on Corrections Research, 8(3), 10-12.
39.
Nelson, M., Deess, P., & Allen, C. (1999). The first month out: Post-incarceration experiences in New York City. Unpublished monograph, New York: The Vera Institute.
40.
Petersilia, J. R. (1999). Parole and prisoner reentry in the United States. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia, (Eds.), Prisons (pp. 479-529). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41.
Petersilia, J. R. (2000). The collateral consequences of prisoner reentry in California: Effects on children, public health, and community. Unpublished monograph. Irvine: University of California.
42.
Rhine, E. E. (1997). Probation and parole supervision: In need of a new narrative. Corrections Quarterly, 1(2), 71-75.
43.
Rhodes, W., Pelisser, B., Gaes, G., Saylor, W., Camp, S., & Wallace, S. (2001). Alternative solutions to the problem of selection bias in an analysis of federal residential drug treatment programs. Evaluation Review, 25, 19-45.
44.
Robinson, D. (1996). Factors influencing the effectiveness of cognitive skills training. Forum on Corrections Research, 8(3), 6-9.
45.
Rose, D. R., Clear, T., & Scully, K. (1999, November 8). Coercive mobility and crime: Incarceration and social disorganization. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meetings, Toronto, Ontario.
46.
Saylor, W. G., & Gaes, G. G. (1992). The post-release employment project: Prison work has measurable effects on post-release success. Federal Prisons Journal, 2(4), 33-36.
47.
Saylor, W. G., & Gaes, G. G. (1997). Training inmates through industrial work participation and vocational apprenticeship instruction. Corrections Management Quarterly, 1(2), 32-43.
48.
Seiter, R. P. (1975). Evaluation research as a feedback mechanism for criminal justice policy making: A critical analysis. Unpublished dissertation. Columbus: Ohio State University.
49.
Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D. C., MacKenzie, D. L., Eck, J., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S. D. (1998). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn't, what's promising. [Monograph]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
50.
Studer, L. H., Reddon, J. R., Roper, V., & Estrada, L. (1996). Phoenix: An in-hospital treatment program for sex offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 23(1/2), 91-97.
51.
Turner, S., & Petersilia, J. (1996). Work release in Washington: Effects on recidivism and corrections costs. The Prison Journal, 76(2), 138-164.
52.
Vito, G. F., & Tewksbury, R. (1999). Improving the educational skills of inmates: The results of an impact evaluation. Corrections Compendium, 24(10), 46-51.
53.
Wexler, H. K., Falkin, G. P., & Lipton, D. S. (1990). Outcome evaluation of a prison therapeutic community for substance abuser treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 71-92.
54.
Wilkinson, R. A. (2001). Offender reentry: A storm overdue. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5(3), 46-51.
