Emotion and emotion-related processes lie at the heart of counseling, yet there is scant evidence that counseling psychology has a substantial curricular, scientific, or psychotherapeutic commitment to the psychological science of emotion. Likewise, social psychology and other fields involved with emotion science often avoid researching counseling-relevant topics and disseminate their findings in outlets and formats not likely to be accessed by or useful to counseling psychologists. This article identifies a series of impediments that may be responsible for these and related problems and proposes potential solutions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Akert, R. M. , Aronson, E., & Wilson, T. D. (1997). Social psychology:New York: Longman.
2.
Baron, R. A. , & Byrne, D. (1997). Social psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
3.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: New American Library.
4.
Berscheid, E. (1985). Interpersonal attraction. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 413-484). New York: Random House.
5.
Berscheid, E. , Gangestad, S. W., & Kulakowski, D. (1984). Emotions in close relationships: Implications for relationship counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 435-476). New York: John Wiey.
6.
Beutler, L. E. , Williams, R. E., Wakefield, P. J., & Entwistle, S. R. (1995). Bridging scientist and practitioner perspectives in clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 50, 984-994.
7.
Brehm, S. S. , & Kassin, S. M. (1996). Social psychology. Boston: Houghton Miffin.
8.
Brown, D. , & Srebalus, D. J. (1996). Introduction to the counseling profession (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
9.
Brown, S. D. , & Lent, R. W. (Eds.). (1984). Handbook of counseling psychology. New York: John Wiley.
10.
Brown, S. D. , & Lent, R. W. (Eds.). (1992). Handbook of counseling psychology (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
11.
Cacioppo, J. T. , Klein, D. J., Bemtson, G. G., & Hatfield, E. (1993). The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 119-143). New York: Guilford.
12.
Capuzzi, D. , & Gross, D. R. (1995). Counseling and psychotherapy: Theories and interventions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill.
13.
Corsini, R. J. , & Wedding, D. (1995). Current psychotherapies. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
14.
Cuthbert, B. N. , Strauss, C., Drobes, D., Patrck, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Startle and the anxiety disorders. Manuscript submitted for publication.
15.
Dobson, K. S. , & Kendall, P. C. (1993). Cognition and psychopathology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
16.
Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A problem management approach to helping (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
17.
Ekman, P. (1985). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: Norton.
18.
Elkman, P. , & Friesen, W. V. (1978). The facial action coding system. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
19.
Ekman, P. , Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125-1134.
20.
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
21.
Feldman, R. S. (1995). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
22.
Fitzgerald, L. F. , & Osipow, S. H. (1986). An occupational analysis of counseling psychology: How special is the specialty?American Psychologist, 41, 535-544.
23.
Forsyth, D. R. (1995). Our social world. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
24.
Forsyth, D. R. , & Leary, M. R. (1997). Achieving the goals of the scientist-practitioner model: The seven interfaces of social and counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 180-200.
25.
Franzoni, S. L. (1996). Social psychology. Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark.
26.
Fridlund, A. J. , & Izard, C. E. (1983). Electromyographic studies of facial expressions of emotions and patterns of emotions. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psycho-physiology: A sourcebook (pp. 243-286). New York: Guilford.
27.
Gelso, C. J. , & Fretz, B. R. (1992). Counseling psychology. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
28.
Gilliland, B. E. , James, R. K., & Bowman, J. T. (1994). Themes and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
29.
Hansen, J. C. , Rossberg, R. H., & Cramer, S. H. (1994). Counseling: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
30.
Hendrick, C. , & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392-402.
31.
Hendrick, S. S. (1988). Romantic relationships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 980-988.
32.
Howard, G. S. (1986) Dare we develop a human science?Notre Dame, IN: Academic Publications.
33.
Ivey, A. E. , Ivey, M. D., & Simek-Morgan, L. (1997). Counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
34.
Jenkins, J. H. (1996a). Culture, emotion, and PTSD. In A. J. Marsella, M. J. Friedman, E. T. Gerrity, & R. M. Scurfield (Eds.), Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical applications (pp. 165-182). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
35.
Jenkins, J. H. (1996b). Culture, emotion, and psychiatric disorder. In C. F. Sargent & T. M. Johnson (Eds.), Medical anthropology: Contemporary theory and method (pp. 71-87). Westport, CT: Praeger.
36.
Kahneman, D. , Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgement under certainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Kitayama, S. , & Markus, H. R. (1994). Introduction to cultural psychology and emotion research. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 1-19). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38.
Kitayama, S. , & Masuda, T. (1995). Reappraising cognitive appraisal from a cultural perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 217-223.
39.
LaFrance, M. , & Banaji, M. (1992). Toward a reconsideration of the gender-emotion relation-ship. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion and social behavior: Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 178-201). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
40.
Lang, P. J. (1994). The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory. Psychology Review, 101, 211-221.
41.
Lang, P. J. , Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-398.
42.
Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37, 1019-1024.
43.
Lindzey, G. , & Aronson, E. (1985). Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vols. 1-2). New York: Random House.
44.
Markus, H. R. , & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
45.
Martin, D. G. (1995). First steps in the art of intervention. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
46.
Matsumoto, D. (1994). Culture and emotion. In L. L. Adler & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Cross-cultural topics in psychology (pp. 115-124). Westport, CT: Praeger.
47.
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1974). Cognitive behavior modification. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
48.
Myers, D. G. (1996). Social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49.
Nisbett, R. E. , & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
50.
Ohman, A. , & Soares, J. J. F. (1994). "Unconscious anxiety": Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 231-240.
51.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. New York: William Morrow.
52.
Philipchalk, R. P. (1995). Introduction to social psychology. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
53.
Polkinghome, D. P. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
54.
Rumelhart, D. E. , & McClelland, J. L. (1986). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
55.
Sabini, J. (1995). Social psychology. New York: W. W. Norton.
56.
Safran, J. D. , & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.). (1991). Emotion, psychotherapy, and change. New York: Guilford.
57.
Schachter, S. , & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.
58.
Smith, E. R. (1995). Social psychology. New York: Worth.
59.
Snyder, C. R. , & Forsyth, D. R. (1991). Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective. New York: Pergamon.
60.
Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
61.
Watkins, C. E., Jr. , Lopez, F. G., Campbell, V. L., & Himmell, C. D. (1986). Contemporary counseling psychology: Results of a national survey. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 301-309.
62.
Watson, D. , Clark, L. A., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103-116.
63.
Watson, D. , & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 233-253.
64.
Wentzel, J. T. , Heesacker, M., & Samson, A. W. (1995). Counselor gender bias and the double-edged sword of gender-based emotional stereotyping. Manuscript submitted for publication.
65.
Wierzbicka, A. (1994). Emotion, language, and cultural scripts. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 133-196). Washing-ton, DC: American Psychological Association.
66.
Young, M. E. (1992). Counseling methods and techniques: An eclectic approach. New York: Macmillan.
