This article reviews the clinical, theoretical, and empirical literature on wife abuse and the wife abuser that suggests answers to the questions, Why does he do it? and What will stop him? The article begins with a discussion of relevant historical and contextual information. It provides an overview of the problem of domestic violence, presents prevalence data, and describes the evolution and current status of public and professional awareness and response. The review includes research studies and discursive papers that have viewed the wife abuser from sociopolitical as well as psychological perspectives. The author proposes an integrative model for understanding etiologic, dynamic, and intervention issues with this population. The article concludes with a discussion of clinical and research implications and recommendations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, D. C. (1987). Stages of anti-sexist awareness and change for men who batter. In L. J. Dickstein & C. C. Nadelson (Eds.), Family violence: Emerging issues of a national crisis (pp. 63-97). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
2.
Adams, D. C. (1988). Treatment models of men who batter: A profeminist analysis. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 176-199). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3.
Adams, D. C. (1989). Feminist-based interventions for battering men. In P. L. Caesar & L. K. Hamberger (Eds.), Therapeutic interventions with batterers: Theory and practice (pp. 3-23). New York: Springer.
4.
Aguirre, B. E. (1985, July-August). Why do they return? Abused wives in shelters. Social Work, 350-354.
5.
Allen, C. , & Straus, M. A. (1980). Resources, power, and husband-wife violence. In M. A. Straus & G. T. Hotaling (Eds.), The social causes of husband-wife violence (pp. 188-208). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
6.
Allen, K. , Calsyn, D. A., Fehrenbach, P. A., & Benton, G. (1989). A study of the interpersonal behaviors of male batterers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(1), 79-89.
7.
American Medical Association. (1991, June). Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs: Violence against Women (proceedings of the House of Delegates). Chicago: Author.
8.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
9.
Arias, L. , & Beach, S.R.H. (1987). Validity of self-reports of marital violence. Journal of Family Violence, 2(2), 139-150.
10.
Avis, J. M. (1992). Where are all the family therapists? Abuse and violence within families and family therapy's response. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18(3), 225-232.
11.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social-learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12.
Bandura, A. (1979). The social learning perspective: Mechanisms of aggression. In H. Toch (Ed.), Psychology of crime and criminal justice. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
13.
Bard, M. , & Zacker, J. (1974). Assaultiveness and alcohol use in family disputes. Criminology, 12(3), 281-293.
14.
Barnett, O. W. , & Fagan, R. W. (1993). Alcohol use in male spouse abusers and their female partners. Journal of Family Violence, 8(1), 1-25.
15.
Barnett, O. W. , & Hamberger, L. K. (1992). The assessment of maritally violent men on the California Personality Inventory. Violence and Victims, 7(1), 15-28.
16.
Barnett, O. W. & LaViolette, A. D. (1993). It could happen to anyone: Why battered women stay. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
17.
Beasley, R. , & Stoltenberg, C. D. (1992). Personality characteristics of male spouse abusers. Professional Psychology, 23(4), 310-317.
18.
Beck, A. T. (1978). Depression inventory. Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy.
19.
Bernard, J. L. , & Bernard, M. L. (1984). The abusive male seeking treatment: Jekyll and Hyde. Family Relations, 33, 543-547.
20.
Bersani, C. A. , Chen, H. T., Pendleton, B. F., & Denton, R. (1992). Personality traits of convicted male batterers. Journal of Family Violence, 7(2), 123-134.
21.
Boehnlein, T. , Burke, T., Carden, A., & Schuerger, J. M. (1994). The Center for the Prevention of Domestic Violence: Batterer treatment program manual. (Available from the Center for the Prevention of Domestic Violence, 23875 Commerce Park Road, Beachwood, OH 44122)
22.
Bograd, M. (1988). Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: An introduction. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 11-26). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
23.
Bograd, M. (1992). Values in conflict: Challenges to family therapists' thinking. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18(3), 245-256.
24.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
25.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books.
26.
Bowlby, J. (1984). Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 44(1), 9-27.
27.
Brisson, N. J. (1981). Battering husbands: A survey of abusive men. Victimology: An International Journal, 6, 338-344.
28.
Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York: Free Press.
29.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1984). Criminal victimization in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
30.
Byles, J. A. (1978). Violence, alcohol problems and other problems in disintegrating families. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39, 551-553.
31.
Caesar, P. L. (1988). Exposure to violence in the families-of-origin among wife-abusers and maritally non-violent men. Violence and Victims, 3(1), 49-63.
32.
Caesar, P. L. , & Hamberger, L. K. (1989). Treating men who bater: Theory, practice, and programs. New York: Springer.
33.
Campbell, J. C. (1990). Battered woman syndrome: A critical review. Violence Update, 1(4), 1, 4, 10-11.
34.
Cappel, C. , & Heiner, R. B. (1990). The intergenerational transmission of family aggression. Journal of Family Violence, 5(2), 135-152.
35.
Carden, A. D. (1993). Characteristics of men in a diversion treatment program for spousal abuse/violence: A gestalt ecological perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University, Kent, OH.
36.
Carter, J. , Stacey, W. A., & Shupe, A. W. (1988). Male violence against women: Assessment of the generational transfer hypothesis. Deviant Behavior, 9(3), 259-273.
37.
Cascardi, M. , Langhinrichsen, J., & Vivian, D. (1992). Marital aggression: Impact, injury, and health correlates of husbands and wives. Archives of Internal Medicine, 152, 1178-1184.
38.
Cascardi, M. , & O'Leary, K. D. (1992). Depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, and self- blame in battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 7(4), 249-259.
39.
Cattell, R. B. , Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
40.
Coleman, D. H. , & Straus, M. A. (1983). Alcohol abuse and family violence. In E. Gottheil, K. Druley, T. Skolada, & H. Waxman (Eds.), Alcohol, drug abuse and aggression (pp. 104-124). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
41.
Cook, D. R. , & Frantz-Cook, A. (1984). A systemic treatment approach to wife battering. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10(1), 83-93.
42.
Corenblum, B. (1983). Reaction to alcohol-related marital violence: Effects of one's own abuse experience and alcohol problems on causal attributions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 44(4), 665-674.
43.
Corvo, K. N. (1992). Attachment and violence in the families-of-origin of domestically violent men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
44.
de Saint-Exupery, A. (1943). The little prince. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.
45.
DeLozier, P. (1982). Attachment theory and child abuse. In C. M. Parks & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 95-117). New York: Basic Books.
46.
DeMaris, A. (1989). Attrition in batterers' counseling: The role of social and demographic factors. Social Service Review, 63(1), 142-154.
47.
Deschner, J. P. (1984). The hitting habit: Anger control for battering couples. New York: Free Press.
48.
Dines, G. (1992). Pornography and the media: Cultural representations of violence against women. Family Violence and Sexual Assault Bulletin, 8(3), 17-20.
49.
Dobash, R. E. , & Dobash, R. P. (1992). Women, violence and social change. London: Routledge.
50.
Dutton, D. G. (1985). An ecologically nested theory of male violence toward intimates. International Journal of Women's Studies, 8(4), 404-413.
51.
Dutton, D. G. (1986). Wife-assaulters' explanations for assault: The neutralization of self-punishment. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(4), 381-390.
52.
Dutton, D. G. (1988). The domestic assault of women: Psychological and criminal justice perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
53.
Dutton, D. G. , & Browning, J. J. (1984). Power struggles and intimacy anxieties as causative factors of wife assault. In G. Russell (Ed.), Violence in intimate adult relationships (pp. 163-175). New York: Spectrum.
54.
Dutton, D. , & Painter, S. L. (1981). Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse. Victimology: An International Journal, 6(1-4), 139-155.
55.
Dutton, D. G. , & Strachan, C. E. (1987). Motivational needs for power and spouse-specific assertiveness in assaultive and non-assaultive men. Violence and Victims, 2(3), 145-156.
56.
Edleson, J. L. (1984). Violence is the issue: A critique of Neidig's assumptions. Victimology: An International Journal, 9, 483-489.
57.
Edleson, J. L. , & Brygger, M. P. (1986). Gender differences in reporting of battering incidences. Family Relations, 35(3), 377-382.
58.
Edleson, J. L. , & Grusznski, R. J. (1988). Treating men who batter: Four years of outcome data from the Domestic Abuse Project. Journal of Social Service Research, 12, 3-22.
59.
Eisikovits, Z. C. , & Edleson, J. L. (1989). Intervening with men who batter: A critical review of the literature. Social Service Review, 37, 385-414.
60.
Erchak, G. M. (1984). The escalation and maintenance of spouse abuse: A cybernetic model. Victimology: An International Journal, 9(2), 247-253.
61.
Farrington, K. M. (1980). Stress and family violence. In M. A. Straus & G. T. Hotaling (Eds.), The social causes of husband to wife violence (pp. 94-114). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
62.
Faulk, M. (1974). Men who assault their wives. Medicine, Science and the Law, 14, 180-183.
63.
Faulkner, K. , Stoltenberg, C. D., Cogen, R., Nolder, M., & Shooter, E. (1992). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for male spouse abusers. Journal of Family Violence, 7(1), 37-55.
64.
Feazell, C. S. , Mayers, R. S., & Deschner, J. (1984). Services for men who batter: Implications for programs and policies. Family Relations, 33, 217-223.
65.
Flournoy, P.S. , & Wilson, G. L. (1991). Assessment of MMPI profiles of male batterers. Violence and Victims, 6(4), 309-320.
66.
Follingstad, D. R. , Brennan, A. F., Hause, E. S., Polek, D. S., & Rutledge, L. L. (1991). Factors moderating physical and psychological symptoms of battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 6(1), 81-95.
67.
Frieze, I. H. , & Browne, A. (1989). Violence in marriage. In L. Ohlin & M. Tonry (Eds.), Family violence: Crime and justice, a review of research (pp. 163-218). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68.
Ganley, A. L. (1981). Participant's manual: Court mandated therapy for men who batter: A three day workshop for professionals. Washington, DC: Center for Women Policy Studies.
69.
Ganley, A. L. (1989). Integrating feminist and social-learning analyses of aggression: Creating multiple models for intervention with men who batter. In P. L. Caesar & L. K. Hamberger (Eds.), Treating men who batter: Theory, practice, and programs (pp. 196-235). New York: Springer.
70.
Gelles, R. J. (1974). The violent home: A study of physical aggression between husbands and wives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
71.
Gelles, R. J. , & Harrop, J. W. (1989). Violence, battering, and psychological distress among women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 400-420.
72.
Gelles, R. J. , & Straus, M. A. (1979). Violence in the American family. Journal of Social Issues, 35(2), 15-38.
73.
Gelles, R. J. , & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence. New York: Simon & Schuster.
74.
Giles-Sims, J. (1983). Wife battering: A systems theory approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
75.
Goldman, J. (1989). Treating couples: An alternative approach. Family Violence Bulletin, 5(4), 13-14.
76.
Goldstein, D. , & Rosenbaum, A. (1985). An evaluation of the self-esteem of maritally violent men. Family Relations, 34, 425-428.
77.
Gondolf, E. W. (1987). Changing men who batter: A developmental model for integrated interventions. Journal of Family Violence, 2(4), 335-349.
78.
Gondolf, E. W. (1988). Who are those guys? Toward behavioral typology of batterers. Violence and Victims, 3(3), 187-203.
79.
Gondolf, E. W. , & Foster, R. A. (1991). Pre-program attrition in batterer programs. Journal of Family Violence, 6(4), 337-349.
80.
Gordon, L. (1988). Heroes of their own lives: The politics and history of family violence. New York: Viking.
81.
Gorney, B. (1989). Domestic violence and chemical dependency: Dual problems, dual interventions. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 21(2), 229-238.
82.
Greenwald, H. J. , & Satow, Y. (1970). A short social desirability scale. Psychological Reports, 27, 131-135.
83.
Hale, G. , Zimostrad, S., Duckworth, J., & Nicholas, D. (1988). Abusive partners: MMPI profiles of male batterers. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 10(4), 214-224.
84.
Hamberger, L. K. , & Hastings, J. E. (1986). Personality correlates of men who abuse their partners: A cross-validation study. Journal of Family Violence, 1(4), 323-341.
85.
Hansen, M. , Harway, M., & Cervantes, N. (1991). Therapists' perceptions of severity in cases of family violence. Violence and Victims, 6(3), 225-235.
86.
Hart, B. (1988). Beyond the "duty to warn": A therapist's "duty to protect" battered women and children. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 234-248). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
87.
Hastings, J. E. , & Hamberger, L. K. (1988). Personality characteristics of spouse-abusers: A controlled comparison. Violence and Victims, 3(1), 31-47.
88.
Hathaway, S. R. , & McKinley, J. C. (1983). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
89.
Holtzworth-Monroe, A. , & Anglin, K. (1991). The competency of responses given by maritally violent versus non-violent men to problematic marital situations. Violence and Victims, 6(4), 257-269.
90.
Holtzworth-Monroe, A. , & Hutchinson, G. (1993). Attributing negative intent to wife behavior: The attributions of maritally violent versus nonviolent men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 206-211.
91.
Hotaling, G. T. , & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: The current state of knowledge. Violence and Victims, 1(2), 101-124.
92.
Hotaling, G. T. , & Sugarman, D. B. (1990). A risk marker analysis of assaulted wives. Journal of Family Violence, 5(1), 1-13.
93.
Houskamp, B. M. , & Foy, D. W. (1991). The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 367-375.
94.
Jarvie, I. (1991). Pornography and/as degradation. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 14(1-2), 13-27.
95.
Jennings, J. L. (1987). History and issues in the treatment of battering men: A case for unstructured group therapy. Journal of Family Violence, 2(3), 193-219.
96.
Jouriles, E. N. , & LeCompte, S. H. (1991). Husbands' aggression toward wives and mothers' and fathers' aggression toward children: Moderating effects of child gender. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 190-192.
97.
Jouriles, E. N. , & O'Leary, K. D. (1985). Interspousal reliability of reports of marital violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 419-421.
98.
Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19.
99.
Kalmuss, D. S. , & Seltzer, J. A. (1986). Continuity of marital behavior in remarriage: The case of spouse abuse. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 113-120.
100.
Kantor, G. K. , & Straus, M. A. (1987). The "drunken bum" theory of wife beating. Social Problems, 34(3), 213-230.
101.
Kaufman, G., Jr. (1992). The mysterious disappearance of battered women in family therapists' offices: Male privilege colluding with male violence. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18(3), 233-243.
102.
Kriner, L. , & Waldron, B. (1988). Group counseling: A treatment modality for batterers. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 13(3), 110-116.
103.
Kuhn, A. (1985). The power of the image. London: Roudledge.
104.
Kurtz, D. , & Stark, E. (1988). Not so benign neglect: The medical response to battering. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 249-266). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
105.
Lane, G. , & Russell, T. (1989). Second-order systemic work with violent couples. In P L. Caesar & L. K. Hamberger (Eds.), Treating men who batter: Theory, practice, and programs (pp. 134-162). New York: Springer.
106.
Langan, P. A. , & Innes, C. A. (1986). Preventing domestic violence against women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
107.
Lanyon, P. A. (1970). Psychological Screening Inventory: Manual (2nd ed.). Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
108.
Launius, M. H. , & Lindquist, C. U. (1988). Learned helplessness, external locus of control, and passivity in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 307-318.
109.
Leonard, K. E. , & Jacob, T. (1988). Alcohol, alcoholism, and family violence. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 383-406). New York: Plenum.
110.
MacEwen, K. E. , & Barling, J. (1988). Multiple stressors, violence in the family of origin, and marital aggression: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 3(1), 73-87.
111.
Maiuro, R. D. , Cahn, T. S., & Vitaliano, P. P. (1986). Assertiveness deficits and hostility in domestically violent men. Violence and Victims, 1(4), 279-289.
112.
Maiuro, R. D. , Cahn, T. S., Vitaliano, P. R, Wagner, B. C., & Zegree, J. B. (1988). Anger, hostility and depression in domestically violent versus generally assaultive men and nonviolent control subjects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 17-23.
113.
Mantooth, C. M. , Geffner, R., Franks, D., & Patrick, J. (1987). Family preservation: A treatment manual for reducing couple violence. Tyler: The University of Texas at Tyler.
114.
Marshall, L. L. (1992). Development of the severity of violence against women scales. Journal of Family Violence, 7(2), 103-121.
115.
McClear, S. V. , & Anwar, R. A. (1989). A study of battered women presenting in an emergency department. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 595-599.
Morrison, R. L. , Van Hasselt, V. B., & Bellack, A. S. (1987). Assessment of assertion and problem-solving skills in wife abusers and their spouses. Journal of Family Violence, 2(3), 227-238.
118.
Murphy, C. M. , & Meyer, S. L. (1991). Gender, power and violence in marriage. Behavior Therapist, 14, 95-100.
119.
Myers, M. (1983). Angry, abandoned husbands: Assessment and treatment. (Available from the Department of Psychiatry, Shaughnessy Hospital, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3NI)
120.
Neidig, P. H. (1984). Women's shelters, men's collectives and other issues in the field of spouse abuse. Victimology: An International Journal, 9(3-4), 464-476.
121.
Neidig, P H. , & Friedman, D. H. (1984). Spouse abuse: A treatment program for couples. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
122.
Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
123.
Nurius, P S. , Furrey, J., & Berliner, L. (1992). Coping capacity among women with abusive partners. Violence and Victims, 7(3), 229-243.
124.
O'Leary, K. D. (1988). Physical aggression between spouses: A social learning theory perspective. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 31-56). New York: Plenum.
125.
O'Leary, K. D. , & Arias, I. (1988). Assessing agreement of reports of spouse abuse. In G. T. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J. T. Kirkpatrick, & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research (pp. 218-227). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
126.
Pagelow, M. D. (1992). Adult victims of domestic violence: Battered women. Journal of Interpersonal violence, 7(1), 87-120.
127.
Pence, E. (1989). Batterer programs: Shifting from community collusion to community confrontation. In P. L. Caesar & L. K. Hamberger (Eds.), Treating men who batter: Theory, practice, and programs (pp. 24-50). New York: Springer.
128.
Pence, E. , & Paymar, M. (1986). Power and control: Tactics of men who batter: An educational curriculum. (Available from Minnesota Program Development, 206 West Fourth St., Duluth, MN 55806)
129.
Pirog-Good, M. A. , & Stets-Kealey, J. (1985). Male batterers and batterer prevention programs: A national survey. Response, 8(3), 8-12.
130.
Purdy, R. , & Nickle, N. (1981). Practice principles for working with groups of men who batter. Social Work with Groups, 4, 111-122.
131.
Rhodes, N. R. (1992). Comparison of MMPI psychopathic deviate scores of battered and non-battered women. Journal of Family violence, 7(4), 297-307.
132.
Ridington, J. (1978). The transition process: A feminist environment as reconstitutive milieu. Victimology: An International Journal, 3, 563-575.
133.
Riggs, D. S. , Murphy, C. M., & O'Leary, K. D. (1989). Intentional falsification in reports of interpartner aggression. Journal of Interpersonal violence, 4(2), 220-231.
134.
Roberts, A. K. (1982). A national survey of services for batterers. In M. Roy (Ed.), The abusing partner: An analysis of domestic battering (pp. 230-243). New York: VanNostrand Reinhold.
135.
Roberts, A. R. (1988). Substance abuse among men who batter their mates. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 5(2), 83-87.
136.
Rodenburg, F. A. , & Fantuzzo, J. W. (1993). The measure of wife abuse: Steps toward the development of a comprehensive assessment technique. Journal of Family Violence, 8(3), 203-228.
137.
Rosenbaum, A. , & Maiuro, R. D. (1990). Perpetrators of spouse abuse. In R. T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds.), Treatment of family violence: A sourcebook (pp. 280-309). New York: Wiley.
138.
Rosenbaum, A. , & O'Leary, K. D. (1981). Marital violence: Characteristics of abusive couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 63-71.
139.
Rosenberg, M. L. , Stark, E., & Zahn, M. A. (1986). Interpersonal violence: Homicide and spouse abuse. In J. M. Last (Ed.), Maxcy-Rosenau public health and preventive medicine (12th ed., pp. 1399-1426). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
140.
Rosewater, L. B. (1988). Battered or schizophrenic? Psychological tests can't tell. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 200-216). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
141.
Rounsaville, B. (1978). Theories in marital violence: Evidence from a study of battered women. Victimology: An International Journal, 3(1-2), 11-31.
142.
Rouse, L. P. (1984). Models, self-esteem, and locus of control as factors contributing to spouse abuse. Victimology: An International Journal, 9(1), 130-141.
143.
Sato, R. A. , & Heiby, E. M. (1992). Correlates of depressive symptoms among battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 7(3), 229-245.
144.
Saunders, D. G. (1984). Helping husbands who batter. Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 65(6), 347-353.
145.
Saunders, D. G. (1986). When battered women use violence: Husband-abuse or self-defense? Victims and Violence, 1, 47-56.
146.
Saunders, D. G. (1988). Wife abuse, husband abuse, or mutual combat? In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 90-113). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
147.
Saunders, D. G. (1992). A typology of men who batter: Three types derived from cluster analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(2), 264-275.
148.
Saunders, D. G. , & Hanusa, D. (1986). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of men who batter: The short-term effects of group therapy. Journal of Family Violence, 1(4), 357-372.
149.
Schechter, S. (1988). Guidelines for mental health practitioners in domestic violence cases. (Available from the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, P.O. Box 18749, Denver, CO 80218-1852)
150.
Schuerger, J. M. , & Boehnlein, T. (1990, April). A functional typology of men who have battered their wives. Paper presented at the Great Lakes Regional Conference, Division 17, American Psychological Association, Akron, OH.
151.
Schuerger, J. M. , Redinbaugh, E., & Olland, N. (in press). The assessment of high risk batterers. Journal of Family Violence.
152.
Schuerger, J. M. , & Reigle, N. (1989). Personality and biographic data that characterize men who abuse their wives. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(1), 75-81.
153.
Schwartz, M. D. (1987). Gender and injury in spousal assault. Sociological Focus, 20, 61-75.
154.
Selzer, M. (1971). The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1653-1658.
155.
Shepard, M. F. , & Campbell, J. A. (1992). The abusive behavior inventory: A measure of psychological and physical abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 291-305.
156.
Shields, N. M. , & Hanneke, C. R. (1983). Attribution processes in violent relationships: Perceptions of violent husbands and their wives. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 515-527.
157.
Snyder, D. , & Scheer, N. S. (1981). Predicting disposition following brief residence at a shelter for battered women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 559-566.
158.
Sonkin, D. J. (1986). Clairvoyance vs. common sense: Therapists' duty to warn and protect. Violence and Victims, 1(1), 7-22.
159.
Sonkin, D. J. , & Durphy, M. D. (1982). Learning to live without violence: A handbook for men. San Francisco: Volcano.
160.
Sonkin, D. J. , & Durphy, M. D. (1989). Learning to live without violence: A handbook for men (rev. ed.). San Francisco: Volcano.
161.
Sonkin, D. J. , Martin, D., & Walker, L. (1985). The male batterer: A treatment approach. New York: Springer.
162.
Spence, J. T. , & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.
163.
Sprenkle, D. H. (Ed.). (1992). Violence: The dark side of the family [Special issue]. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18(3).
164.
Stark, E. , & Flitcraft, A. (1988). Violence among intimates: An epidemiological review. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, & M. Herson (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 293-317). New York: Plenum.
165.
Stith, S. M. , & Farley, S. C. (1993). A predictive model of male spousal violence. Journal of Family Violence, 8(2), 183-201.
166.
Steele, C. M. , & Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist, 45(8), 921-933.
167.
Stone, L. H. (1984). Shelters for battered women: A temporary escape from danger or the first step toward divorce? Victimology: An International Journal, 9, 284-289.
168.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
169.
Straus, M. A. (1990). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families (pp. 29-47). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
170.
Straus, M. A. , & Gelles, R. J. (1986). Societal changes and changes in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(3), 465-479.
171.
Straus, M. A. , & Gelles, R. J. (1990). Physical violence in American families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
172.
Straus, M. A. , Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. New York: Anchor.
173.
Symonds, M. (1978). The psychodynamics of violence-prone marriages. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 38, 213-222.
174.
Symonds, M. (1984). Discussion of "Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems."American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 44(1), 29-31.
175.
Taubman, S. (1986). Beyond the bravado: Sex roles and the exploitive male. Social Work, 31(1), 12-18.
176.
Telch, C. F. , & Lindquist, C. U. (1984). Violent versus nonviolent couples: A comparison of patterns. Psychotherapy, 21(2), 242-248.
177.
Tolman, R. M. (1989). The development of a measure of psychological maltreatment of women by their male partners. Violence and Victims, 4(3), 159-177.
178.
Tolman, R. M. , & Bennett, L. W. (1990). A review of quantitative research on men who batter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5(1), 87-118.
179.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1984). Attorney General's task force on family violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
180.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1992). Criminal victimization in the U.S., 1990: Survey report NCJ 134126. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
181.
Van der Kolk, B. A. (1988). Trauma in men: Effects on family life. In M. B. Straus (Ed.), Abuse and victimization across the life span (pp. 170-185). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
182.
Van Hasselt, V. B. , Morrison, R. L., & Bellack, A. S. (1985). Alcohol use in wife abusers and their spouses. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 127-135.
183.
Van Hasselt, V. B. , Morrison, R. L., Bellack, A. S., & Hersen, M. (1988). Handbook of family violence. New York: Plenum.
184.
Walker, L. E. (1979). The battered woman. New York: Harper & Row.
185.
Walker, L. E. (1984). The battered woman syndrome. New York: Springer.
186.
Walker, L. E. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: Diagnosis and treatment of battered woman syndrome. Psychotherapy, 28(1), 21-29.
187.
Weitzman, J. , & Dreen, K. (1982). Wife beating: A view of the marital dyad. Social Caseworker, 63, 259-265.
188.
Widom, C. S. (1989). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 3-28.
189.
Wilson, K. , Vercella, R., Brems, C., & Benning, D. (1992). Levels of learned helplessness in abused women. Women and Therapy, 13(4), 53-67.
190.
Woods, S. J. , & Campbell, J. C. (1993). Posttraumatic stress in battered women: Does the diagnosis fit? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 14, 173-186.
191.
Yllo, K. A. , & Straus, M. A. (1990). Patriarchy and violence against wives: The impact of structural and normative factors. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families (pp. 383-399). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
192.
Young, G. H. , & Gerson, S. (1991). New psychoanalytic perspectives on masochism and spouse abuse. Psychotherapy, 28(1), 30-38.
193.
Zacker, J. , & Bard, M. (1977). Further findings on assaultiveness and alcohol use in interpersonal disputes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 5, 373-383.
194.
Zeanah, C. H. , & Zeanah, P. D. (1989). Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment: Insights from attachment theory and research. Psychiatry, 52, 177-195.
