This article represents a practical decision tree for counselors in which two distinct approaches to cognitive change processes in counseling, one based on learning processes and one based on attitude change processes, are integrated into a useful model to facilitate cognitive change in counseling. Jack Martin's cognitive instructional counseling (CIC) is a learning or information-processing model of counseling. Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is a model of attitude change processes that has been applied to counseling. These two models are compatible and complementary with respect to change processes in counseling. In addition to presenting the decision tree and an example of its use, this article describes basic points of comparison between the ELM and CIC, outlines each model, and describes relevant research.
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