The American Psychological Association code of ethics is used to understand the ethical issues present in the conduct of supervision. Because supervision is characterized by goals of behavior change, has many qualities similar to therapy, and by definition requires multiple roles of its participants, it should be considered a psychological intervention particularly vulnerable to ethical misconduct. The ethical issues of responsibility, client and supervisee welfare, confidentiality, competency, moral and legal standards, public statements, and professional relationships are discussed in relation to supervision.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychological Association . (1981). Ethical principles of psychologists (rev. ed.). American Psychologist, 36, 633-638.
2.
Beauchamp, T. L. , & Childress, J. F. (1989). Principles of biomedical ethics (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3.
Bordin, E. (1983). A working alliance based model of supervision. Counseling Psychologist, 11, 35-42.
4.
Colorado State Grievance Board . (1989). Colorado state mental health licensing statute (revised ed.). Colorado: Department of Reg. Agencies.
5.
Cormier, L. S. , & Bernard, J. (1982). Ethical and legal responsibilities of clinical supervisors. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 486-491.
6.
Doehrman, M. G. (1976). Parallel processes in supervision and psychotherapy. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 40, 9-104.
7.
Goin, M. K. , Burgoyne, R. W., Kline, F., Woods, S. M., & Peck, J. S. (1976). Teaching dynamic psychotherapy by observation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 30, 112-120.
8.
Goodyear, R. K. , & Bradley, F. (1983). Theories of counselor supervision: Points of convergence and divergence. Counseling Psychologist, 11, 19-20.
9.
Hass, L. J. , Malouf, J. L., & Mayerson, N. H. (1986). Ethical dilemmas in psychology practice: Results of a national survey. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17, 316-321.
10.
Hess, A. K. (1980). Training models and the nature of psychotherapy supervision. In A. K. Hess (Ed.), Psychotherapy supervision: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 15-25). New York: Wiley.
11.
Kieth-Spiegel, P. , & Koocher, G. (1985). Ethics in psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
12.
Kitchener, K. S. (1984). Intuition, Critical evaluation and ethical principles: The foundation for ethical decisions in counseling psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 12(3), 43-56.
13.
Kitchener, K. (1986). Teaching applied ethics in counselor education An integration of psychological processes and philosophical analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 306-310.
14.
Kitchener, K. K. (1988). Dual role relationships: What make them so problematic?Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 217-221.
15.
Lambert, M. J. (1980). Research and the supervisory process. In A. K. Hess (Ed.), Psychotherapy supervision: Theory research, and practice (pp. 423-450). New York: Wiley.
16.
Loganbill, C. , Hardy, E., & Delworth, U. (1983). Supervision: A conceptual model. Counseling Psychologist, 10, 3-42.
17.
Mappes, D. C. , Robb, G. P., & Engels, D. W. (1985). Conflicts between ethics and law in counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 246-252.
18.
Miars, R. D. , Tracey, T. J., Ray, P. B., Cornfeld, J. L., O'Farrell, M., & Gelso, C. J. (1983). Variation in supervision process across trainee experience levels. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 403-412.
19.
Morgan, D. W. (1984). Cross-cultural factors in the supervision of psychotherapy. Psychiatric Forum, 15, 61-64.
20.
Newman, A. (1981). Ethical issues in the supervision of psychotherapy. Professional Psychology, 12, 690-695.
21.
Osipow, S. , & Fitzgerald, 1. (1986). An occupational analysis of counseling psychology: How special is the specialty?American Psychologist, 41, 535-545.
22.
Pope, K. S. , Tabachnick, B. G., & Kieth-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 42, 993-1006.
23.
Russell, R. K. , Crimmings, A. M., & Lent, R. W. (1984). Counselor training and supervision: Theory and research. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 625-681). New York: Wiley.
24.
Stoltenberg, C. , & Delworth, (1987). Supervising counselors and therapists: A developmental approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25.
Tracey, T. J. , Ellickson, J. L., & Sherry, P. (1989). Reactance in relation to different supervisory environments and counselor development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 336-344.
26.
Van Hoose, W. H. , & Kottler, J. A. (1985). Ethical and legal issues in counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
