This article presents a two-pronged attempt to synthesize the research on stress coping: (1) a review of models and taxonomies of behaviors and resources related to stress coping and (2) a meta-analysis of recent experimental and quasi- experimental studies of stress coping. The review led to the construction of a taxonomy and, in conjunction with the meta-analysis, to a comprehensive model of stress coping in two parts (stress and coping). In the meta-analysis an unbiased effect size of .57 was obtained by comparing groups administered treatments to reduce stress with comparison groups. Social skills training, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation training appeared to be among the more effective treatments. In comparing the frequency of treatments identified in the meta-analysis with those in the taxonomy, some treatment domains (such as problem solving) were well represented in the taxonomy but appeared infrequently in the meta-analysis. Implications for stress-coping treatment and research are offered.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, R. A. (1978). Stress power: How to turn tension into energy. New York: Human Sciences Press.
2.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3.
Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: New American Library.
4.
Berglas, S. (1984). Guest editor's note. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 837-838.
5.
Billings, A. G. , & Moos, R. J. (1984). Coping, stress and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 877-891.
6.
Brammer, L. M. , & Abrego, P. J. (1981). Intervention strategies for coping with transitions. The Counseling Psychologist, 9, 19-36.
7.
Burke, R. , & Weir, T. (1979). A comparison of the coping behaviors of husbands and wives. Psychological Reports, 44, 949-957.
8.
Cannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York: W. W. Norton.
9.
Carver, R. P. (1978). The case against statistical significance testing. Harvard Educational Review, 48, 378-399.
10.
Chesney, M. A. , & Rosenman, R. (1985). Strategies for modifying Type A behavior. In A. Monat & R. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and coping (pp. 322-329). New York: Columbia University Press.
11.
Cohen, F. (1979). Personality, stress, and the development of physical illness. In G. Stone, F. Cohen, & N. Alder (Eds.), Health psychology: A handbook. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12.
Cohen, F. , Horowitz, M., Lazarus, R., Moos, R. H., Robins, L. N., Rose, R. M., & Rutter, M. (1982). Panel report on psychosocial assets and modifiers of stress. In G. R. Elliott & C. Eisdorfer (Eds.), Stress and human health: Analysis and implications of research. New York: Springer.
13.
Cohen, F. , & Lazarus, R. (1979). Coping with the stresses of life. In G. C. Stone, F. Cohen, & N. E. Adler (Eds.), Health psychology: A handbook. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
14.
Colletta, N. D. , Hadler, S., & Gregg, C. H. (1981). How adolescents cope with the problems of early motherhood. Adolescence, 16, 499-512.
15.
Cox, T. (1978). Stress. Baltimore: University Park Press.
16.
Coyne, J. C. , & Lazarus, R. C. (1980). Cognitive style, stress perception, and coping. In I. L. Kutash, L. B. Schlesinger, & Associates (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety (pp. 144-158). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
17.
Curlette, W. L. (1985, November). The effect size calculator. Paper presented at the meeting of the Georgia Educational Research Association, Atlanta.
18.
Curlette, W. L. , & Cannella, K. S. (1985). Going beyond the narrative summarization of research findings: The meta-analysis approach. Research in Nursing & Health, 8, 293-301.
19.
DeLongis, A. , Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1, 119-136.
20.
Dembroski, T. M. , MacDougall, J. M., Williams, R. B., Haney, T. L., & Blumenthal, A. A. (1985). Components of Type A, hostility, and anger-in: Relationship to angiographic findings. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 219-233.
21.
Dimsdale, J. E. (1974). The coping behavior of Nazi concentration camp survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 792-797.
22.
Dimsdale, J. E. , Hacket, T. P., Hutter, A. M., Block, P. C., & Catanzano, D. M. (1979). Type A behavior and angiographic findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 23, 273-276.
23.
Ellis, A. (1973). Humanistic psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
24.
Engel, G. L. (1971). Sudden and rapid death during psychological stress: Folk lore or folk wisdom?Annals of Internal Medicine, 74, 771-782.
25.
Folkman, S. , & Lazarus, R. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
26.
French, J.R.P., Jr. , Rodgers, W., & Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person-environment fit. In G. V. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, & J. E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and adaptation (pp. 316-333). New York: Basic Books.
27.
Friedman, M. , & Rosenman, R. (1974). Type A behavior and your heart. New York: Knopf.
28.
Friedman, M. , Thoresen, C., Gill, J., Ulmer, D., Thompson, L., Powell, L., Price, V., Elek, S., Rabin, D., Breall, W., Piaget, G., Dixon, T., Bourg, E., Levey, R., & Tasto, D. (1982). Feasibility of altering Type A behavior pattern after myocardial infarction (Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project Study: Methods, Baseline Results and Preliminary Findings, Circulation 66, No. 1, 83-92). Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco, and the School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
29.
Girdano, D. , & Everly, G. (1979). Controlling stress and tension: A holistic approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
30.
Glass, G. V (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5, 3-8.
31.
Glass, G. V (1979). Policy for the unpredictable (uncertainty research and policy). Educational Researcher, 8, 12-14.
32.
Glass, G. V. , & Kleigl, R. M. (1983). An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(1), 28-41.
33.
Glass, G. V. , McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills: Sage.
34.
Greenberg, J. S. (1983). Comprehensive stress management. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
35.
Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending. New York: Academic Press.
36.
Hall, D. T. , & Mansfield, R. (1971). Organizational and individual response to external stress. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 533-547.
37.
Hedges, L. V. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6, 107-128.
38.
Hedges, L. V. (1982). Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 490-499.
39.
Hedges, L. V. (1984). Advances in statistical methods for meta-analysis. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 24, 25-42.
40.
Holmes, T. H. , & Masuda, M. (1974). Life changes and illness susceptibility. In B. S. Dohrenwend & B. P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: John Wiley.
41.
Holmes, T. , & Rahe, R. (1967). The social adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
42.
Hwang, K. (1977). The patterns of coping strategies in a Chinese society. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 19, 61-73.
43.
Jacobson, S. (1983). Stresses and coping strategies of neonatal intensive care unit nurses. Research in Nursing and Health, 6, 33-40.
44.
Jenkins, C. D. (1976). Recent evidence supporting psychologic and social risk factors for coronary disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 987-994.
45.
Jenkins, C. D. (1979). Psychosocial modifiers of response to stress. Journal of Human Stress, 5, 3-15.
46.
Kaloupek, D. G. , White, H., & Wong, M. (1984). Multiple assessment of coping strategies used by volunteer blood donors: Implications for preparatory training. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 7(1), 35-60.
47.
Kanner, A. D. , Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts vs. major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1-39.
48.
Kobasa, S. , Maddi, S., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177.
49.
Krantz, D. S. , Schaeffer, M. A., Davia, J. E., Dembroski, T. M., MacDougall, J. M., & Shaffer, R. T. (1981). Extent of coronary atherosclerosis, Type A behavior, and cardiovascular response to social interaction. Psychophysiology, 18, 654-664.
50.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
51.
Lazarus, R. S. (1979). Positive denial: The case for not facing reality. Psychology Today, 13, 44-61.
52.
Lazarus, R. S. (1981a). A cognitivist's reply to Zajonc on emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 36(2), 222-223.
53.
Lazarus, R. S. (1981b). The stress and coping paradigm. In C. Eisdorfer, D. Cohen, A. Kleinman, & P. Maxim (Eds.), Models for clinical psychopathology (pp. 174-214). Jamaica, NY: Spectrum.
54.
Lazarus, R. S. , & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
55.
Lazarus, R. S. , Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. (1980). Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 189-217). New York: Academic Press.
56.
Lazarus, R. S. , & Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In L. A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287-327). New York: Plenum Press.
57.
Lefcourt, H. M. , Martin, R. A., & Ebers, K. (1981). Coping with stress: A model for clinical psychology. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 3, 355-364.
58.
Light, R. J. , & Pillemer, D. B. (1984). Summing up: The science of reviewing research. London: Harvard University Press.
59.
Linden, W. , & Feuerstein, M. (1981). Essential hypertension and social coping behavior. Journal of Human Stress, 7, 28-34.
60.
Mason, J. W. (1975). A historical view of the stress field. Journal of Human Stress, 1(2), 22-36.
61.
Matheny, K. B. , Curlette, W. L., Aycock, D. W., Pugh, J. L., & Taylor, H. F. (1981). Coping resources inventory for stress. Unpublished test.
62.
McCrae, R. R. (1984). Situational determinants of coping responses: Loss, threat, and challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 919-928.
63.
McCubbin, H. I. , Joy, C. B., Cauble, A. E., Comeau, J. K., Patterson, J. M., & Needle, R. H. (1980). Family stress and coping: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 855-871.
64.
McGrath, J. E. (Ed.). (1970). Social and psychological factors in stress. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
65.
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrated approach. New York: Plenum Press.
66.
Moos, R. H. (1982). Coping with acute health crises. In T. Millon, C. Green, & R. Meacher (Eds.), Handbook of clinical health psychology (pp. 129-152). New York: Plenum Press.
67.
Newman, J. E. , & Beehr, T. A. (1979). Personal and organizational strategies for handling job stress: A review of research and opinion. Personnel Psychology, 32, 1-43.
68.
Olejnik, S. F. (1984). Planning educational research: Determining the necessary sample size. Journal of Experimental Education, 53, 40-48.
69.
Pearlin, L. , & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
70.
Rahe, R. H. , & Arthur, R. J. (1978). Life change and illness studies: Past history and future directions. Journal of Human Stress, 4, 3-13.
71.
Richter, C. (1957). On the phenomenon of sudden death in animals and man. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 191-198.
72.
Rimm, D. , & Masters, J. (1979). Behavior therapy: Techniques and empiricalfindings. New York: Academic Press.
73.
Robbins, P. R. , & Tanck, R. H. (1978). A factor analysis of coping behaviors. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 379-380.
74.
Rosenthal, R. (1983). Assessing the statistical and social importance of the effects of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 4-13.
75.
Rosenthal, R. , & Rubin, D. B. (1982). Comparing effect sizes of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 500-504.
76.
Roskies, E. , & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). Coping theory and the teaching of coping skills. In P. O. Davidson & S. M. Davidson (Eds.), Behavioral medicine: Changing health lifestyles (pp. 38-69). New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
77.
Sandler, I. (1979). Life stress events and community psychology. In I. Sarason & C. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 6, pp. 213-234). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
78.
Schroeder, D. , & Costa, P. (1984). Influence of life event stress on physical illness: Substantive effects or methodological flaws?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 853-863.
79.
Schuler, R. S. (1980). Definition and conceptualization of stress in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 184-215.
80.
Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
81.
Selye, H. (1974). Stress without distress. New York: Signet.
82.
Shinn, M. , Rosario, M., Morch, H., & Chestnut, D. (1984). Coping with job stress and burnout in the human services. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 864-876.
83.
Sidle, A. , Moos, R. H., Adams, J., & Cady, P. (1969). Development of a coping scale: A preliminary study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20, 226-232.
84.
Smith, M. L. (1980). Publication bias in meta-analysis. Evaluation in Education, 4, 22-24.
85.
Smith, M. L. , Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
86.
Spielberger, C. D. , Gorsuch, R. C., & Lushene, R. F. (1970). State trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
87.
Stone, A. A. , & Neale, J. M. (1984). New measure of daily coping: Development and preliminary results. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 892-906.
88.
Suls, J. , & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4(3), 249-288.
89.
Suojanen, W. W. , Groepper, R., & Bessinger, R. C. (1983). Organizational development, power, and addictive management behavior. In R. C. Bessinger & W. W. Suojanen (Eds.), Management and the brain: An integrative approach to organization behavior. Atlanta: Business Publishing Division, Georgia State University.
90.
Swent, B. (1983). How administrators cope with stress. Theory into Practice, 22(1), 70-74.
91.
Tache, J. , & Selye, H. (1978). On stress and coping mechanisms. In C. Spielberger & I. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 5, pp. 3-24). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
92.
Torrance, E. P. (1965). Constructive behavior: Stress, personality, and mental health. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
93.
Weisman, A. , & Sobel, H. (1979). Coping with cancer through self-instruction: A hypothesis. Journal of Human Stress, 5, 3-8.
94.
Witmer, J. M. , Rich, C., Barcikowski, R. S., & Mague, J. C. (1983). Psychosocial characteristics mediating the stress response: An exploratory study. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 62(2) 73-77.
95.
Wolf, S. (1967). The end of the road: The role of the brain in cardiac death. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 97, 1022-1025.
96.
Wolff, H. G. (1968). Stress and disease. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
97.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inference. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
98.
Bohachick, P. (1984). Progressive relaxation training in cardiac rehabilitation: Effect on psychologic variables. Nursing Research, 33, 283-287.
99.
Burg, M. M. (1984). A comparison of two treatments for test anxiety and implications for two models of stress.. (Doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45/10-B, 3329.
100.
Charlesworth, E. A. , & Dempsey, G. (1982). Trait anxiety reductions in a substance abuse population trained in stress management. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 764-768.
101.
Charlesworth, E. A. , Murphy, S., & Beutler, L. E. (1981). Stress management skill for nursing students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 284-290.
102.
Decker, T. W. , Williams, J. M., & Hall, D. (1982). Preventive training in management of stress for reduction of physiological symptoms through increased cognitive and behavioral controls. Psychological Reports, 50, 1327-1334.
103.
Deffenbacher, J. L. , & Hahnloser, R. M. (1981). Cognitive and relaxation coping skills in stress inoculation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5(2), 211-215.
104.
Eglen, J. A. (1983). Effects of stress management techniques on alcoholics in a milieu therapy setting (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/09-B, 2891.
105.
Federer, D. P. (1984). Cognitive-behavioral and educational programming in the treatment of stress. (Doctoral dissertation, Nova University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45/06-B, 1911.
106.
Follansbee, D. J. (1983). Coping skills training for adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/08-B, 2554.
107.
Friedman, G. H. , Lehrer, B. E., & Stevens, J. P. (1983). The effectiveness of self-directed and lecture/discussion stress management approaches and the locus of control of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 20(4), 563-580.
108.
Frisch, M. B. , Elliott, C. H., Atsaides, J. P., Salva, D. M., & Denney, D. R. (1982). Social skills and stress management training to enhance patients' interpersonal competencies. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19(3), 349-358.
109.
Ganster, D. C. , Mayes, B. T., Sime, W. E., & Tharp, G. D. (1982). Managing organizational stress: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(5), 533-542.
110.
Greenberg, M. T. (1983). Family stress and child competence: The effect of early intervention for families with deaf infants. American Annals of the Deaf, 128, 407-417.
111.
Hackett, G. , & Horan, J. J. (1980). Stress inoculation for pain: What's really going on?Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 107-116.
112.
Holtzworth-Munroe, A. , Munroe, M. S., & Smith, R. E. (1985). Effects of a stress-management training program on first and second year medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 60, 417-419.
113.
Jaremko, M. E. (1980). The use of stress inoculation training in the reduction of public speaking anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 735-738.
114.
Johansson, N. (1983). The relationship between ego identity status and stressors, state-trait anxiety and depression among baccalaureate nursing students and the effectiveness of a stress management program in reducing state anxiety and depression of baccalaureate nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/02-A, 439.
115.
Kaplan, R. M. , Atkins, C. J., & Lenhard, L. (1982). Coping with a stressful sigmoido-scopy: Evaluation of cognitive and relaxation preparations. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5, 67-82.
116.
Kirmil-Gray, K. , Eagleston, J. R., Thoresen, C. E., & Zarcone, V. P., Jr. (1985). Brief consultation and stress management treatments for drug-dependent insomnia: Effects on sleep quality, self-efficacy, and daytime stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8(1), 79-99.
117.
Klingman, A. (1982). Persuasive communication in avoidance behavior: Using role simulation as a strategy. Simulation & Games, 13, 37-50.
118.
Kooken, R. A. , & Hayslip, B., Jr. (1984). The use of stress inoculation in the treatment of test anxiety in older students. Educational Gerontology, 10(1), 39-58.
119.
Luz, B. R. (1983). Job stressors and stress reduction training for mental health professionals (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/04-B, 1244.
120.
McEnter, M. A. (1983). The effects of a stress management training program on self-concept, perception of lifespace events and heart rate response among baccalaureate nursing students who have experienced high versus low levels of life stress (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45/05-B, 1430.
121.
McGee, P. D. (1984). Cognitive-behavioral intervention in stress management (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Woman's University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45/12-B, 3765.
122.
Miller, S. (1981). Coping with crowding in an elevator: Staring at the floor numbers is not enough. Proceedings of the Annual Environmental Design Research Association Conference, 12, 235-240.
123.
Miller, S. M. , & Mangan, C. E. (1983). Interacting effects of information and coping style in adapting to gynecologic stress: Should the doctor tell all?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 223-236.
124.
Moore-West, M. , Jackson, R., Kaufman, A., Obenshain, S. S., Galey, W., O'Donnell, M. O., & West, D. (1983). Reduced stress in medical education: An outcome of altered learning environment. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 16(4), 32-36.
125.
Murphy, L. R. (1984). Stress management in highway maintenance workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 26(6), 436-442.
126.
Nocella, J. , & Kaplan, R. M. (1982). Training children to cope with dental treatment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 7, 175-178.
127.
Noel, N. E. (1983). Effects of alcohol before and after unsolvable problems: Prevention or alleviation of stress reactions (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Binghampton, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/09-B, 2903.
128.
Olbrisch, M. E. (1981). Evaluation of a stress management program for high utilizers of a prepaid university health service. Medical Care, 19, 153-159.
129.
Page, R. D. , & Badgett, S. (1984). Alcoholism treatment with environmental support contracting. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 10, 589-605.
130.
Petosa, R. , & Oldfield, D. (1985). A pilot study of the impact of stress management techniques on the classroom behavior of elementary school students. Journal of School Health, 55, 69-71.
131.
Porter, A. D. (1983). The impact of a stress management program on stress and burnout experienced by hospital workers. Unpublished master's thesis, California State University, Long Beach, CA.
132.
Rohsenow, D. J. , Smith, R. E., & Johnson, S. (1985). Stress management training as a prevention program for heavy social drinkers: Cognitions, affect, drinking, and individual differences. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 45-54.
133.
Rose, R. L. , & Veiga, J. F. (1984). Assessing the sustained effects of a stress management intervention on anxiety and locus of control. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 190-198.
134.
Ross, M. S. (1983). The effects of gender, stress, decoding training, and stress reduction training on nonverbal decoding performance (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/05-B, 1642.
135.
Schroeder, P. J. (1983). Cognitive restructuring as a stress management technique among nurses (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/04-A, 1036.
136.
Shearn, M. A. , & Fireman, B. H. (1985). Stress management and mutual support groups in rheumatoid arthritis. The American Journal of Medicine, 78, 771-775.
137.
Siegel, L. J. , & Peterson, L. (1980). Stress reduction in young dental patients through coping skills and sensory information. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 785-787.
138.
Sime, A. M. , & Libera, M. B. (1985). Sensation information, self-instruction and responses to dental surgery. Research in Nursing and Health, 8, 41-47.
139.
Spiegel, D. , & Bloom, J. R. (1983). Group therapy and hypnosis reduce mestastic breast carcinoma pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45(4), 333-339.
140.
St. Lawrence, J. S. , McGrath, M. L., Oakley, M. E., & Sult, S. C. (1983). Stress management training for law students: Cognitive behavioral intervention. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1(4), 101-110.
141.
Tableman, B. , Marciniak, D., Johnson, D., & Rodgers, R. (1982). Stress management training for women on public assistance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10(3), 357-367.
142.
Thompson, J. G. , Griebstein, M. G., & Kuhlenschmidt, S. L. (1980). Effects of EMG biofeedback and relaxation training in the prevention of academic underachievement. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(2), 97-106.
143.
Thurman, C. W. (1985). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatments in reducing Type A behavior among university faculty. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(1), 74-83.
144.
von Baeyer, C. , & Krause, L. (1983-1984). Effectiveness of stress management training for nurses working in a burn treatment unit. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 13(2), 113-126.
145.
Warden, M. F. (1983). The significance of two methods of stress management for surgical patients (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44/01-B, 332.
146.
Wernick, R. L. (1984). Stress management with practical nursing students: Effects on attrition. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(5), 543-550.
147.
West, D. J., Jr. , Horan, J. J., & Games, P. A. (1984). Component analysis of occupational stress inoculation applied to registered nurses in an acute care hospital setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 209-218.
148.
Williams, J. M. , Decker, T. W., & Libassi, A. (1983). The impact of stress management training on the academic performance of low-achieving college students. Journal of College Student Personnel, 24, 491-494.
149.
Worthington, E. L.,Jr. , Martin, G. A., & Shumate, M. (1982). Which prepared-childbirth coping strategies are effective?Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 11(1), 45-51.
150.
Yorde, B. S. , & Witmer, J. M. (1980). An educational format for teaching stress management to groups with a wide range of stress symptoms. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 5(1), 75-90.
151.
Ziegler, S. G. , Klinzing, J., & Williamson, K. (1982). The effects of two stress management training programs on cardiorespiratory efficiency. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 280-289.
