This article provides a nonexhaustive and critical review of selective research on client-counselor variables to exemplify the type and status and/or quality of work conducted on racial/ethnic minorities. In addition, specific and generic methodological and professional recommendations for improving the quality of research across topics and variables are proposed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abramowitz, C. V. , & Dokecki, P. R. (1977). The politics of clinical judgment: Early empirical returns. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 460-476.
2.
Acosta, F X. , & Sheehan, J. G. (1976). Preferences toward Mexican-American and Anglo-American psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 282-227.
3.
Andrulis, D. P. (1977). Ethnicity as a variable in the utilization and referral patterns of a comprehensive mental health center. Journal of Community Psychology, 5, 231-237.
4.
Argulewicz, E. N. , Anderson, C. C., & Bingenheimer, L. T. (1983). Alternate form reliability of the PPVT-R for Anglo-American and Mexican-American school children. Educational and Psychological Research, 3, 19-24.
5.
Atkinson, D. R. (1983). Ethnic similarity in counseling psychology: A review of research. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(3), 79-92.
6.
Atkinson, D. R. , Morton, G., & Sue, D. W. (1979). Counseling American minorities: A cross-cultural perspective. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
7.
Bloombaum, M. , Yamamoto, J., & James, Q. (1968). Cultural stereotyping among psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 99.
8.
Cannon, M. S. , & Locke, B. Z. (1977). Being black is detrimental to one's mental health: Myth or reality?Phylon, 408-428.
9.
Casas, J. M. (1984). Policy, training and research in counseling psychology: The racial/ethnic minority perspective. In S. Brown & R. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, (pp. 785-831). New York: John Wiley.
10.
Cole, J. , & Pilisuk, M. (1976). Differences in the provision of mental health services by race. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 510-525.
11.
DiNardo, P. A. (1975). Social class and diagnostic suggestion as variables in clinical judgment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 363-368.
12.
Dohrenwend, B. P. , & Dohrenwend, B. S. (1969). Social status and psychological disorder. New York: John Wiley.
13.
Dohrenwend, B. P. , & Dohrenwend, B. S. (1974). Social and cultural influences on psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 25, 417-452.
14.
Dohrenwend, B. S. (1973). Social status and stressful life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 225-235.
15.
Draguns, J. G. (1975). Resocialization into culture: The complexities of taking a worldwide view of psychotherapy. In R. W. Brislin, S. Bochner, & W. J. Lonner (Eds.), Cross-cultural perspectives on learning. New York: Russell Sage.
16.
Furlong, M. J. , Atkinson, D. R., & Casas, J. M. (1979). Effects of counselor ethnicity and attitudinal similarity on Chicano students' perceptions of counselor credibility and attractiveness. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1, 41-53.
17.
Gomez, A. (1972). Some considerations in structuring human services program for the Spanish-speaking population in the United States. Paper presented at New York Medical College-Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY.
18.
Goodman, A. B. , & Siegel, C. (1978). Differences in white-nonwhite community mental health center service utilization patterns. Journal of Evaluation and Program Planning, 1, 51-63.
19.
Griffith, M. S. , & Jones, E. E. (1979). Race and psychotherapy: Changing perspectives. In J. H. Masserman (Ed.), Current psychiatric therapies (Vol. 18). New York: Grune & Stratton.
20.
Harrison, I. K. (1975). Race as a counselor-client variable in counseling and psychotherapy: A review of the research. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(1), 124-133.
21.
Heine, R. W. (1950). The Negro patient in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6, 373-376.
22.
Hernstein, R. (1971). I. Q. Atlantic Monthly, 228(3), 43-64.
23.
Higginbotham, H. N. (1977). Culture and the role of client expectancy in psychotherapy. Topics in Culture Learning, 5, 107-124.
24.
Hollingshead, A. B. , & Redlich, R. C. (1958). Social class and mental illness. New York: John Wiley.
25.
Jaco, E. G. (1959). Mental health of the Spanish American in Texas. In M. K. Opler (Ed.), Culture and mental health: Cross-cultural studies. New York: Macmillan.
26.
Jaco, E. G. (1960). The social epidemology of mental disorders: A psychiatric survey of Texas. New York: Russell Sage.
27.
Jones, E. E. (1974). Social class and psychotherapy: A critical review of research. Psychiatry, 37, 307-320.
28.
Jones, E. E. (1978). Effects of race on psychotherapy process and outcome: An exploratory investigation. Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 15, 226-236.
29.
Jones, E. E. , & Korchin, S. J. (Eds.). (1982). Minority issues in mental health. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
30.
Karno, M. (1966). The enigma of ethnicity in a psychiatric clinic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 14, 516-520.
31.
Karno, M. , & Edgerton, R. B. (1969). Perception of mental illness in a Mexican-American community. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20, 233-238.
32.
Karno, M. , & Morales, A. (1971). A community mental health service for Mexican Americans in a metropolis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 12, 116-121.
33.
Keefe, S. E. , & Casas, J. M. (1980). Mexican Americans and mental health: A selected review and recommendations for mental health service delivery. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 303-326.
34.
Keefe, S. E. , Padilla, A. M., & Carlos, M. L. (1978). Emotional support systems in two cultures: A comparison of Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans (Spanish-Speaking Mental Health Research Center Occasional Paper No. 7). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
35.
King, L. M. (1978). Social and cultural influences on psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 405-433.
36.
Korchin, S. J. (1980). Clinical psychology and minority problems. American Psychologist, 35, 262-269.
37.
Kramer, M. , Rosen, B., & Willis, E. (1972). Definitions and distributions of mental disorders in a racist society. In C. Willis, B. Kramer, & B. Brown (Eds.), Racism and mental health. Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania Press.
38.
LaFromboise, T. D. , & Dixon, D. N. (1981). American Indian perception of trustworthiness in a counseling interview. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 135-139.
39.
Lee, G. (1983). Theoretical underpinnings of racial and gender imbalances in psychiatric diagnoses. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.
40.
Libo, L. M. , Dunbar, R. L., & Warren, M. M. (1962). A study of admissions to the New Mexico state hospital in 1958 and 1959. Santa Fe: New Mexico Department of Public Health, Division of Mental Health.
41.
Ligon, R. (1983). Racial and sexual differences in psychiatric diagnostic categories: A longitudinal evaluation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.
42.
Lindsay, I. B. (1947). Race as a factor in the caseworker's role. Journal of Social Case-work, 28, 101-107.
43.
Lopez, S. (1977). Clinical stereotypes of the Mexican-American. In J. L. Martinez (Ed.), Chicano psychology (pp. 263-278). New York: Academic Press.
44.
Lopez, S. (1981). Mexican-American usage of mental health facilities: Underutilization considered. In A. Baron, Jr. (Ed.), Exploration in Chicano psychology. New York: Praeger.
45.
Lorion, R. P. (1973). Socioeconomic status and traditional treatment approaches reconsidered. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 263-270.
46.
Lorion, R. P. (1978). Research on psychotherapy and behavior change with the disadvantaged: Past, present, and future directions. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley.
47.
Marsella, A. J. , Kinzie, D., & Gordon, P. (1973). Ethnic variations in expression of depression. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 435-458.
48.
Marsella, A. J. , & Pedersen, P. (1979). Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon.
49.
Merluzzi, B. H. , & Merluzzi, T. V. (1978). Influence of client race on counselor's assessment of case materials. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 399-404.
50.
Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Policy, Planning and Research.
51.
Neimeyer, G. , & Gonzales, M. (1983). Duration, satisfaction, and perceived effectiveness of cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 91-95.
52.
Padilla, A. M. (1981). Competent communities: A critical analysis of theories and public policy. In O. A. Barbarin, P. R. Good, O. M. Pharr, & J. A. Siskind (Eds.), Institutional racism and community competence (pp. 20-29). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
53.
Padilla, A. M. , & Ruiz, R. A. (1973). Latino mental health: A review of literature (DHEW Publication No. HSM 73-9143). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
54.
Padilla, A. M. , Ruiz, R. A., & Alvarez, R. (1975). Community mental health services for the Spanish-speaking/surnamed population. American Psychologist, 30, 892-905.
55.
Parham, T. A. , & Helms, J. E. (1981). The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 250-257.
56.
Parloff, M. B. , Waskow, E. E., & Wolfe, B. E. (1978). Research on therapist variables in relation to process and outcome. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley.
57.
Pedersen, P. B. , Draguns, J. G., Lonner, W. J., & Trimble, J. (Eds.). (1980). Counseling across cultures. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
58.
Prince, R. H. (1980). Variations in psychotherapeutic procedures. In H. C. Triandis & J. G. Draguns (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Vol. 6: Psychopathology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
59.
Proctor, E. K. , & Rosen, A. (1981). Expectations and preferences for counselor race and their relation to intermediate treatment outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28,40-46.
60.
Raskin, A. , Crook, T. H., & Herman, K. D. (1975). Psychiatry history and symptom differences in black and white depressed inpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 73-80.
61.
Reynolds, C. R. , Willson, U. L., & Chatman, S. R. (1984). Item bias on the 1981 revision of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test using a new method of detecting bias. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2, 219-224.
62.
Rubinton, E. , & Weinberg, M. S. (1971). The study of social problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
63.
Sanchez, A. , Acosta, F., & Grosser, R. (1979). Mental health services to ethnic minorities in Colorado. Denver: Division of Mental Health, Department of Institutions, State of Colorado.
64.
Sandler, I. , Holmen, M., & Schooper, A. (1978). Self versus counselor perceptions of interpersonal characteristics of female welfare recipients: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 179-188.
65.
Schneider, L. J. , Laury, P. D., & Hughes, H. H. (1980). Ethnic group perceptions of mental health service providers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 589-596.
66.
Smith, E. J. (1982). Counseling psychology in the marketplace: The status of ethnic minorities. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 61-68.
67.
Srole, L. , Langner, T. S., Michael, S. T., Opler, M. K., & Rennie, T.A.C. (1962). Mental health in the metropolis (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill.
68.
Stricker, L. J. (1982). Identifying test items that perform differentially in population subgroups: A partial correlation index. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6, 261-273.
69.
Sue, D. W. , Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E. J., & Vazques-Nuttall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(2), 45-52.
70.
Sue, D. W. , & Kirk, B. A. (1975). Asian-Americans: Use of counseling and psychiatric services on a college campus. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 84-86.
71.
Sue, S. (1977). Community mental health services to minority groups: Some optimism, some pessimism. American Psychologist, 32, 616-624.
72.
Sue, S. (1983). Ethnic minority issues in psychology: A reexamination. American Psychologist, 38, 583-592.
73.
Sue, S. , Ito, J., & Bradshaw, C. (1982). Ethnic minority research: Trends and directions. In S. J. Korchin & E. Jones (Eds.), Minority mental health. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
74.
Sue, S. , & Sue D. W. (1974). MMPI comparisons between Asian-American and non-Asian students utilizing a student health psychiatric clinic. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 423-427.
75.
Sundberg, N. D. (1981). Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy: A research overview. In A. Marsella & P. Pedersen (Eds.), Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon.
76.
Tanaka-Matsumi, J. , & Marsella, A. J. (1976). Cross-cultural variations in the phenenological experience of depression: I. Word association studies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 7, 379-396.
77.
Torres-Matrullo, C. (1976). Acculturation and psychopathology among Puerto Rican women in mainland United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 710-719.
78.
Torrey, E. F. (1972). The mind game: Witch doctors and psychiatrists. New York: Bantam Books.
79.
Trevino, F. M. , & Bruhn, J. G. (1977). Incidence of mental illness in a Mexican community. Psychiatric Annals, 7, 33-51.
80.
Trevino F. M. , Bruhn, J. G., & Bunce, H., III. (1979). Utilization of community mental health services in a Texas-Mexico border city. Social Science and Medicine, 13A, 331-334.
81.
Tseng, W. S. , & Hsu, J. (1979). Culture and psychotherapy. In A. J. Marsella, R. G. Tharp, & T. J. Ciborowski (Eds.), Perspectives on cross-cultural psychology. New York: Academic Press.
82.
Wampold, B. E. , Casas, J. M., & Atkinson, D. R. (1981). Ethnic bias in counseling: An information processing approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 498-503.
83.
Warheit, G. J. , Holzer, C. E., & Arey, S. A. (1975). Race and mental illness: An epidemiological update. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 16, 243-256.
84.
Westbrook, F. D. , Miyares, J., & Roberts, J. H. (1978). Perceived problem areas by black and white students and hints about comparative counseling needs. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 119-123.
85.
Wignall, C. M. , & Koppin, L. L. (1967). Mexican-American usage of state mental hospital facilities. Community Mental Health Journal, 3, 137-148.
86.
Woods, E. , & Zimmer, J. M. (1976). Racial effects in counseling-like interviews: An experimental analogue. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 527-531.
87.
Yamamoto, J. , James, Q. C., & Palley, N. (1968). Cultural problems in psychiatric therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 45-49.
