This article reviews the methods, major findings, and conclusions of the Fouad et al. review of research on women's work and career development over the last 25 years. Following that, the paper addresses the question posed by Fouad et al. "Why arent we there yet"?, providing several examples of approaches to the development of separate theories of women's career development. The article concludes with counseling, training and societal implications.
BanduraA. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
2.
BetzN. (1989). Implications of the null environment hypothesis for women’s career development and counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 17(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000089171008
3.
BetzN. E.FitzgeraldL. F. (1987). The career psychology of women. Academic Press.
4.
BlusteinD. L. (2019). The importance of work in an age of uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
5.
BlusteinD. L.AliS. R.FloresL. Y. (2019). Vocational psychology: Expanding the vision and enhancing the impact. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(2), 166–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019861213
6.
DeBlaereC.SinghA. A.WilcoxM. M.CoakleyK. O.Delgado-RomeroE. A.ScaliseD. A.ShawahinL. (2019). Social justice in counseling psychology: Then, now, and looking forward. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(6), 938–962. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019893283.
7.
DuffyR. D.BlusteinD. L.DiemerM. A.AutinK. L. (2016). The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000140
8.
EatonA. A.GrzankaP. R.SchlehoferM. M.SilkaL. (2021). Public psychology: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1209–1216. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000933
FassingerR. E. (1990). Causal models of career choice in two samples of college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(2), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(90)90029-2
11.
FitzgeraldL.FassingerR. E.BetzN. (1995). Theoretical issues in the vocational psychology of women. In OsipowS.WalshW. B. (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 67–109). Erlbaum.
12.
FlanaganJ. C. (1954). The critical incidents technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061470
13.
FloresL. Y.SettlesI.McGillenG. G.DavisT. M. (2021). Critical contributions to scholarship on women and work: Celebrating 50 years of progress and looking ahead to a new decade. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103490
14.
FouadN. A. (2021). Fiftieth anniversary issue: Editor-in-Chief’s introduction to the special issue. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103567. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000855
15.
FouadN. A.HackettG.SmithP.KantamneniN.FitzpatrickM.HaagS.SpencerD. (2010). Barriers and supports for continuing in mathematics and science: Gender and educational level differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.06.004
16.
FouadN. A.KozlowskiM.SchamsS.WeberW.TapiaW.D.BurrowsS. (2023). Why aren’t we there yet: The status of research in women’s career development. The Counseling Psychologist, 51(6), 786–848.
17.
FreemanJ. (1979). How to discriminate against women without really trying. In FreemanJ. (Ed.). Women: A feminist perspective. (2nd ed., pp. 194–208). Mayfield.
18.
GomezM. J.FassingerR.ProsserJ.CookeK.MejiaB.LunaJ. (2001). Voces abriendo caminos (voices forging paths): A qualitative study of the career development of notable Latinas. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(3), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.3.286
19.
HackettG.BetzN. E.DotyM. S. (1985). The development of a taxonomy of career competencies for professional women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 12(3–4), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287604
20.
HarmonL. (1977). Career counseling for women. In RawlingsE.CarterD. (Eds.). Psychotherapy for women (pp. 197–206).Thomas.
21.
HollandJ. (1973). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers. Prentice Hall.
22.
HollingsworthM. A.TomlinsonM. J.FassingerR. E. (1997). Working it “out”: Career development among prominnet lesbian women [Symposium presentation]. Chicago, IL, United States, 6-7: American Psychological Association Convention. [Accessed August 2017].
23.
LentR. W.BrownS. D. (2019). Social cognitive career theory at 25: Empirical status of the interest, choice, and performance models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, 103448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004
24.
LentR. W.BrownS. D.HackettG. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
25.
LentR. W.SheuH.MillerM. J.CusickM. E.PennL. T.TruongN. N. (2018). Predictors of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics choice options: A meta-analytic path analysis of the social–cognitive choice model by gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000243
26.
MallinckrodtB.MilesJ. RLevyJ. J. (2014). The scientist-practitioner-advocate model: Addressing contemporary training needs for social justice advocacy. Training and Education In Professional Psychology, 8(4), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000045
27.
McWhirterE. H. (1997). Perceived barriers to education and careers: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(1), 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.1536
28.
MilesJ. R.FassingerR. E. (2021). Creating a public psychology through a scientist-practitioner-advocacy model. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1232–1247. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000855
29.
NoonanB. M.GallorS.Hensler-McGinnisN.FassingerR. E.WangS.GoodmanJ. (2004). Challenge and success: A qualitative study of the career development of highly achieving women with physical and sensory disabilities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.68
30.
O'BrienK. M.FassingerR. E. (1993). A causal model of the career orientation and career choice of adolescent women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 456–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.456
31.
OsipowS. H. (1975). Emerging Women: Career analysis and outlooks. Merrill.
32.
PattonM. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed). Sage.
ProsserJ.ChopraS.FassingerR. E. (1998). A qualitative study of the careers of prominent Asian American women [Symposium presentation]. Association for Women in Psychology Annual Conference, Baltimore, MD, United States.
35.
RichieB. S.FassingerR. E.LinnS.JohnsonJ.ProsserJ.RobinsonS. (1997). Persistence, connection, and passion: A qualitative study of the career development of highly achieving African American/Black and White women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.2.133
36.
ScheelM.StabbS.CohnT.DuanC.SauerE. (2018). Counseling psychology model training program. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(1), 6–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018755512
37.
StraussA. L.CorbinJ. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed). Sage.
38.
SwansonJ.TokarD. (1991). Development and validation of the Career Barriers Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39(3), 344–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(91)90043-L
