A 26-year retrospective study was conducted on internship and initial job placements of counseling psychologists. The results indicated that university counseling centers consistently supported the highest percentage of the field’s predoctoral interns followed by Veteran Administration Medical Centers, other hospital settings, and community mental health centers. Initial job placements indicated relative parity among placements in academic, community mental health, counseling center, and private practice settings with Veterans Administration Medical Centers and other hospital settings accounting for significant percentages of the field’s initial job placements. In addition, changes in internship and job placements across time indicated that various contexts have waxed or waned in their contribution to the training and placement of counseling psychologists. Results are discussed in relation to the evolving identity of counseling psychology as a specialty and the contexts that support and challenge that development.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alcorn, J. D. (1991). Counseling psychology and health applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 325-341.
2.
Alcorn, J. D. , & Nicholas, D. (1983). Training in counseling psychology: Data and trends. The Counseling Psychologist, 11, 93-94.
3.
American Psychological Association . (1947). Committee on training in clinical psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology. Recommended graduate training program in clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 2, 539-558.
4.
American Psychological Association . (1952a). Committee on counselor training, Division of Counseling and Guidance. The practicum training of counseling psychologists. American Psychologist, 7, 182-188.
5.
American Psychological Association . (1952b). Committee on counselor training, Division of Counseling and Guidance. Recommended standards for training counseling psychologists at the doctorate level. American Psychologist, 7, 175-181.
6.
Banikiotes, P. G. (1977). The training of counseling psychologists. The Counseling Psychologist, 7, 23-26.
7.
Banikiotes, P. G. (1980). Counseling psychology training: Data and perceptions. The Counseling Psychologist, 8, 73-74.
8.
Bernstein, B. L. , & Kerr, B. (1993). Counseling psychology and the scientist-practitioner model: Implementation and implications. The Counseling Psychologist, 12, 136-151.
9.
Cameron, A. S. , Galassi, J. P., Birk, J. M., & Waggener, N. M. (1989). Trends in counseling psychology training programs: The Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs Survey, 1975-1987. The Counseling Psychologist, 17, 301-313.
10.
Cooper, C. R. , & Gottlieb, M. C. (2000). Ethical issues with managed care: Challenges facing counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 179-236.
11.
Cypres, A. , Landsberg, G., & Spellman, M. (1997). The impact of managed care on community mental health outpatient services in New York state. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 24, 509-521.
12.
Fitzgerald, L. F. , & Osipow, S. H. (1986). An occupational analysis of counseling psychology: How special is the specialty?American Psychologist, 41, 535-544.
13.
Fox, R. , Kovacs, A., & Graham, S. (1985) Proposals for a revolution in the preparation and regulation of professional psychologists. American Psychologist, 40, 1042-1050.
14.
Fretz, B. R. (1977). Professional identity. The Counseling Psychologist, 7, 9-94.
15.
Fretz, B. (Ed.). (1987). Internship. The Counseling Psychologist, 15(2).
16.
Fretz, B. (Ed.). (1988). Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology: Planning the future. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(3).
17.
Gaddy, C. D. , Charlot-Swilley, D., Nelson, P. D., & Reich, J. N. (1995). Selected outcomes of accredited programs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 5, 507-513.
18.
Galassi, J. P. , & Moss, N. L. (1986). Training in counseling psychology: 1985 data and trends. The Counseling Psychologist, 14, 471-477.
19.
Gallessich, J. , & Olmstead, K. M. (1987). Training in counseling psychology: Issues and trends in 1986. The Counseling Psychologist, 15, 596-600.
20.
Guinee, J. P. , & Ness, M. E. (2000). Counseling centers of the 1990s: Challenges and changes. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 267-280.
21.
Hahn, M. E. (1980). Counseling psychology: 2000 A.D. The Counseling Psychologist, 8, 36-37.
22.
Heath, A. E. , Neimeyer, G. J., & Pedersen, P. B. (1988). The future of cross-cultural counseling: A Delphi poll. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 27-30.
23.
Holloway, E. L. , & Roehlke, H. J. (1987). Internship: The applied training of a counseling psychologist. The Counseling Psychologist, 15, 205-260.
24.
Kaczmarek, P. G. , & Wagner, W. G. (1994). Future training requirements for counseling psychologists: Competence with children. The Counseling Psychologist, 22, 426-443.
25.
Larson, P. C. (1992). Neuropsychological counseling in hospital settings. The Counseling Psychologist, 20, 556-559.
26.
Lent, R. W. (1990). Further reflections of the public image of counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 18, 324-332.
27.
Levant, R. F. (2000, January). Welcoming remarks. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the Council of Training Councils, Miami Beach, FL.
28.
Meara, N. M. , Schmidt, L. D., Carrington, C. H., Davis, K. L., Dixon, D. N., Fretz, B. R., Myers, R. A., Ridley, C. R., & Suinn, R. M. (1988). Training and accreditation in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 16, 366-384.
29.
Murdock, N. L. , Alcorn, J., Heesacker, M., & Stoltenberg, C. (1998). Model training program in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 658-672.
30.
Neimeyer, G. J. , & Norcross, J. C. (1997). The future of psychotherapy and counseling psychology in the USA. In S. Palmer & V. Varma (Eds.), The future of counselling and psychotherapy (pp. 66-81). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31.
Papadopoulos, L. , & Bor, R. (1995). Counselling psychology in primary health care: A review. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 8, 279-289.
32.
Quintana, S. M. , & Bernal, M. E. (1995). Ethnic minority training in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 23, 102-121.
33.
Richardson, M. S. , & Massey, J. P. (1986). Counseling psychology training: Data and perceptions. The Counseling Psychologist, 14, 313-318.
34.
Stewart, A. E. , & Stewart, E. A. (1998). Trends in postdoctoral education: Requirements for licensure and training opportunities. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 273-283.
35.
Stewart, A. E. , Stewart, E. A., & Vogel, D. L. (in press). A survey of interns’ preferences and plans for postdoctoral training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.
36.
Watkins, C. E. (1993). What have surveys taught us about the teaching and practice of vocational assessment?The Counseling Psychologist, 21, 109-117.
37.
Watkins, C. E. (1994). On hope, promise, and possibility in counseling psychology or some simple, but meaningful observations about our specialty. The Counseling Psychologist, 22, 315-334.
38.
Watkins, C. E. , Lopez, F. G., Campbell, V. L., & Himmell, C. D. (1986). Contemporary counseling psychology: Results of a national survey. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 301-309.
39.
Whiteley, J. M. (1980). Counseling psychology in the year 2000 AD. The Counseling Psychologist, 8, 2-8.
40.
Whiteley, J. M. (1984). A historical perspective on the development of counseling psychology as a profession. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 3-55). New York: John Wiley.
41.
Whiteley, J., & Resnikoff, A. (Eds.). (1980). Counseling psychology in the year 2000 A.D. The Counseling Psychologist, 8(4).
