Among the Nordic countries Denmark has been a member of the European Community (EC) since 1973. The other Nordic countries, for various reasons, did not feel they could join the EC until now. Recently they negotiated the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement with the EC, but, partly because of its limits, Sweden, Finland and Norway have now applied for EC membership. If the Maastricht Treaty on European Union enters into force they will be seeking to join a Union which will further deepen the European integration process. This, however, depends on a second Danish referendum, probably in May 1993. Since Denmark has been a `minimalist' member of the EC and now has been given some opt-outs from the Maastricht Treaty at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council in December 1992, it is to be expected that the Nordic participants in the European integration process will remain `difficult' partners for those who have more ambitious plans for the future.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Allen, Hilary
(1979) Norway and Europe in the 1970's. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
2.
Antola, Esko
(1991) `Finland', in H. Wallace (ed.) The Wider Western Europe: Reshaping the EC/EFTA Relationship, pp. 146-158. London: Pinter.
3.
Bjøl, Erling
(1978) `Le Danemark et la Communauté européenne', Revue d'intégration européenne2 (September): 25-48.
4.
Bjøl, Erling
(1986) `Denmark: Between Scandinavia and Europe?', International Affairs62 (Autumn): 601-617.
5.
Christoffersen, Poul Skytte
(1992) Traktaten om Den Europæiske Union: Baggrund — Forhandling — Resultat. Copenhagen: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag.
6.
Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union
(1989) Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC.
7.
Delors, Jacques
(1989) `The Broad Lines of Commission Policy', Europe/Documents No. 1542/1543, 26 January.
8.
Delors, Jacques
(1992) Le nouveau concert européen. Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob.
9.
Denmark, government of
(1992) `Denmark in Europe', mimeographed memorandum, 30 October.
10.
Denmark, Foreign Ministry
(1992) Hvidbog om Danmark og Maastricht-Traktaten. October.
11.
De Zwaan, J. W.
(1986) `The Single European Act: Conclusion of a Unique Document', Common Market Law Review23: 747-765.
12.
EFTA Secretariat
(1987) The European Free Trade Association. Geneva: EFTA.
13.
Ellemann Jensen, Uffe
(1987) Da Danmark igen sagde ja til det fælles. Copenhagen: Schultz.
14.
European Communities
(1992) Council and Commission, Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
15.
European Communities, Commission, Secretariat General
(1991) `A Strategy for Enlargement: Preliminary Report of the SG Study Group on Enlargement', Brussels, 14 November.
16.
European Communities, Commission
(1992a) `Europe and the Challenge of Enlargement', Europe, Documents No. 1790, 3 July.
17.
European Communities, Commission
(1992b) `Sweden's Application for Membership. Opinion of the Commission', SEC(92) 1582 final/2, Brussels, 7 August.
18.
European Communities, Court of Justice
(1991) `Opinion of the Court, 14 December 1991', Opinion 1/91.
19.
European Communities, Court of Justice
(1992) `Opinion of the Court, 10 April 1992', Opinion 1/92.
20.
`European Council in Lisbon 26/27 June 1992. Conclusions of the Presidency'
, Agence Europe, 28 June, p. 5.
21.
`European Council in Edinburgh — 11 - 12 December, 1992 — Conclusions of the Presidency,' Agence Europe, No. 5878, 13 December, and No. 5878BIS, 13-14 December.
22.
Gerbet, Pierre
(1983) La Construction de l'Europe. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
23.
Gulmann, C.
(1987) `The Single European Act — Some Remarks from a Danish Perspective', Common Market Law Review24: 31-40.
24.
Haas, Ernst B.
(1958) The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950-1957. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
25.
Haas, Ernst B.
(1961) `International Integration: The European and the Universal Process', International Organization15(4): 366-392.
26.
Kleppe, Per
(1989) Norges vei til Europa. Oslo: Aschehoug.
27.
Krag, Jens Otto
(1973) Dagbog 1971-1972. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
28.
Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi
(1991) `Iceland', in H. Wallace (ed.) The Wider Western Europe, pp. 157-178. London: Pinter.
29.
Lasok, D.
and J. W. Bridge (1987) Law and Institutions of the European Communities4th ed.London: Butterworths.
30.
Laursen, Finn
(1990a) `Explaining the EC's New Momentum', in Finn Laursen (ed.) EFTA and the EC: Implications of 1992. Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration.
31.
Laursen, Finn
(1990b) `The Community's Policy Towards EFTA: Regime Formation in the European Economic Space (EES)', Journal of Common Market Studies28 (June): 303-325.
32.
Laursen, Finn (ed.) (1991a) `The EC in the World Context: Civilian Power or Superpower?'Futures23 (September).
33.
Laursen, Finn
(1991b) Europe 1992: World Partner? The Internal Market and the World Political Economy. Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration.
34.
Laursen, Finn
(1991c) `Comparative Regional Economic Integration: The European and Other Processes', International Review of Administrative Sciences57: 515-526.
35.
Laursen, Finn
(1991d) `EFTA Countries as actors in European Integration: The Emergence of the European Economic Area (EEA)', International Review of Administrative Sciences57: 543-555.
36.
Laursen, Finn
(1991-92) `The EC and its European Neighbours: Special Partnerships or Widened Membership?'International Journal47 (Winter): 28-63.
37.
Laursen, Finn
(1992a) `Denmark and European Political Union', in Laursen and Vanhoonacker (eds) (1992), pp. 63-78.
38.
Laursen, Finn
(1992b) `Explaining the Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union', in Laursen and Vanhoonacker (eds), pp. 229-248.
39.
Laursen, Finn
(1992c) `The Maastricht Treaty: A Critical Evaluation', in Laursen and Vanhoonacker (eds) (1992), pp. 249-265.
40.
Laursen, Finn
and Sophie Vanhoonacker (eds) (1992) The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union: Institutional Reforms, New Policies and International Identity of the European Community. Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration; and Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
41.
Lehmann Sørensen, Carsten
(1978) Danmark og EF i 1970erne. Copenhagen: Borgen.
42.
Lehmann Sørensen, Carsten
(1987) `The Danish Experience with the European Communities', Österreische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft16: 159-167.
43.
Leskelä, Jukka
and Seija Parviainen (1990) EFTA Countries Foreign Direct Investments, Occasional Paper 34. Geneva: EFTA (September).
44.
Lindberg, Leon N.
(1963) The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
45.
Lindberg, Leon, N.
and Stuart A. Scheingold (1970) Europe's Would-Be Polity: Patterns of Change in the European Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
46.
Miljan, Toivo
(1977) The Reluctant Europeans: The Attitudes of the Nordic Countries Towards European Integration. London: C. Hurst.
47.
Monnet, Jean
(1978) Memoirs. London: Collins.
48.
Mousson-Lestang, J.-P.
(1990) La Scandinavie et l'Europe de 1945 à nos jours. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
49.
Patijn, S.
(ed.) (1970) Landmarks in European Unity. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff.
50.
Pedersen, Thomas
(1988) `The Wider Western Europe: EC Policy Towards the EFTA Countries'. RIIA Discussion Papers, No. 10. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
51.
Pedersen, Thomas (1991a) `På vej mod EF-unionen', in Norden i det nye Europa. En rapport fra de fire nordiske utenrikspolitiske instituttene og universitetet i Reykjavik. Helsinki, Copenhagen, Oslo, Reykjavik and Stockholm, pp. 75-124.
52.
Pedersen, Thomas
(1991b) `EF-unionen og det bredere Europa: Associering eller udvidelse?' in Pedersen (1991a), pp. 125-147.
53.
Pedersen, Thomas
(1992) `Integration and Enlargement — Challenges to the EC in the 1990s', paper presented to the Inaugural Pan-European Conference in International Studies, Heidelberg, 16-20 September.
54.
Pentland, Charles
(1973) International Theory and European Integration. London: Faber and Faber.
55.
Petersen, Nikolaj
(1978) `Attitudes Towards European Integration and the Danish Common Market Referendum', Scandinavian Political Studies1 (New Series), (1): 23-42.
56.
Petersen, Nikolaj
(1991) EF, den politiske union og Danmark: Analyse og dokumentation. Copenhagen: Det sikkerheds- og nedrustningspolitiske udvalg.
57.
Petersen, Nikolaj
(1992) ` “Den rette forhandlingsstrategi for Danmark”: Danmark og den Europæiske Union efter 2. juni', unpublished paper, Institute of Political Science, University of Aarhus.
58.
Petersen, Nikolaj
and J. Elklit (1973) `Denmark Enters the European Community', Scandinavian Political Studies8: 198-213.
59.
`Report of the ad hoc Committee on the Institutional Questions to the European Council'
(1985) Agence Europe/Documents Nos. 1349/1350 (21 March).
60.
Saeter, Martin
and Olav F. Knudsen (1991) `Norway', in H. Wallace (ed.) The Wider Western Europe, pp. 179-193. London: Pinter.
61.
Schou, Tove Lise
(1982) `Danmark mellem Norden og EF'. Økonomi og Politik56: 44-55.
62.
Seidenfaden, T.
(1987) `Denmark: A Reluctant Corner of Europe', European Affairs1 (Summer): 64-71.
63.
Siune, Karen
; Palle Svensson and Ole Tonsgaard (1992) — det blev et nej. Aarhus: Politica.
64.
Stålvant, Carl-Einar
and Carl Hamilton (1991) `Sweden', in H. Wallace (ed.) The Wider Western Europe, pp. 194-214. London: Pinter.
65.
Stein, Arthur A.
(1990) Why Nations Co-operate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press.
66.
`Summary Results of the EEA Negotiations' (1991) Luxembourg, 22 October.
67.
Sweden, Utrikesdepartementets Handelsavdeling
(1992) Agreement on the European Economic Area, 2 vols. Stockholm, February.
68.
Thune, Christian (1987) `Denmark, Europe and the Creation of EFTA', in Pierre du Bois and Bettina Hurni (eds) L'AELE d'hier à demain, pp. 74-82. Geneva: European Free Trade Association and Institut universitaire d'études européennes.
69.
Thune, Christian (1992) `Dänemark', in Werner Weidenfeld and Wolfgang Wessels (eds) Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration 1991/92. Bonn: Institut für Europäische Politik, Europa Union Verlag GmbH.
70.
Worre, Torben
(1988) `Denmark at the Crossroads: The Danish Referendum of 28 (sic) February 1986 on the EC Reform Package', Journal of Common Market Studies26 (June): 361-388.
