Abstract
Although the effect of electoral rules on the number of parties in democracies has been well explored, little attention had been paid to their effect on the parties themselves. The authors examine this problem within the context of French two-ballot rules, which illuminate partisan distinctions rather than blur them as single-ballot rules do. Earlier studies demonstrated that the dual-ballot rules used in French legislative elections allowed four ways of winning, in response to which four stable parties emerged. The French presidential election further illuminated these distinctions. Because there is only one winner, the contest becomes personalized, heightening partisan distinctions in electoral strategies, appeals, and organization. Examining this effect in the 1995 presidential election, the authors conclude that the French dual ballot provides a tool for understanding not only French parties but also parties in which single-ballot rules force all to use similar electoral strategies and appeals.
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