Book Review: Barkey,K. (2008). Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge,UK: Cambridge University Press

Barkey, K. (1994). Bandits and bureaucrats: The Ottoman route to state centralization. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Gibbon, E. (1899). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New York: P.F. Collier & Son.