This study explores the underlying causes of the processes of democratic reform in Japan and Korea over the past decade. In both nations, elite-challenging pressures from below have been the stimulus forcing reforms on the governing elites. For this reason, changes in mass attitudes and values become a crucial explanatory variable in accounting for recent political reforms. The authors discuss the pattern of political development in these two nations and their theory of how and why values are changing from an authoritarian to libertarian set of attitudinal orientations. This pattern of value change has been eroding the traditional tolerance of the mass publics in these two nations for authoritarian and corrupt practices. The authors empirically demonstrate how and why values have been changing and how these changes are related to increasing levels of elite-challenging protest potential and leftist reform-oriented attitudes.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adorno, T. W. , Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Norton.
2.
Almond, G. A. , & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3.
Austin, L. , (1975). Saints and samurai: The political culture of the Japanese and American elites. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4.
Christensen, R. V. (1994). Electoral reform in Japan. Asian Survey, 34, 589-605.
5.
Crozier, M. J. , Huntington, S. P. & Watanuki, J. (1975). The crisis of democracy. New York: New York University Press.
6.
Flanagan, S. C. (1979). Value change and partisan change in Japan: The silent revolution revisited. Comparative Politics, 11, 253-278.
7.
Flanagan, S. C. (1980). Value cleavages, economic cleavages and the Japanese voter. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 177-206.
8.
Flanagan, S. C. (1982a). Changing values in advanced industrial societies. Comparative Political Studies, 14, 403-444.
9.
Flanagan, S. C. (1982b). Measuring value change in advanced industrial societies. Comparative Political Studies, 15, 99-128.
10.
Flanagan, S. C. (1984). Electoral change in Japan: A study of secular realignment. In R. Dalton, S. C. Flanagan, & P. A. Beck (Eds.), Electoral change in advanced industrial democracies: Realignment or dealignment? (pp. 159-204). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
11.
Flanagan, S. C. (1987). Value change in industrial societies. American Political Science Review, 81, 1303-1319.
12.
Flanagan, S. C. (1991a). Value cleavages, contextual influences and the vote. In S. C. Flanagan, S. Kohei, I. Miyake, B. M. Richardson, & J. Watanuki (Eds.), The Japanese voter (pp. 84-142). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
13.
Flanagan, S. C. (1991b). The changing Japanese voter and the 1989 and 1990 elections. In S. C. Flanagan, S. Kohei, I. Miyake, B. M. Richardson, & J. Watanuki (Eds.), The Japanese voter (pp. 431-468). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
14.
Flanagan, S. C. , & Lee, A. R. (1988, August). Explaining value change and its political implications in eleven advanced industrial democracies. Paper presented at the Fourteen World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
15.
Flanagan, S. C. , & Lee, A. R. (1990, April). The causes and socio-political implications of value change in the advanced industrial democracies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
16.
Flanagan, S. C. , & Lee, A. R. (1991, November). Modernization and the emergence of the authoritarian libertarian value cleavage. Paper presented at the annual meeting at the Southern Political Science Association, Tampa, Florida.
17.
Fukui, H. , & Fukai, S. N. (1996). Pork barrel politics, networks, and local economic development in contemporary Japan. Asian Survey, 36, 268-286.
18.
Han, S. J. (1974). The failure of democracy in South Korea. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19.
Han, S. J. (1989). South Korea: Politics in transition. In L. Diamond, J. J. Linz, & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries Asia (pp. 267-304). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
20.
Han, Y. C. (1966). Traditionalism and the struggle for political modernization in contemporary Korea: With special reference to the development of political parties. Unpublished manuscript, New York University.
21.
Henderson, G. (1968). Korea: The politics of the vortex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22.
Hunsberger, W. S. (1997). Japan's quest: The search for international role, recognition, and respect. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
23.
Iga, M. , & Auerbach, M. (1977). Political corruption and social structure in Japan. Asian Survey, 17, 556-564.
24.
Inglehart, R. (1987). Value change in industrial societies. American Political Science Review, 81, 1290-1303.
25.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27.
Johnson, C. (1995). Japan: Who governs?New York: Norton.
28.
29.
Kihl, Y. W. (1988). Party politics on the eve of a gathering storm: The constitutional revision politics of 1986. In I. J. Kim & Y. W. Kihl (Eds.), Political change in South Korea (pp. 75-90). New York: Paragon.
30.
Kim, C. L. (1988). Potential for democratic change. In I. J. Kim & Y. W. Kihl (Eds.), Political change in South Korea (pp. 44-74). New York: Paragon.
31.
Koh, K. I. (1962). In quest of national unity and power: Political ideas and practices of Syngman Rhee. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University.
32.
Kohn, P. M. (1974). Authoritarianism, rebelliousness, and their correlates among British undergraduates. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 245-255.
33.
Kyon, H. P. (1990). Hyundae Minjujuiwa Hangukchongchi [Modern democracy and Korean politics]. Seoul, South Korea: Ingansarang.
34.
Lee, H. (1990). Uncertain promise: Post-1987 democratic consolidation in South Korea. Social Science Research, 2, 163-178.
35.
Lie, J. (1991). Democratization and its discontents: Origins of the present crisis in South Korea. Monthly Review, 42, 38-52.
36.
Lim, H. C. (1985). Dependent development in Korea: 1963-1979. Seoul, South Korea: Seoul National University Press.
37.
McCormack, G. (1996). The emptiness of Japanese affluence. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
38.
Rhee, J. C. (1992, September). The limits of financial liberalization under an authoritarian regime: The political process in South Korea. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association meeting, Chicago.
39.
Richardson, B. , & Flanagan, S. C. (1984). Politics in Japan. Boston: Little, Brown.
40.
Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.
41.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
42.
Seligmann, A. L. (1997). Japan's new electoral system. Asian Survey, 37, 409-428.
43.
Wolfe, E. L. (1995). Japanese electoral and political reform: Role of the young turks. Asian Survey, 35, 1059-1074.
