In order to impact morbidity and mortality of adolescents, the health care provider must not only determine the risk status of the teenager but also take time to provide appropriate guidance and interventions. We have developed the West Virginia University Adolescent Risk Score, which is more inclusive than similar screening techniques and requires an 3-minute interview. This format facilitates specific guidance, provides documentation of risk status, and is readily accessible on future visits. Our data provide the basis for planning and research regarding the effectiveness of interventions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Friedman SB, Fisher M, SchonbergSK. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishers Inc.; 1992:xxi, xxii.
2.
2. Elster AB. Prevention and adolescent health. Commentary on progress of the past 2 years. Am J Dis Child. 1993;147:510-511.
4. Kann L, Warren CW, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance United States, 1993. MMWR. 1995; 44: 1-44.
5.
5. Dryfoos JG. Adolescents at risk: A summation of work in the field-program and policies. JAdolesc Health. 1992;12:630-631.
6.
6. Lerner RM, Entwistle DR, Hauser ST. The crisis among contemporary adolescents: A call for integration of research, policies, and programs. J Res Adolesc. 1995;4:1-4.
7.
7. Hardoff D, Jackobson M. Hyperlipidemia. In: Nussbaum MP, Dwyer JT, eds. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews: Adolescent Nutrition and Eating Disorders. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 1992;3:473-486.
8.
8. Killen JD, Telch MJ, Robinson TN, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction for tenth graders. JAMA. 1988;260:1728-1733.
9.
9. Walter H, Hofman A, Vaughan R, Wynder E. Modification of the risk factors for coronary artery disease: Fiveyear results of a school-based intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1988;318: 1093-1100.
10.
10. Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. National cholesterol education program. Pediatrics. 1992;89(Part 2):525-584.
11.
11. Corcoran RD, Portnoy B. Risk reduction through comprehensive cancer education: The American Cancer Society plan for youth education.JSchoolHealth. 1989;59:199-203.
12.
12. Glynn TJ, Anderson DM, Schwartz L. Tobacco use among high-risk youth: Recommendations of a National Cancer Institute advisory panel. Prev Med. 1991;20:279-291.
13.
13. lammarino NK, Weinberg AD. Cancer prevention in the schoolsSchool Health. 1985;55:86-95.
14.
14. Portney B, Christenson G. Cancer knowledge and related practices: Results from the National Student Health SurveySchool Health. 1989;59:218-224.
15.
15. Weinstein B. Cancer prevention: Recent progress and future opportunity. Cancer Res. 1991;15:50805-50855.
16.
16. Weisberger JH, Wynder EL.Dietary fat intake and cancer prevention. Hematol/Oncol Clin North Am. 1991;5:7-23.
17.
17. Wynder EL.Primary prevention of cancer: The case for comprehensive school health education. Cancer. 1991;67:1820-1823.
18.
18. Irwin CE.The theoretical concept of at-risk adolescent. State of the Art Reviews. 1990;1:1-14.
20. Schubiner H, Robin A. Screening adolescents for depression and parentteenager conflict in an ambulatory medical setting: A preliminary investigation. Pediatrics. 1990;85:813-818.
21.
21. American Medical Association (AMA), Department of Adolescent Health. Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS). Chicago: AMA; 1992.
22.
22. Cavenaugh R.Anticipatory guidance for the adolescent: Has it come of age?Pediatr Rev. 1994;13:489-495.
23.
23. Schubiner H.Safe Times Questionnaire. JAdolesc Health1994;15:5-5.
24.
Friedman SB, Fisher M, Schonberg SK. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishers, Inc.; 1992.
25.
24. Joffe A, Radius SM. Health counseling of adolescents. Pediatrics in Review. 1991; 12:344-351.
26.
25. Beach RK.Priority health behaviors in adolescents. Adolescent Health Update. 1991;3:1-8.
27.
26. American Academy of Pediatrics. Health assessment and screening during adolescence. Pediatrics. 1987;80: 134-158.
28.
27. Blum R.Contemporary threats to adolescent health in the United States.JAMA. 1987;257:3390-3395.
29.
28. Green M, ed. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children and Adolescents. Arlington, VA: Nat'l Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1994.
30.
29. Irwin CE, Ryan SA. Problem behavior of adolescents. Pediatrics in Review. 1989;10:235-245.
31.
30. Hofmann AE. Clinical assessment and management of health risk behaviors. State of the Art Reviews. 1990;1:3344-3344.
32.
31. Sternlieb JJ, Munan L. A survey of health problems, practices, amd needs of youth. Pediatrics. 1972;49: 177-186.
33.
32. Millstein SG, Irwin CE, Adler N, et al. Health risk behaviors among young adolescents. Pediatrics. 1992;89:422-428.
34.
33. Benidict V, Lundeen KW, Morr BD. Self-assessment by adolescents of their health status and perceived needs. Health Values: Achieving High Level Wellness. 1981;5:239-245.
35.
34. Levinson PM, Morrow JR, Morgan WC, Pfefferbaum BJ. Health information sources and preferences as perceived by adolescents, pediatricians, teachers and school nurses. J Early Adolesc. 1986;6:183-195.
36.
35. Maulus M, LaChance L, Lamy L, et al. Priorities in adolescent health care: The teenager's viewpoint. JFam Pract. 1987;25:159-162.
37.
36. Hunt AD, Litt IF. Obtaining a sexual history; the influence of ethnicity and age. JAdolesc Health Care. 1982;3:139-139.
38.
37. Neinstein LS.Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Approach. 2nd ed.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1990.
39.
38. MacKenzie RG.At-risk youth. In: McAnarney ER, Kreipe RE, Orr DP, Comerci GD, eds. Textbook of Adolescent Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:239-239.
40.
39. Elster AB, Kuznets NJ. AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS): Recommendations and Rationale. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
41.
40. Howard M.Postponing sexual involvement among adolescentsJ. Adolesc Health Care. 1993;6:271-277.
42.
41. Coupey SM, Klerman LK Adolescent sexuality: preventing unhealthy consequences. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 1992;3(2).
43.
42. Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1993.
44.
43. Marino DD, King JC. Nutritional concerns during adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1980;27:125-139.
45.
44. Meredith CN, Frontera WR. Adolescent fitness. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 1992;3:391-404.
46.
45. Sallis J, Patrick K. Physical activity guidelines; pediatric exercise science. J North Am Soc of Pediatr Exercise Med. 1994;6:302-314.
47.
46. US Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington: US Government Printing Office. Smoking in children and adolescents: Psychosocial determinants and prevention strategies. In: Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. 1979.
48.
47. APA Committee on Substance Abuse. Role of the Pediatrician in Prevention and Management of Substance Abuse. Pediatrics. 1993;91:1010-1013.
49.
48. Bruvold WR, Rundall TG. A metaanalysis and theoretical review of school based tobacco and alcohol intervention programs. Psychology and Health. 1988;2:56-78.
50.
49. Hodgman CH. Adolescent depression and suicide. In: Strasburger VC, Greydanus DE, eds. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. The At-Risk Adolescent. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 1990;1:81-95.
51.
50. Beitchnan JH, Zucker KJ, Hood JE, et al. A view of the long term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect. 1992;16:101-118.
52.
51. Hochbaum GM, Sorenson JR, Long K. Theory in health education practice. Health Education Quarterly. 1992;19: 293-313.
