Feeding Premature Infants

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Heird WC , Driscoll JM , Schullinger JN , et al. Intravenous alimentation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr. 1972;80:351-372.

Kerner JA , Sunshine P. Parenteral alimentation. Semin Perinatol. 1979;3:417-434.

Hallman M. The severity of RDS during the first two neonatal days in relationship to fluid intake. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989 ;360:93-100.

Bell EF , Warburton D. , Stonestreet BS , et al. Effect of fluid administration on the development of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure in premature infants . N Engl J Med. 1980;302:598-604.

Escobedo MB , Gonzalez A. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In: Vidyasagar D , ed. The Tiny Baby. Philadelphia, PA : WB Saunders Co; 1986:315-326. Clinics in Perinatology Series.

Lilien LD , Rosenfield RL , Bacaro MM , et al. Hyperglycemia in stressed small premature neonates. J Pediatr. 1979;94:454-459.

Beck R. Use of a pediatric parenteral amino acid mixture in a population of extremely low birth-weight neonates: frequency and spectrum of direct bilirubinemia . Am J Perinatol. 1990;7:84-86.

Stahl GE , Spear ML , Hamosh M. Intravenous administration of lipid emulsions to premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 1986;13:133-162.

Andrew G. , Chan G. , Schiff D. Lipid metabolism in the neonate. I. The effects of Intralipid infusion on plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations in the neonate. J Pediatr. 1976;88:273-278.

10.

Goldman HI Feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1980;143:553-555.

11.

Anderson DM , Kliegman RM The relationship of neonatal alimentation practices to the occurrence of endemic necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8:62-67.

12.

Book L. , Herbst J. , Jung A. Comparison of fast- and slow-feeding rate schedules to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1976 ;89:463-466.

13.

Gounaris A. , Anatolitou F. , Costalos C. , et al. Minimal enteral feeding, nasojejeunal feeding, and gastrin levels in premature infants. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990;79:226-227.

14.

Lucas A. , Bloom SR , Aynsley-Green A. Gut hormones and "minimal enteral feeding." Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986;75:719-723.

15.

Ostertag SG , LaGamma EF , Reisen CE , et al. Early enteral feeding does not affect the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 1986;77:275-280.

16.

LaGamma EF , Ostertag SG , Birenbaum H. Failure of delayed oral feedings to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:385-389.

17.

Sweet A. Epidemiology. In: Brown E, SweetA, eds. Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis . New York, NY: Grune & Stratton ; 1980:11-23. Monographs in Neonatology.

18.

Kanto WP Jr, Wilson R. , Breart GL , et al. Perinatal events and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:167-169.

19.

Heldt GP The effect of gavage feeding on the mechanics of the lung, chest wall, and diaphragm ofpreterm infants. Pediatr Res. 1988;24:55-58.

20.

Spach MS , Serwer GA , Page AW , et al. Pulsatile aortopulmonary pressure-flow dynamics of patent ductus arteriosus in patients with various hemodynamic states. Circulation . 1980;61:110-122.

21.

Cassady G. , Crouse DT , Kirklin JW , et al. A randomized, controlled trial of very early prophylactic ligation of the ductus arteriosus in babies who weighed 1000 g or less at birth. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1511-1516.

22.

Van Bel F. , Van Zoeren D. , SchipperJ. , et al. Effect of indomethacin on superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1990 ;116:965-970.

23.

Walters M. Tolerance of intravenous indomethacin treatment for premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. BMJ. 1988;297:773-774.

24.

Gersony WM , Peckham GJ , Ellison RC , et al. Effects of indomethacin in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: results of a national collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1983;102:895-906.

25.

Kleigman RM , Hack M. , Jones P. , et al. Epidemiologic study of necrotizing enterocolitis among low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr. 1982;100:440-444.

26.

Dunn L. , WeinerJ, Kleigman R. Beneficial effects of early hypocaloric enteral feeding on neonatal gastrointestinal function: preliminary report of a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 1988;112:622-629.

27.

Davey AM , Wagner CL , Phelps DL , Kendig JW Do premature infants with umbilical artery catheters tolerate oral feeds? Pediatr Res. 1992;31:199A Abstract.

28.

Rivera A. , Bell EF , Stegink LD , et al. Plasma amino acid profiles during the first three days of life in infants with respiratory distress syndrome: effect of parenteral amino acid supplementation. J Pediatr. 1989;115:465-468.

29.

Saini J. , Macmahon P. , Morgan JB , et al. Early parenteral feeding of amino acids. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:1362-1366.

30.

Gilbertson N. , Kovar IZ , Cox DJ , et al. Introduction of intravenous lipid administration on the first day of life in the very low birth weight neonate . J Pediatr. 1991;119:615-623.

31.

Pipes PL Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Times Mirror/ Mosby; 1989:342.

32.

Tyson TE , Lasky RE , Mize CE , et al. Growth, metabolic response and development in very-low-birth weight infants fed banked human milk or enriched formula. I. Neonatal findings . J Pediatr. 1983;103:95-104.

33.

Lucas A. , Morley R. , Cole TJ , et al. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet. 1992;339:261-264.

34.

Lucas A. , Morley R. , Cole TJ , et al. Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months. Lancet. 1990;335:1477-1481.

35.

Bhatia J. , Rassin DK , Cerreto MC , Bee DE Effect of protein/energy ratio on growth and behavior of premature infants: preliminary findings. J Pediatr. 1991;119:103-110.

36.

Rowe J. , Rowe D. , Horak E. , et al. Hypophosphatemia and hypercalciuria in small premature infants fed human milk: evidence for inadequate dietary phosphorus. J Pediatr. 1984;104:112-117.

37.

Greer FR , McCormick A. , Loker J. Changes in fat concentration of human milk during delivery by intermittent bolus and continuous mechanical pump infusion. J Pediatr. 1984;105:745-749.

38.

Carey DE , Rowe J. Metabolic bone disease in premature infants. PediatrAnn. 1987;16:947-953.

39.

Raiha Ncr , Heinonen K. , Rassin DK , et al. Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. I. Metabolic responses and effects on growth. Pediatrics. 1976;57:659-674.

40.

Rassin DK , Gaul GE , Raiha Ncr , et al. Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth weight infants. IV. Effects on tyrosine and phenylalanine in plasma and urine. J Pediatr. 1977;90:356-360.

41.

Kashyap S. , Okamoto E. , Kanaya S. , et al. Protein quality in feeding low-birth-weight infants: a comparison of whey predominant versus casein-predominant formulas. Pediatrics. 1987;79:748-755.

42.

Cooke RJ , Watson D. , Werkman S. , Conner C. Effects of type of dietary protein on acid-base status, protein nutritional status, plasma levels of amino acids, and nutrient balance in the very low birth weight infant. J Pediatr. 1992;121:444-451.

43.

Cavell B. Effect of feeding an infant formula with high energy density on gastric emptying in infants with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70:513-516.

44.

Currao WJ , Cox C. , Shapiro DL Diluted formula for beginning the feeding of premature infants. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:730-731.

45.

Cho F. , Bhatia J. , Rassin DK Amino acid responses to dietary intakes in the first 72 hours of life. Nutrition. 1990;6:449-455.

46.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Soy-protein formula: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics. 1983;72:359-363.

47.

Grant J. , Denne SC Effect of intermittent versus continuous enteral feeding on energy expenditure in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1991;118:928-932.

48.

Aynsley-Green A. , Adrian T. , Bloom, S.

Feeding and development of enteroinsular hormone secretion in the preterm infant: effects of continuous gastric infusions of human milk compared with intermittent boluses

Acta Paediatr Scand. 1982;71:379-383.

49.

Van Caillie MV , Powell GK Nasoduodenal versus nasogastric feeding in the very low birthweight infant. Pediatrics. 1975;56:1065-1072.

50.

Laing IA , Lang MA , Callaghan O. , et al. Nasogastric compared with nasoduodenal feeding in low birthweight infants. ArchDis Child. 1986;61:138-141.

51.

Sasidharan P. , Rejjal A. , Krishnaswamy R. NG tube feeding is not recommended in infants recovering from RDS. Pediatr Res. 1990;27:224A.

52.

Cavell B. Gastric emptying in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979;68:725-730.

53.

Yu Vyh. Effect of body position on gastric emptying in the neonate. Arch Dis Child. 1975;50:500-504.

54.

Bhatia P. , Johnson KJ , Bell EF Variability of abdominal circumference of premature infants. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:543-544.

55.

Vileisis RA , Inwood RJ , Hunt CE Prospective controlled study of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic jaundice: effect of protein intake. J Pediatr. 1980;96:893-897.

56.

Whitington PF Cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition in infants. Hepatology. 1985;5:693-696.

57.

Brans YW , Dutton EB , Andrew DS , et al. Fat emulsion tolerance in very low birth weight neonates: effect on diffusion of oxygen in the lungs and on blood pH. Pediatrics . 1986;78:79-84.

58.

Sosenko I. , Rodriguez MP , Bean J. , Bancalari E. Intralipid administration beginning at @#x3C;12 hours of life fails to protect 600-1000-g infants from chronic lung disease. PediatrRes. 1992;31:1332A.

59.

Brans YW , Andrew DS , Carrillo DW , et al. Tolerance of fat emulsions in very low birth weight neonates . Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:145-152.

60.

D'Harlingue A. , Andrew AO , Stevenson DK , et al. Limited value of nephelometry in monitoring the administration of intravenous fat in neonates. JPEN. 1983;7:55-58.

61.

Carlson LA , Rossner S. A methodological study of an intravenous fat tolerance test with Intralipid emulsion. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1972;29:271-280.

62.

Schreiner RL , Glick MR , Nordschon CD , et al. An evaluation of methods to monitor infants receiving intravenous lipids. J Pediatr. 1979;94:197-200.

63.

Adamkin DH , Gelke KN , Andrews BF Fat emulsions and hypertriglyceridemia. JPEN. 1984;8:563-567.

64.

Haumont D. , Deckelbaum RJ , Richelle M. , et al. Plasma lipid and plasma lipoprotein concentrations in low birth weight infants given parenteral nutrition with twenty or ten percent lipid emulsion. Pediatrics. 1989;115:787-793.

65.

Zlotkin SH , Brany MH , Anderson GH Intravenous nitrogen and energy intakes required to duplicate in utero nitrogen accretion in prematurely born human infants. J Pediatr. 1981;99:115-120.

66.

Drongowski RA , Coran AG An analysis of factors contributing to the development of total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis. JPEN.1989;13:586-589.47.

67.

Mehta WR , Hamosh M. , Bitman J. , et al. Adherence of medium-chain fatty acids to feeding tubes of premature infants fed formula fortified with medium-chain triglyceride. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991;13:267-269.