Progress in anesthesiology and surgery has allowed partial and total cor rection of cardiovascular lesions previously considered inoperable. Based on definite criteria, half of the patients two years and under develop respiratory failure immediately before or after operation (fewer when those with uncomplicated PDA are included). Many of those in res piratory failure may be saved by mechanical ventilation through a suit able airway such as an orotracheal, nasotracheal, or tracheostomy tube. The problems common to all artificial airways are here discussed in detail.
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