Basic Science Review: Pathogenesis of Rheumatic Fever

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Schlesinger, B. : The relationship of throat infection to acute rheumatism in childhood. Arch. Dis. Child. 5: 411, 1930.

Collis, W.R.F. : Acute rheumatism and haemolytic streptococci . Lancent 1: 1341, 1931.

Sheldon, W. : On acute rheumatism following tonsillitis. Ibid. p. 1337.

Markowitz, M. and Kuttner, A.G. : Rheumatic Fever: Diagnosis Management and Prevention. Vol. 2 in the series Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1965, p. 19.

Wilson, M.G. and Schweitler, M. : Pattern of hered. itary susceptibility in rheumatic fever. Circulation 10: 699, 1954.

Quinn, R.W. and Federspiel, C.F. : Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease; a 5-year study of rheumatic and non-rheumatic families. Amer. J. Epidem. 85: 120, 1967.

Coburn, A.F. : The continuous association of poverty with intensity of rheumatic manifestations. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 240: 687, 1960.

—: Susceptibility to rheumatic disease (editonal). J. Pediat. 58: 448, 1961.

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Collis, W.R.F. : Bacteriology of rheumatic fever. Lancet 2: 817, 1939.

Thomson, S. and Innes, J. : Haemolytic streptococci in the cardiac lesions of acute rheumatism. Brit. Med. J. 2: 733, 1940.

Watson, R.F. , Hirst, G.K. and Lancefield , R.C. : Bacteriological studies of cardiac tissues obtained at autopsy from eleven patients dying with rheumatic fever. Arthritis Rheum. 4: 74, 1961.

Denny, F.W. , Jr., Wannanmker, L.W. , Brink, W.R. , Rammelkamp, C.H. , Jr. and Custer , E.A. : Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection. JAMA 143: 151, 1960.

Cantanzaro, F.J. , Stetson, C.A. , Morris, A.J. , Chamovitz, R. , Rammelkamp, C.H. , Jr., Stolzer , B.L. and Perry, W.D. : The role of the streptococcus in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever. Amer. J. Med. 17: 749, 1954.

Mortimer, E.A. , Jr., Vaisman, B.S. , Vigneau, I.A. , Guasch, L.J. , Schuster, C.A. , Rakita, L. , Krause, R.M. , Roberts, R. and Rammelkamp, C.H. , Jr.: The effect of penicillin on acute rheumatic fever and valvular heart disease. New Eng. J. Med. 260: 101, 1959.

Freimer, E.H. and McCarty, M. : Rheumatic fever. Sci. Amer. 213: 66, 1965.

Maxted, W.R. : Streptococcal bacteriophages. In The Streptococcus, Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis. Uhr, J. W. , ed. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Co., 1964, p. 25.

Wittler, R.G. , Truckett, J.D. , Muccione, V.J. , Gangarosa, E.J. and O'Conner, R.C. : Transition form and L-forms from the blood of rheumatic patients. International (8) Congress of Microbiology . Abstracts, 1962, p. 125.

Kagan, G.J. : L-forms of beta hemolytic streptococcus and their pathogenic role. Ibid.

Godzeski, C. et al.: L-phase bacteria in human heart tissue . Life Sci. 7: 107, 1968.

Todd, E.W. : The differentiation of two distinct serological varieties of sutreptolysin, streptolysin O and streptolysin S. J. Path. Bact. 47: 423, 1938.

—, Coburn, A.F. and Hill, A.B. : Anti-streptolysin S titers in rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2: 1213, 1939.

Stollerman, G.H. and Bernheimer , A.W. : Inhibition of streptolysin S by the serum of patients with rheumatic fever and acute streptococcal pharyngitis . J. Clin. Invest. 29: 1147, 1950.

Hirschhorn, K. , Schreibman, R.R. , Verbo, S. and Gruskin, R.H. : The action of streptolysin S on peripheral lymphocytes of normal subjects and patients with acute rheumatic fever. Proc. Nat. Acac. Sci. U.S.A. 52: 1151, 1964.

Weissmann, G. , Bescher, B.S. , Wiedermann, G. and Bernheimer, A.W. : Studies on lysosomes. VII. Acute and chronic arthritis produced by intra-articular injections of streptolysin S in rabbits . Amer. J. Path. 46: 129, 1965.

—, Keiser, H. and Bernheimer, A.W. : Studies on lysosomes. III. The effects of streptolysin O and S on the release of acid hydrolases from agranular fraction of rabbit liver. J. Exp. Med. 118: 205, 1963 .

Tan, E.M. and Kaplan, M.H. : Immunological relation of basement membrane and a serum beta globulin in the mouse; demonstration of renal basement membrane alteration in mice injected with streptolysin S. Immunology 6: 331, 1963.

Weissman, G. and Thomas, L. : The action of cortisone on connective tissue and subcellular particles. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 20: 215, 1964.

Stollerman, G.H. : A scarlatinal "Nachkrankheit" of Schick; rheumatic fever, 50 years later. Int. Arch. Allerg. 12: 287, 1958.

McCarty, M. : Nature of rheumatic fever. Circulation 14: 1138, 1956.

Wagner, V. and Rejholec, V. : Agglutinins and incomplete antibodies after a single antigenic inoculation in normal and rheumatic individuals. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 14: 243, 1955.

Kuhns, W.J. and McCarty, M. : Studies of diphtheria antitoxin in rheumatic fever subjects; analysis of reactions to Schick test and antitoxin responses following hyperimmunization with diphtheria toxoid. J. Clin. Invest. 33: 759, 1954.

Kaplan, M.H. , Meyeserian, M. and Kushner, I. : Immunologic studies of heart tissue. IV. Serologic reactions with human heart tissue as revealed by immunofluorescent methods; isoimmune, Wasserman and autoimmune reactions. J. Exp. Med. 113: 17, 1961.

Hess, E.V. , Fink, C.W. , Taranta, A. and Ziff, M. : Heart muscle antibody in rheumatic fever and other diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 43: 886, 1964.

Kaplan, M.H. , Bolande, R. , Rakita, L. and Blair, J. : Presence of bound immunoglobulin and complement in the myocardium in acute rheumatic fever; association with cardiac failure . New Eng. J. Med. 271: 637, 1964.

— and Dallenbach, F.D. : Immunologic studies of heart tissues. III. Occurrence of bound gamma-globulin in auricular appendage from rheumatic hearts; relationship to certain histopathologic features of rheumatic heart, disease . J. Exp. Med. 113: 1, 1961.

Sanders, V. and Ritts, R.E. , Jr.: Ventricular localization of bound gamma-globulin in idiopathic disease of the myocardium. JAMA 194: 59, 1965.

Kaplan, M.H. and Meyeserian, M. : An immunological cross-reaction between group A streptococcal cells and human heart tissue. Lancet 1: 706, 1962.

Zabriskie, J.B. , Freimer, E.H. and Seegal, B. : An immunological relationship between streptococcal membranes and human heart tissue. Fed. Proc. 23: 342, 1964 (Abstract)

Goldstein, I. , Halpern, B. and Robert, L. : Immunological relationship, between streptococcus, polysaccharide and the structural glycoproteins of heart valve. Nature (London) 213: 44, 1967.

Springer, G.F. , Williamson, P. and Brandes, W.C. : Blood group activity, of gram-negative bacteria J. Exp. Med. 113: 1077, 1961.

Jenkins, C.R. : Heterophile antigens and their significance in the host-parasite relationship. Advances Immun. 3: 351, 1963.