The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core stabilization exercises (CSE) on balance and postural control in children with obesity and children with overweight. The study, which was planned as a quasi-experimental controlled study, was conducted with 46 children aged 7 to 10 years, 12 affected by obesity, 18 overweight, and 16 normal weight. Eight weeks of CSE were applied to all children. Children’s balance, postural control, and core region endurance were evaluated before and after the exercises with McGill core endurance tests, flamingo balance test (FBT), functional reach test (FRT), Y balance test (YBT). SPSS 25.0 package program was used for statistical analyses. The results showed that 8 weeks of CSE provided significant improvements in McGill core endurance tests, FBT, FRT, and YBT in children (P < .05). Since excessively increased weight can cause a decrease in performance, it can also reduce the ability to achieve the greatest effect from the applied exercise approaches.
HorsakBSchwabCBacaA, et al. Effects of a lower extremity exercise program on gait biomechanics and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Gait Posture. 2019;70:122-129. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.032
5.
GazbarePDeshmukhSPalekarTJ, et al. Assessment of body coordination, strength and agility using Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency BOT-2in overweight and obese children aged 7-12 years. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):185. doi:10.5958/0973-5674.2020.00033.7
6.
SteinbergNNemetDPantanowitzMEliakimA.Gait pattern, impact to the skeleton and postural balance in overweight and obese children: a review. Sports (Basel). 2018;6(3):75. doi:10.3390/sports6030075
7.
O’MalleyGCShultzSPThivelDTsirosMD.Neuromusculoskeletal health in pediatric obesity: incorporating evidence into clinical examination. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(4):467-477.
8.
Merder-CoşkunDUzunerAKeniş-CoşkunÖÇelenlioğluAEAkmanMKaradağ-SaygıE.Relationship between obesity and musculoskeletal system findings among children and adolescents. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;63(3):207-214.
9.
TsirosMDBuckleyJDHowePR, et al. Day-to-day physical functioning and disability in obese 10- to 13-year-olds. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(1):31-41.
10.
RobertsDVeneriDDeckerRGannottiM.Weight status and gross motor skill in kindergarten children. Pediatr Phys Ther2012;24:353-360.
11.
BarbaraJHoogenboomKK. Core stabilization training. In: BrotzmanSBManskeRC (eds) Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: A Team Approach. 3th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mossby, 2018:467-481.
12.
MiltonJAMartinaAT.Correlation between body mass index and core muscular strength among school children between 11 and 14 years of age: a cross sectional study. Indian J Physiother Occup Therapy. 2019;13(3):196-200. doi:10.5958/0973-5674.2019.00118.7
13.
MiyakeYKobayashiRKelepeczDNakajimaM.Core exercises elevate trunk stability to facilitate skilled motor behavior of the upper extremities. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(2):259-265. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.06.003
14.
LengkanaASTangkudungJAsmawiA.The effect of core stability exercise core stabilization exercises on balance in primary school students. J Educ Health Sport. 2019;9(4):160-167. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2628341
15.
KuczmarskiRJOgdenCLGuoSS, et al. 2000CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002(246):1-190.
16.
McGillSMChildsALiebensonC.Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(8):941-944. doi:10.1016/s0003-99939990087-4
17.
LatimerJMaherCGRefshaugeKColacoI.The reliability and validity of the Biering-Sorensen test in asymptomatic subjects and subjects reporting current or previous nonspecific low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(20):2085; discussion90-99. doi:10.1097/00007632-199910150-00004
18.
SemberVGrošeljJPajekM.Balance tests in pre-adolescent children: retest reliability, construct validity, and relative ability. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5474. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155474
19.
BartlettDBirminghamT.Validity and reliability of a pediatric reach test. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2003;15(2):84-92. doi:10.1097/01.PEP.0000067885.63909.5C
20.
GribblePHertelJ.Considerations for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Meas Phys Educ Exer Sci. 2003;7:89-100. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_3
21.
StrimpakosN.The assessment of the cervical spine. Part 2: strength and Endurance/fatigue. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011;15(4): 417-430. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.001
22.
ThivelDRing-DimitriouSWeghuberDFrelutMLO’MalleyG.Muscle strength and fitness in pediatric obesity: a systematic review from the European childhood obesity group. Obes Facts. 2016;9(1):52-63. doi:10.1159/000443687
23.
WebsterEKSurIStevensARobinsonLE.Associations between body composition and fundamental motor skill competency in children. BMC Pediat. 2021;21(1):444. doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02912-9
24.
ErvinRBFryarCDWangCYMillerIMOgdenCL.Strength and body weight in US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e782-e789. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0794
25.
WatsonTGraningJMcPhersonS, et al. Dance, balance and core muscle performance measures are improved following a 9-week core stabilization training program among competitive collegiate dancers. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(1):25-41.
26.
SandreyMAMitzelJG.Improvement in dynamic balance and core endurance after a 6-week core-stability-training program in high school track and field athletes. J Sport Rehabil. 2013;22(4):264-271. doi:10.1123/jsr.22.4.264
27.
KafaNAksen CengizhanPErikoğlu ÖrerG, et al. The effect of core strength training on core muscle endurance, balance, agility and anaerobic power in adolescent basketball players. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2020;12(3):274-282. doi:10.5336/sportsci.2020-74175
28.
HaapalaEAVäistöJLintuN, et al. Adiposity, physical activity and neuromuscular performance in children. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(18):1699-1706. doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1134805
29.
CeschiaAGiacominiSSantarossaS, et al. Deleterious effects of obesity on physical fitness in pre-pubertal children. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(2):271-278. doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1030454
30.
D’HondtEDeforcheBVaeyensR, et al. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: a cross-sectional study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2-2):e556-e564. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.500388
31.
ÖzkalÖ. Investigation of the relationships between trunk muscle endurance and static/dynamic balance in healthy adults. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;6(3):45-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/65176/898815
32.
ChangNJTsaiIHLeeCLLiangCH.Effect of a six-week core conditioning as a warm-up exercise in physical education classes on physical fitness, movement capability, and balance in school-aged children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5517. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155517
33.
BoyaciATutarMBiyikliT.The effect of dynamic and static core exercises on physical performance in children. Europ J Phys Educ Sport. 2018;4(7):50-61. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1283743
34.
ÖztürkN. 5-6 yaş çocuklarında pilatesin postür ve fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerine etkisi: Kontollü bir çalışma [PhD thesis], Denizli, Türkiye: Pamukkale Üniversitesi; 2020.
35.
GranacherUSchellbachJKleinKPrieskeOBaeyensJPMuehlbauerT.Effects of core strength training using stable versus unstable surfaces on physical fitness in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014;6(1):40-11. doi:10.1186/2052-1847-6-40
36.
ÖrgünEKurtCÖzsuİ.The effect of static and dynamic core exercises on dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;66(3):271-280. doi:10.5606/tftrd.2020.4317
37.
YıldırımBPamukZJepbarovOPehlivanE.The effect of core stabilization exercises applied by the telerehabilitation method on the balance on healthy young adult women and men. J Health Prof Res. 2021;3(3):137-144. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhpr/issue/65540/957591
38.
KabulEGÇalıkBBAslanUB, et al. Effects of short-term dynamic stabilization training on flexibility muscle endurance dynamic balance in healthy young people: a randomized controlled study. J Exer Therapy Rehab. 2018;5(1):1-8. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jetr/issue/37256/430288
39.
BarrioEDRamirez-CampilloRGarciadeAlcaraz SerranoARaquelHernandez-GarcíaR.Effects of core training on dynamic balance stability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(16):1815-1823. doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2110203
40.
ArmanNTokgozGSeyitHKarabulutM.The effects of core stabilization exercise program in obese people awaiting bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021;43:101342. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101342
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
