KliegmanRStantonBSt. GemeJSchorN. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Vol 2. 20th ed.Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:2763-2771.
2.
BaratPValadeABrosselinPAlbertiCMaurice-TisonSLévy-MarchalC. The growing incidence of type 1 diabetes in children: the 17-year French experience in Aquitaine. Diabetes Metab. 2008;34:601-605. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2008.06.002.
3.
CharkalukMLCzernichowPLevy-MarchalC. Incidence data of childhood-onset type I diabetes in France during 1988-1997: the case for a shift toward younger age at onset. Pediatr Res. 2002;52:859-862. doi:10.1203/00006450-200212000-00008.
4.
PattersonCCDahlquistGGGyurusEGreenASolteszG. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet. 2009;373:2027-2033. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60568-7.
5.
GardnerSGBingleyPJSawtellPAWeeksSGaleEA. Rising incidence of insulin dependent diabetes in children aged under 5 years in the Oxford region: time trend analysis. the Bart’s-Oxford Study Group. BMJ. 1997;315:713-717.
6.
SchoenleEJLang-MuritanoMGschwendS. Epidemiology of type I diabetes mellitus in Switzerland: steep rise in incidence in under 5 year old children in the past decade. Diabetologia. 2001;44:286-289. doi:10.1007/s001250051615.
7.
GreenAPattersonCC. Trends in the incidence of childhood-onset diabetes in Europe 1989-1998. Diabetologia. 2001;44(suppl 3):B3-B8.
8.
GongCXZhuCYanC. Survey of type 1 diabetes incidence in children from 1997 to 2000 in Beijing area [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004;42:113-116.
9.
RewersMNorrisJDabeleaD. Epidemiology of type diabetes mellitus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;552: 219-246.
10.
DabeleaDBellRAD’AgostinoRBJr. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:2716-2724. doi:10.1001/jama.297.24.2716.
11.
SellaTShoshanAGorenI. A retrospective study of the incidence of diagnosed type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents in a large health organization in Israel, 2000-2008. Diabet Med. 2011;28:48-53. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03174.x.
12.
GongCMengXJiangYWangXCuiHChenX. Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in Beijing from 1995 to 2010: a retrospective multicenter study based on hospitalization data. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17:159-165. doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0205.
13.
CholeauCMaitreJFilipovic PierucciA. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in French children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40:137-142. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.11.001.
14.
Lokulo-SodipeKMoonR JEdgeJADaviesJH. Identifying targets to reduce the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99:438-442. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304818.
15.
DoutreixJLevy-MarchalC. Diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes in children: data from the incidence registry [in French]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1996;44(suppl 1):S90-S96.
16.
BuiHToTSteinRFungKDanemanD. Is diabetic ketoacidosis at disease onset a result of missed diagnosis?J Pediatr. 2010;156:472-477. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.001.
17.
SchoberERamiBWaldhoerT. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis in Austrian children in 1989-2008: a population-based analysis. Diabetologia. 2010;53:1057-1061. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1704-1.
18.
Usher-SmithJAThompsonMJSharpSJWalterFM. Factors associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes in children and young adults: a systematic review. BMJ. 2011;343:d4092. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4092.
19.
Levy-MarchalCPattersonCCGreenA. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44(suppl 3):B75-B80.
20.
Usher-SmithJAThompsonMErcoleAWalterFM. Variation between countries in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes in children: a systematic review. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2878-2894. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2690-2.
21.
Sadauskaite-KuehneVSamuelssonUJasinskieneE. Severity at onset of childhood type 1 diabetes in countries with high and low incidence of the condition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;55:247-254.
22.
VanelliMChiariGGhizzoniLCostiGGiacaloneTChiarelliF. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetic ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:7-9.
23.
VanelliMChiariGLacavaSIovaneB. Campaign for diabetic ketoacidosis prevention still effective 8 years later. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:e12. doi:10.2337/dc07-0059.
24.
KingBRHowardNJVergeCF. A diabetes awareness campaign prevents diabetic ketoacidosis in children at their initial presentation with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13:647-651. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00896.x.
25.
CholeauCMaitreJElieC. Ketoacidosis at time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: effect of a national prevention campaign [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2015;22:343-351. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2014.11.001.
26.
FrederiksenBKroehlMLambMM. Infant exposures and development of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:808-815. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.317.
27.
VirtanenSMTakkinenHMNwaruBI. Microbial exposure in infancy and subsequent appearance of type 1 diabetes mellitus–associated autoantibodies: a cohort study. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:755-763. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.296.
28.
McKinneyPAParslowRGurneyKALawGRBodanskyHJWilliamsR. Perinatal and neonatal determinants of childhood type 1 diabetes: a case-control study in Yorkshire, U.K. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:928-932.
29.
RedondoMJEisenbarthGS. Genetic control of autoimmunity in type I diabetes and associated disorders. Diabetologia. 2002;45:605-622. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0781-1.
30.
DahlquistGKallenB. Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992;35:671-675.
31.
DahlquistGGPattersonCSolteszG. Perinatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 study group. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1698-1702.
32.
MattssonKJonssonIMalmqvistELarssonHERylanderL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes mellitus risk: accounting for HLA haplotype. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30:231-238. doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9985-1.
33.
SteneLCBarrigaKNorrisJM. Perinatal factors and development of islet autoimmunity in early childhood: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160: 3-10. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh159.
34.
CardwellCRSteneLCJonerG. Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia. 2008;51:726-735. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-0941-z.
35.
HaynesACooperMNBowerCJonesTWDavisEA. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in Western Australia. Diabetologia. 2014;57:469-472. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3122-7.
36.
SvenssonJCarstensenBMortensenHBBorch-JohnsenK. Early childhood risk factors associated with type 1 diabetes—is gender important?Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:429-434.
37.
ToschkeAMEhlinAKoletzkoBMontgomerySM. Paternal smoking is associated with a decreased prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among offspring in two national British birth cohort studies (NCDS and BCS70). J Perinat Med. 2007;35:43-47. doi:10.1515/jpm.2007.006.
38.
IevinsRRobertsSEGoldacreMJ. Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: record linkage study. Diabet Med. 2007;24:664-670. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02147.x.
39.
CouperJJBeresfordSHirteC. Weight gain in early life predicts risk of islet autoimmunity in children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:94-99. doi:10.2337/dc08-0821.
40.
BlomLPerssonLADahlquistG. A high linear growth is associated with an increased risk of childhood diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992;35:528-533.
41.
KilkkinenAVirtanenSMKlaukkaT. Use of antimicrobials and risk of type 1 diabetes in a population-based mother-child cohort. Diabetologia. 2006;49:66-70. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0078-2.
42.
Perez-BravoFCarrascoEGutierrez-LopezMDMartinezMTLopezGde los RiosMGGenetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chilean children. J Mol Med (Berl). 1996;74:105-109.
43.
KostrabaJNCruickshanksKJLawler-HeavnerJ. Early exposure to cow’s milk and solid foods in infancy, genetic predisposition, and risk of IDDM. Diabetes. 1993;42:288-295.
44.
MeloniTMarinaroAMMannazzuMC. IDDM and early infant feeding: Sardinian case-control study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:340-342.
45.
VirtanenSMRäsänenLYlönenK. Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk of IDDM in Finnish children. The Childhood in Diabetes in Finland study group. Diabetes. 1993;42:1786-1790.
46.
HypponenEKenwardMGVirtanenSM. Infant feeding, early weight gain, and risk of type 1 diabetes. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1961-1965.
47.
KleinmanRE. American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for complementary feeding. Pediatrics. 2000;106:1274.
48.
D’AngeliMAMerzonEValbuenaLFTirschwellDParisCAMuellerBA. Environmental factors associated with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: an exploration of the hygiene and overload hypotheses. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:732-738. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.115.
49.
CardwellCRCarsonDJYarnellJShieldsMDPattersonCC. Atopy, home environment and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based case-control study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9:191-196. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00366.x.
50.
McKinneyPAOkashaMParslowRC. Early social mixing and childhood Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in Yorkshire, UK. Diabet Med. 2000;17:236-242.
