LincolnAECaswellSVAlmquistJLDunnRENorrisJBHintonRY. Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: a prospective 11-year study. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:958-963.
2.
BakhosLLLockhartGRMyersRLinakisJG. Emergency department visits for concussion in young child athletes. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e550-e556.
3.
ColvinJDThurmCPateBMNewlandJGHallMMeehanWP3rd. Diagnosis and acute management of patients with concussion at children’s hospitals. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:934-938.
4.
BrowneGJLamLT. Concussive head injury in children and adolescents related to sports and other leisure physical activities. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:163-168.
5.
MeehanWP3rdMannixR. Pediatric concussions in United States emergency departments in the years 2002 to 2006. J Pediatr. 2010;157:889-893.
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities—United States, 2001-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(29):733-737.
7.
MeehanWP3rdd’HemecourtPACollinsCLComstockRD. Assessment and management of sport-related concussions in United States high schools. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2304-2310.
8.
MararMMcIlvainNMFieldsSKComstockRD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:747-755.
9.
GesselLMFieldsSKCollinsCLDickRWComstockRD. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2007;42:495-503.
10.
MeehanWP3rdd’HemecourtPComstockRD. High school concussions in the 2008-2009 academic year: mechanism, symptoms, and management. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:2405-2409.
11.
GerberichSGPriestJDBoenJRStraubCPMaxwellRE. Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players. Am J Public Health. 1983;73:1370-1375.
12.
GuskiewiczKMMcCreaMMarshallSW. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA. 2003;290:2549-2555.
13.
GuskiewiczKMWeaverNLPaduaDAGarrettWEJr.Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:643-650.
14.
SchulzMRMarshallSWMuellerFO. Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996-1999. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:937-944.
15.
GuerrieroRMProctorMRMannixRMeehanWP3rd. Epidemiology, trends, assessment and management of sport-related concussion in United States high schools. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24:696-701.
16.
SaundersRLHarbaughRE. The second impact in catastrophic contact-sports head trauma. JAMA. 1984;252:538-539.
17.
EisenbergMAAndreaJMeehanWMannixR. Time interval between concussions and symptom duration. Pediatrics. 2013;132:8-17.
18.
MeehanWP3rdMannixRCO’BrienMJCollinsMW. The prevalence of undiagnosed concussions in athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:339-342.
19.
CollinsMWLovellMRIversonGLCantuRCMaroonJCFieldM. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:1175-1179.
20.
GronwallDWrightsonP. Cumulative effect of concussion. Lancet. 1975;2:995-997.
21.
IversonGLGaetzMLovellMRCollinsMW. Cumulative effects of concussion in amateur athletes. Brain Inj. 2004;18:433-443.
22.
OmaluBHammersJLBailesJ. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;31(5):E3.
23.
OmaluBIDeKoskySTHamiltonRL. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player: part II. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:1086-1092.
24.
OmaluBIDeKoskySTMinsterRLKambohMIHamiltonRLWechtCH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:128-134.
25.
OmaluBIFitzsimmonsRPHammersJBailesJ. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a professional American wrestler. J Forensic Nurs. 2010;6:130-136.
26.
McKeeACCantuRCNowinskiCJ. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68:709-735.
27.
McKeeACSteinTDNowinskiCJ. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain. 2013;136(pt 1):43-64.
28.
GoldsteinLEFisherAMTaggeCA. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(134):134ra160.
29.
OmaluBBailesJHamiltonRL. Emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes. Neurosurgery. 2011;69:173-183.
30.
JordanBDRelkinNRRavdinLDJacobsARBennettAGandyS. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA. 1997;278:136-140.
31.
MartlandH. Punch drunk. JAMA. 1928;91:1103-1107.
32.
CorsellisJABrutonCJFreeman-BrowneD. The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med. 1973;3:270-303.
33.
CantuRC. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 3rd International Conference on Concussion, Zurich, November 2008. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:786-787.
34.
TomeiKLDoeCPrestigiacomoCJGandhiCD. Comparative analysis of state-level concussion legislation and review of current practices in concussion. Neurosurg Focus. 2012;33:E11: 1-9.
35.
ShenoudaCHendricksonPDavenportKBarberJBellKR. The effects of concussion legislation one year later—what have we learned: a descriptive pilot survey of youth soccer player associates. PM R. 2012;4:427-435.
36.
BloodgoodBInokuchiDShawverW. Exploration of awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of traumatic brain injury among American youth athletes and their parents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53:34-39.
37.
ChrismanSPQuitiquitCRivaraFP. Qualitative study of barriers to concussive symptom reporting in high school athletics. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52:330.e3-335.e3.
38.
Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology. 1997;48:581-585.
39.
RoosR. Guidelines for managing concussion in sports: a persistent headache. Phys Sportsmed. 1996;24(10):67-74.
40.
SturmiJESmithCLombardoJA. Mild brain trauma in sports. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Sports Med. 1998;25:351-358.
41.
RuffRMJuricaP. In search of a unified definition for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1999;13:943-952.
42.
Committee on Head Injury Nomenclature of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons: glossary of head injury, including some defi nitions of injury to the cervical spine. Clin Neurosurg. 1966;12:386-394.
43.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee A, Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest, Group. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(3):86-87.
44.
AubryMCantuRDvorakJ. Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:6-10.
45.
McCroryPJohnstonKMeeuwisseW. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:196-204.
46.
McCroryPMeeuwisseWAubryM. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:89-117.
47.
McCroryPMeeuwisseWJohnstonK. Consensus statement on Concussion in Sport 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19:185-200.
48.
LovellMRIversonGLCollinsMW. Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Appl Neuropsychol. 2006;13:166-174.
49.
CastileLCollinsCLMcIlvainNMComstockRD. The epidemiology of new versus recurrent sports concussions among high school athletes, 2005-2010. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:603-610.
50.
HalsteadMEWalterKD; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report—sport-related concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126:597-615.
51.
HolbournA. Mechanics of head injury. Lancet. 1943;2:438-441.
52.
OmmayaAKGennarelliTA. Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness. Correlation of experimental and clinical observations of blunt head injuries. Brain. 1974;97:633-654.
53.
KatayamaYBeckerDPTamuraTHovdaDA. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:889-900.
54.
YoshinoAHovdaDAKawamataTKatayamaYBeckerDP. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper- and subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res. 1991;561:106-119.
55.
YuanXQProughDSSmithTLDewittDS. The effects of traumatic brain injury on regional cerebral blood flow in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1988;5:289-301.
PutukianM. The acute symptoms of sport-related concussion: diagnosis and on-field management. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30:49-61.
60.
HarmonKGDreznerJGammonsM. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:1-18.
61.
CoursonR. Preventing sudden death on the athletic field: the emergency action plan. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6:93-100.
62.
AndersenJCoursonRWKleinerDMMcLodaTA. National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: emergency planning in athletics. J Athl Train. 2002;37:99-104.
63.
ToresdahlBCoursonRBorjessonMSharmaSDreznerJ. Emergency cardiac care in the athletic setting: from schools to the Olympics. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(suppl 1):i85-i89.
64.
OlympiaRPBradyJ. Emergency preparedness in high school-based athletics: a review of the literature and recommendations for sport health professionals. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41(2):15-25.
65.
EchemendiaRJPutukianMMackinRSJulianLShossN. Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11:23-31.
66.
FazioVC LMPardiniJECollinsMW. The relationship between post concussion symptoms and neurocognitive performance in concussed athletes. NeuroRehabilitation. 2007;22:207-216.
67.
McClincyMPLovellMRPardiniJCollinsMWSporeMK. Recovery from sports concussion in high school and collegiate athletes. Brain Inj. 2006;20:33-39.
68.
MacciocchiSNBarthJTAlvesWRimelRWJaneJA. Neuropsychological functioning and recovery after mild head injury in collegiate athletes. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:510-514.
69.
AlvesWMRimelRWNelsonWE. University of Virginia prospective study of football-induced minor head injury: status report. Clin Sports Med. 1987;6:211-218.
70.
BarthJTAlvesWRyanTV. Mild head injuries in sports: neuropsychological sequelae and recovery of function. In: LevinHEisenbergJBentonA, eds. Mild Head injury. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1989:257-275.
71.
CollinsMWGrindelSHLovellMR. Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA. 1999;282:964-970.
72.
PleacherMDDexterWW. Concussion management by primary care providers. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(1):e2.
73.
KinnamanKAMannixRCDawn ComstockRMeehanWP3rd. Management strategies and medication use for treating paediatric patients with concussions. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:e424-e428.
74.
EchemendiaRJHerringSBailesJ. Who should conduct and interpret the neuropsychological assessment in sports-related concussion?Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i32-i35.
75.
CollieADarbyDMaruffP. Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:297-302.
76.
ErlangerDFeldmanDKutnerK. Development and validation of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol for sports-related return-to-play decision-making. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;18:293-316.
77.
BroglioSPMacciocchiSNFerraraMS. Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom free. J Athl Train. 2007;42:504-508.
78.
CollinsMWFieldMLovellMR. Relationship between postconcussion headache and neuropsychological test performance in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:168-173.
79.
ErlangerDSalibaEBarthJAlmquistJWebrightWFreemanJ. Monitoring resolution of postconcussion symptoms in athletes: preliminary results of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol. J Athl Train. 2001;36:280-287.
80.
MakdissiMDarbyDMaruffPUgoniABruknerPMcCroryPR. Natural history of concussion in sport: markers of severity and implications for management. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:464-471.
81.
WebbeFMBarthJT. Short-term and long-term outcome of athletic closed head injuries. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:577-592.
82.
LovellMR. Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion?J Athl Train. 2006;41:137-138.
83.
GuskiewiczKMPerrinDHGansnederBM. Effect of mild head injury on postural stability in athletes. J Athl Train. 1996;31:300-306.
84.
GuskiewiczKMRossSEMarshallSW. Postural stability and neuropsychological deficits after concussion in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2001;36:263-273.
85.
RiemannBL GKShieldsEW. Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability. J Sport Rehabil. 1999;8:71-82.
86.
McCroryPMeeuwisseWJohnstonK. Consensus statement on Concussion in Sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i76-i90.
87.
McCreaMHammekeTOlsenGLeoPGuskiewiczK. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:13-17.
88.
KautKPDePompeiRKerrJCongeniJ. Reports of head injury and symptom knowledge among college athletes: implications for assessment and educational intervention. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13:213-221.
89.
LaBotzMMartinMRKimuraIFHetzlerRKNicholsAW. A comparison of a preparticipation evaluation history form and a symptom-based concussion survey in the identification of previous head injury in collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:73-78.
90.
MaddocksDLDickerGDSalingMM. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 1995;5:32-35.
91.
McCreaM. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11:176-181.
92.
McGrathN. Supporting the student-athlete’s return to the classroom after a sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2010;45:492-498.
93.
McCroryPMeeuwisseWJohnstonK. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. J Athl Train. 2009;44:434-448.
94.
GradyMFMasterCLGioiaGA. Concussion pathophysiology: rationale for physical and cognitive rest. Pediatr Ann. 2012;41:377-382.
95.
ChewEZafonteRD. Pharmacological management of neurobehavioral disorders following traumatic brain injury—a state-of-the-art review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46:851-879.
MeehanWP3rd. Medical therapies for concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30:115-124.
98.
van den BrekelMWMLeemansCRSnowGBZafonteRDMannNRFichtenbergNL. Sleep disturbance in traumatic brain injury: pharmacologic options. NeuroRehabilitation. 1996;7:189-195.
99.
LuekeL. High school athletes and concussions. J Leg Med. 2011;32:483-501.
100.
Register-MihalikJKGuskiewiczKMMcLeodTCLinnanLAMuellerFOMarshallSW. Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study. J Athl Train. 2013;48:645-653.
101.
CovassinTElbinRJSarmientoK. Educating coaches about concussion in sports: evaluation of the CDC’s “Heads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports” initiative. J Sch Health. 2012;82:233-238.
102.
TrojianTHMohamedN. Demystifying preventive equipment in the competitive athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11:304-308.
103.
DaneshvarDHBaughCMNowinskiCJMcKeeACSternRACantuRC. Helmets and mouth guards: the role of personal equipment in preventing sport-related concussions. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30:145-163.
104.
MihalikJPMcCaffreyMARiveraEM. Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion. Dent Traumatol. 2007;23:14-20.
105.
BensonBWMcIntoshASMaddocksDHerringSARafteryMDvorakJ. What are the most effective risk-reduction strategies in sport concussion?Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:321-326.
106.
NiedfeldtMW. Head injuries, heading, and the use of headgear in soccer. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011;10:324-329.
107.
BiascaNWirthSTegnerY. The avoidability of head and neck injuries in ice hockey: an historical review. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:410-427.
108.
LincolnAECaswellSVAlmquistJLDunnREHintonRY. Video incident analysis of concussions in boys’ high school lacrosse. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:756-761.
109.
MihalikJPBlackburnJTGreenwaldRMCantuRCMarshallSWGuskiewiczKM. Collision type and player anticipation affect head impact severity among youth ice hockey players. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1394-e1401.
110.
VianoDCCassonIRPellmanEJ. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the struck player—part 14. Neurosurgery. 2007;61:313-327.
111.
TierneyRTSitlerMRSwanikCBSwanikKAHigginsMTorgJ. Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:272-279.
112.
AdlerRH. Youth sports and concussions: preventing preventable brain injuries. One client, one cause, and a new law. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2011;22:721-728.
113.
EmeryCAKangJShrierI. Risk of injury associated with body checking among youth ice hockey players. JAMA. 2010;303:2265-2272.
114.
MacphersonARothmanLHowardA. Body-checking rules and childhood injuries in ice hockey. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e143-e147.
115.
EmeryCAKangJSchneiderKJMeeuwisseWH. Risk of injury and concussion associated with team performance and penalty minutes in competitive youth ice hockey. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:1289-1293.
116.
RobertsWOBrustJDLeonardBHebertBJ. Fair-play rules and injury reduction in ice hockey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:140-145.
117.
GabbettTJ. Influence of the limited interchange rule on injury rates in sub-elite Rugby League players. J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8:111-115.
