A 4-Year-Old With a “Pirate Face”

Steere, AC Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:586-596.

Shapiro ED , Gerber MA Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:533-542.

Dressler F. , Whalen JA , Reinhardt BN , Steere AC Western blot in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:392-400.

Gerber MA , Shapir ED , Burke GS , Parcells VJ , Bell GL Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1270-1274.

Nigrovic LE , Thompson AD , Fine AM , Kimia A. Clinical predictors of Lyme disease among children with a peripheral facial palsy at an emergency department in a Lyme disease-endemic area. Pediatrics. 2008;122: e1080-e1085.

Belman AL , Reynolds L. , Preston T. , Postels D. , Grimson R. , Coyle PK Cerebrospinal fluid findings in children with Lyme disease-associated facial nerve palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 ;151:1224-1228.

Shapiro ED , Gerber MA Lyme disease and facial nerve palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:1183-1184.

Wormser GP , Dattwyler RJ , Shapiro ED , et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43: 1089-1134.

Halperin JJ , Shapiro ED , Logigian E. , et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007;69:91-102.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Lyme disease . In: Pickering LK , Baker CJ , Kimberlin DW , Long SS , eds. Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics ; 2009:430-435.

Grossman EM , Walchek A. , Freedman H. Tetracyclines and permanent teeth: the relation between dose and tooth color. Pediatrics. 1971;47:567-570.

Kalish RA , Kaplan RF , Taylor E. , Jones-Woodward L. , Workman K. , Steere AC Evaluation of study patients with Lyme disease, 10- to 20-year follow-up. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:453-460.